scholarly journals Non-Candida albicans Candida Species: Virulence Factors and Species Identification in India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dharmendra Prasad Singh ◽  
Rajesh Kumar Verma ◽  
Swati Sarswat ◽  
Satender Saraswat
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Sugar Fermentation ◽  
Chlamydospore Formation ◽  
Male Female Ratio ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Fluids Identification

Background and Purpose: The predominant cause of candidiasis was Candida albicans which has recently changed to non-Candida albicans Candida (NCAC) (i.e., Candida spp. other than the C. albicans). The NCAC spp., earlier considered non-pathogenic or minimally virulent, are now considered a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Given the NCAC spp.has become more common in clinical cases, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of NCAC spp. in different clinical specimens and assess a few of their virulence factors. Materials and Methods: Routine samples for bacterial culture and sensitivity that showed colony characteristics, like Candida on Blood Agar and microscopic features resembling Candida spp., were processed further. Candida isolates underwent tests for chlamydospore formation and biochemical tests, including sugar fermentation and sugar assimilation tests. These were grown at 42oC, and their colony color was identified using HiCrome™ Candida Differential Agar (HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai,India), HiCandidaTM Identification Kit (HiMedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India),and VITEK-2® Compact (Biomérieux, France). Virulence factors, such as adherence to buccal epithelial cells (ABEC), biofilm formation, hemolytic activity, and production of coagulase enzyme were also tested. Results: Mean age of the patients was 38.46 years with a male-female ratio of 1.36:1. In total, 137 Candida isolates were recovered; 45.3%, 19.7%, and 13.9% of the isolates were isolated from urine, vaginal swabs, and oropharyngeal swabs, respectively. Moreover, 55(40.1%) isolates were those of C. albicans and 82 (59.9%) isolates belonged to NCAC spp.,with C. tropicalis (23.4%) contributing highest among NCAC species. Furthermore, C. albicans (3; 50%) was the most common spp. in cases of candidemia. Haemolysin production (85.5%) and ABEC (78.2%) were the major virulence factors in C. albicans. C.tropicalis (59.4%) and C. dubliniensis (50%) showed maximum ABEC. Biofilm forming capacity was higher in C. tropicalis (78.1%) than C. albicans (67%). Conclusion: Results of this study suggest varied prevalence and virulence based on geographical locations, even within a subcontinent. It clearly indicates the emergence of the NCAC spp. and their predominance in different body fluids. Identification of Candida to the spp. level should become a routine in all laboratories. 

scholarly journals Application of Hydro-ethanol Extract of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) in the Treatment of Experimental Murine Oral Candidiasis

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Oluwole Moses David ◽  
Margaret Olutayo Alese ◽  
Tobi Oyewole ◽  
Oluwole Ojo Alese ◽  
Adekunle Adegbuyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Tithonia Diversifolia ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Oral Infections

Background: Oral infection caused by Candida spp. is a major healthcare problem in dental and oral care. Treatment failure has been reported in cases of oral candidiasis as a result of resistance to common antifungals. Aim and Objective: In this study, the in vitro and in vivo activities of extract of Tithonia diversifolia against virulence factor-borne and antifungal resistant-Candida albicans were investigated. Candida albicans was isolated from the saliva of patients attending a tertiary hospital in Ekiti State. Methodology: Standard methods were used to determine the presence of virulence factors in the isolates. In vitro and in vivo anti-candidal activities of the hydro-ethanolic extract of T. diversifolia were also tested on the test fungus. Results: The virulence factors have varying percentage of occurrence in all the isolates with catalase having the highest. Itraconazole and nystatin were not effective against the isolates. Out of the six isolates selected (based on antifungal resistance) only three produced strong biofilm. The reduction in the population of the test organisms by the extract was time and concentration dependent. At the end of candidal challenge and treatment assays, extract of T. diversifolia has lower anti-candidal property compared to nystatin. Conclusion: This study has shown that C. albicans associated with the mouth carries virulence factors and are resistant to common antifungals. In this work, we noticed antifungal effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of T. diversifolia on C. albicans associated with oral infections.

scholarly journals Determination of some virulence factors of Candida spp. isolated from locally produced cheese in Diyala Governorate-Iraq

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhail Jawdat Fadihl
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Candida Parapsilosis ◽  
Geotrichum Candidum ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Hygienic Measures ◽  
Esterase Production

