The Effect of Substrat Ratio Fish Oil and Milk Fat on Synthesis of Structured Lipid by Enzimatic Transesterification

AbstractMechanisms underlying milk fat conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) responses to supplements of fish oil were investigated using five lactating cows each fitted with a rumen cannula in a simple experiment consisting of two consecutive 14-day experimental periods. During the first period cows were offered 18 kg dry matter (DM) per day of a basal (B) diet formulated from grass silage and a cereal based-concentrate (0·6 : 0·4; forage : concentrate ratio, on a DM basis) followed by the same diet supplemented with 250 g fish oil per day (FO) in the second period. The flow of non-esterified fatty acids leaving the rumen was measured using the omasal sampling technique in combination with a triple indigestible marker method based on Li-Co-EDTA, Yb-acetate and Cr-mordanted straw. Fish oil decreased DM intake and milk yield, but had no effect on milk constituent content. Milk fat trans-11 C18:1, total trans-C18 : 1, cis-9 trans-11 CLA, total CLA, C18 : 2(n-6) and total C18 : 2content were increased in response to fish oil from 1·80, 4·51, 0·39, 0·56, 0·90 and 1·41 to 9·39, 14·39, 1·66, 1·85, 1·25 and 4·00 g/100 g total fatty acids, respectively. Increases in the cis-9, trans-11 isomer accounted for proportionately 0·89 of the CLA response to fish oil. Furthermore, fish oil decreased the flow of C18 : 0(283 and 47 g/day for B and FO, respectively) and increased that of trans-C18 : 1fatty acids entering the omasal canal (38 and 182 g/day). Omasal flows of trans-C18 : 1acids with double bonds in positions from delta-4 to -15 inclusive were enhanced, but the effects were isomer dependent and primarily associated with an increase in trans-11 C18 : 1 leaving the rumen (17·1 and 121·1 g/day for B and FO, respectively). Fish oil had no effect on total (4·36 and 3·50 g/day) or cis-9, trans-11 CLA (2·86 and 2·08 g/day) entering the omasal canal. Flows of cis-9, trans-11 CLA were lower than the secretion of this isomer in milk. Comparison with the transfer of the trans-9, trans-11 isomer synthesized in the rumen suggested that proportionately 0·66 and 0·97 of cis-9, trans-11 CLA was derived from endogenous conversion of trans-11 C18 : 1in the mammary gland for B and FO, respectively. It is concluded that fish oil enhances milk fat cis-9, trans-11 CLA content in response to increased supply of trans-11 C18:1that arises from an inhibition of trans-C18 : 1reduction in the rumen.

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The effects of fish oil supplementation to dairy cattle on milk fat content and composition

BSAP Occasional Publication ◽

10.1017/s1463981500040863 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 275-282

Author(s):

T.W.J. Keady ◽

C.S. Mayne

Keyword(s):

Fish Oil ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Design Experiment ◽

Early Lactation ◽

Human Diet ◽

Commercial Fish ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

Fish Oil Supplementation ◽

Degradable Protein

AbstractA partially balanced changeover design experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effects of level of fish oil inclusion in the diet on milk fat concentration and composition when offered to 50 lactating dairy cows in early lactation, which were offered either 5 or 10 kg concentrates/cow/day. Concentrates were formulated to contain similar concentrations of crude protein (CP), effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP) digestible undegradable protein and starch and to provide 0 (T0), 150 (T150), 300 (T300) or 450 (T450) g fish oil/cow/day or 300 g (T300B) fish oil/cow/day from a commercial fish oil premix. All animals were offered 5 kg treatment concentrate in two equal feeds through the in-parlour feeder at each milking. Additionally, cows offered the