Locally produced cheese which called (Gibin Al arab) is one of the most common dairy products in Iraq, it has an economic importance and great social value. This research aimed to identify yeast species from locally produced cheese (Gibin Al Arab) in Diyala city which traditionally made and sold in markets of old town in Baquba, and study some of virulence factors (Esterase production, Phospholipase and Hemolytic production) of yeasts belong to genus of Candida . All cheese samples showed contamination with varying number of yeast, total 88 yeast isolates obtained from 70 cheese samples, they were Geotrichum candidum(20.5%), Rhodotorela species(19.4%), Candida parapsilosis (18%), Candida albicans (13.6%), Candida  tropicalis (10.5%), Candida krusei (8%), Saccharomyces cerevisice (3.3%) and mixed yeast (un identified) at rate of (6.7%). Species of Candida formed half of the total isolates and the most prevalent isolate of Candida spp. was Candida parapsilosis .According to the results determining of  (Esterase production, Phospholipase and Hemolytic production) as a virulence factors identifying Candida spp. these activities referred that all isolates of Candida spp. show one or more of these activities and that isolates of  medically important species Candida albicans were the most virulent isolates. this referred to the importance of take attention about consuming of such types of dairy products and need for applying more hygienic measures during handling, processing of milk and form of storage and/or selling of cheese.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE AND PATTERNS OF THE VARIOUS HEMATOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN PATIENTS OF MYELONEUROPATHIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nosad Husen
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Bone Marrow Examination ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Common Finding ◽  
Neurological Damage ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Male Female Ratio ◽  
Biochemical Evaluation ◽  
Hematological Manifestations

Background: Patients of neuroloical syndrome (Myeloneuropathy, Myelopathy and Neuropathy) show various haematoloical manifestations. Complete clinical and early Laboratory evaluation help in early identification of these cases and help in prevention of permanent neurological damage. Material and methods: 81 Patients of myeloneuropathies attending the outpatient’s department neurology were taken. Detailed hematological, biochemical investigations and bone marrow examination was carried-out in all patients as per the protocol. Results: 81 cases of neurological syndrome were taken these were classified as myeloneuropathy (32), myelopathy (11) and neuropathy (38). Of these 81 patients, 55 (67.9%) were males and 26 (32%) were females (male: female ratio 2.1:1).  Peripheral blood examination, bone marrow examination and biochemical evaluation was done in all. Anemia, present in 48 patients (59.2%), Macrocytosis was defined as MCV ≥100 fl, was present in 38 patients (46.9%). Most common finding on bone marrow examination was reversal of myeloid and erythroid ratio (M:E ratio) and was  present in more than three-fourth of patients (76.5%). Megaloblastic changes in erythroid cells were present in 42 patients (51.8%). Biochemical tests revealed increased serum LDH in 56.5% of patients. Out of eighty one patients, twenty eight patients (34.5%) were found to be Vitamin B12 deficient. Conclusions: This study included 81 patients presenting with various neurological syndromes myelopathy, myeloneuropathy and neuropathy with associated myelocognitive and neuropsychiatric features to study the hematological manifestations such as anemia, other cytopenias, macrocytosis, neutrophil hypersegmentation and megaloblastic changes in the bone marrow.

scholarly journals Enzyme production by Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis in periodontal HIV-positive patients receiving and not receiving antiretroviral therapy.

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
Verónica Dubois ◽  
María González ◽  
María Martínez ◽  
Laura Fedelli ◽  
Sabrina Lamas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Candida Dubliniensis ◽  
Periodontal Pocket ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Hiv Patients

Candida dubliniensis (Cd) and Candida albicans (Ca) are the most frequently isolated yeasts in HIV+ patients. Some of the enzymes produced by these yeasts are considered virulence factors since they contribute to pathogenicity of Candida spp. The aim of the present study was to compare production of enzymes such as phospholipase (Ph), proteinase (P), and hemolysin (H) by Cd and Ca strains isolated from periodontal HIV-positive patients receiving and not receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Subgingival biofilm samples were obtained using paper points, and a sample of oral mucosa was taken using a swab. Phenotypic and molecular methods were used to isolate 39 strains of Candida, including 25 strains of Cd and 14 strains of Ca, obtained from 33 periodontal pocket samples and 6 oral mucosa samples collected from 15 HIV+ patients (8 receiving and 7 not receiving HAART). Malt egg-yolk agar, albumin agar and blood agar were used to evaluate pH, P and H production respectively. The strains were inoculated in duplicate and incubated at 37 ºC. Colony and halo diameters were measured. A greater proportion of Ca was observed in patients not receiving HAART, and a higher proportion of Cd was observed in those under HAART, Chi2 p< 0.001. Phospholipase production was observed in 92.9% percent of isolated Ca strains but in none of the isolated Cd strains. Proteinase production was high in Ca and Cd strains isolated from patients not receiving HAART. Hemolysin production was observed in all the studied strains, though it was significantly higher (p=0.04) in Ca and Cd strains isolated from patients not receiving HAART. To sum up, the proportion of Candida dubliniensis strains was highest in the subgingival biofilm of patients receiving HAART, and Cd strains were found to express fewer virulence factors than Ca strains.

Intranodal Palisaded Myofibroblastoma

2007 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thong Nguyen ◽  
Mahmoud A. Eltorky
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Muscle Actin ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Male Female Ratio ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Intranodal Palisaded Myofibroblastoma ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Cut Surface

Abstract Intranodal palisaded myofibroblastoma (IPM) usually presents as a painless, slow-growing inguinal mass. Our review of 42 cases from 13 publications indicates that two thirds of IPMs occur between the ages of 45 and 55 years, the male-female ratio is 2:1, and there is a lack of ethnic predilection. Grossly, the IPM cut surface shows areas of hemorrhage. Five microscopic features are seen: (a) compressed remnants of lymphoid tissue at the periphery; (b) spindle cells with nuclear palisading; (c) intraparenchymal hemorrhage and erythrocyte extravasation; (d) so-called amianthoid fibers; and (e) intracellular and extracellular fuchsinophilic bodies that stain positive for smooth muscle actin. Immunohistochemically, IPM is positive for smooth muscle actin and cyclin D1 and negative for S100, glial fibrillary acidic protein, CD34, and desmin, and it shows a low proliferative index of Ki-67. Electron microscopy demonstrates features of myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Excellent prognosis is seen after surgical treatment, with an approximately 6% recurrence rate and no malignant transformation.

scholarly journals Bacterial flora in the conjunctiva among the patients undergoing cataract surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1208
Author(s):  
K. Satish ◽  
T. Jaya Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Bacterial Flora ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Bacteria Growth ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Male Female Ratio ◽  
The One

Background: The present study was aimed in identifying the normal organisms found in the conjunctiva of healthy eyes among the individuals undergoing cataract surgery and also antibacterial susceptibility of the isolates. Cataract is the major cause of blindness in the developing countries, cataract surgery is the one of the common surgical practices.Methods: Study was conducted in the department of Microbiology, GSL Medical College from May to July 2018. Surgically removed contact lens was collected in sterile nutrient broth and transported to Microbiology laboratory for culture and sensitivity testing. The broths were incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours then subculture on Blood agar, MacConkey agar and Nutrient agar, incubated aerobically at 37ºC for 24 hours and then examined for bacteria growth according to standard protocol. After incubation growth was identified by colony morphology, 1 staining and biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done on Muller-Hinton agar by the disk diffusion method.Results: During the study period, 58 samples were collected; the male female ratio was 1.14. Maximum strains were isolated among female; the male female ration was 0.95. Increase in flora was observed with age. No significant drug resistance was observed.Conclusions: This is a hospital based study which is not truly representing the community. Hence a community based study with large sample by considering the comorbid conditions such as occupation, diabetes, immune status can give the authenticated data on the conjunctival flora.

scholarly journals The Bacteriology and Its Virulence Factors in Neonatal Infections: Threats to Child Survival Strategies

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Obiora Shedrach Ejiofor ◽  
Onyinye Mercy Ajunwa ◽  
Chijioke Elias Ezeudu ◽  
George Ogonna Emechebe ◽  
Kenneth Nchekwube Okeke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Child Survival ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Neonatal Infections ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Female Ratio

Background. Neonatal infection refers to the infection of the newborn during the first twenty-eight days of life. It is one of the causes of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of the study is to determine the relative contribution of the different pathogens to the overall disease burden. It will also determine the mechanisms of virulence of these pathogens that cause neonatal infections at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital (COOUTH), Awka.Methods. Biological samples were collected from 30 neonates admitted at the special care baby unit (SCBU) of COOUTH and cultured using selective media and nutrient agar. The isolates were identified using microbiological and biochemical tests. The antibiogram study was determined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar. Several methods previously reported in literature were used for the characterization of the virulence factors.Results. From the 30 blood samples collected,Pseudomonasspp. (19.7%),Escherichia coli(23%),Salmonellaspp. (24.6%), andStaphylococcus aureus(32.8%) were isolated. Male to female ratio of study population was 1.5: 1. The isolates were 100 % resistant to ticarcillin, cephalothin, ceftazidime, and cefuroxime but appreciably susceptible to only levofloxacin (88.85%). They were moderately susceptible to ceftriaxone/sulbactam (39.05%) and azithromycin (26.46%). Common virulence factors identified among the isolates (up to 90 %) were hemolysin, biofilm formation, and acid resistance. Less common virulence factors were proteases (50 %), deoxyribonucleases (50 %), enterotoxins (63%), and lipopolysaccharide (70%). The virulence factors were found mostly among theS. aureusisolates.Conclusions.Pseudomonasspp.,Escherichia coli,Salmonellaspp., andStaphylococcus aureuswere implicated in neonatal infections in the center and most of them were resistant to conventional antibiotics. The organisms showed marked virulence and multidrug resistance properties. Levofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, had superior activity on the isolates compared to other antibiotics used in the study.

Oral Colonization and Virulence Factors of Candida spp. in Babies With Cleft Palate

2021 ◽  
pp. 105566562110304
Author(s):  
Patrícia Tolentino da Rosa de Souza ◽  
Nilza Cristina Valor Gonçalves-Wilhelmsen ◽  
Rosimeire Takaki Rosa ◽  
Clarice de Fatima Kamaroski Noan Correia ◽  
Thais Munhoz Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oral Colonization ◽  
And Control

Objective: To examine oral colonization and virulence factors of Candida spp. in patients aged from 0 to 18 months with cleft palate (CP). Materials and Methods: Sixty babies were allocated into 3 groups: CP, CP with orthodontic plate (CPwP), and control group (Ctrl) without CP. Information on feeding habits, hygiene, and history of candidosis was collected. The presence of Candida spp. was investigated in samples of saliva. Fungal hydrophobicity, protease, esterase, phospholipase, and hemolysin were evaluated in a semiquantitative manner. Results: Positive oral isolations of Candida spp. were detected in CP (89.5%), CPwP (100%), and Ctrl (44%) groups. Candidosis was more reported in the cleft groups than in the Ctrl group ( P ≤ .023). There was a higher prevalence of Candida albicans, followed by Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis in all groups. There was no uniformity of expression of virulence factors, either among different species or among different groups. Conclusion: Candida spp. colonization occurred in all groups, being superior in CPwP group. Candidosis episodes were more reported in patients from CPwP than in other groups, although candidosis was also registered in other groups. Candida albicans was the predominant species and virulence factors did not exhibit any pattern for species or groups of patients.

Suicide in Nógrád County, Hungary, 1970-1994

Crisis ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamás Zonda
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Suicide Notes ◽  
Suicidal Intention ◽  
Male Female Ratio

The author examined completed suicides occurring over a period of 25 years in a county of Hungary with a traditionally low (relatively speaking) suicide rate of 25.8. The rates are clearly higher in villages than in the towns. The male/female ratio was close to 4:1, among elderly though only 1.5:1. The high risk groups are the elderly, divorced, and widowed. Violent methods are chosen in 66.4% of the cases. The rates are particularly high in the period April-July. Prior communication of suicidal intention was revealed in 16.3% of all cases. Previous attempts had been undertaken by 17%, which in turn means that 83% of suicides were first attempts. In our material 10% the victims left suicide notes. Psychiatric disorders were present in 60.1% of the cases, and severe, multiple somatic illnesses (including malignomas) were present in 8.8%. The majority of the data resemble those found in the literature.

The effect of some chemical materials against virulence factors of Candida ssp isolated from UTI patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (SPL1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Abdul Hussein Mejbel
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Chemical Materials

 During the period from September 2016 to December 2017,135 urine samples were collected from urinary tract infection patients attending to AL-Zahraa Hospital in AL-Najaf Governorate. The present study was conducted to isolate and identify Candida spp. isolated from urinary tract infection patients by different methods including direct examination, laboratory culture, biochemical test and by modern techniques (Api Candida kit) and determine the virulence factors phenotypic to Candida spp which involved (biofilm formation,phospholipase and germ tube). The percentage of females to males was as following, female (84) 62.2 % (21) infected and male (51) 37.8% (1) infected with all age categories. The results in this study are explain that is some Candida spp. such as C. albicans, have high susceptible to eugenole follow by phenol and umbellulone. The efficiency of some chemical substances such as (eugenole,umbellulone, and phenol) was evaluated to inhibit the growth of Candida ssp as well as some virulence factors such as biofilm formation,germ tube and phospholipase,which were studied in this research. Statistically analysis results have been significance difference between the results of the substance concentrations and the concentrations of the different other substances.

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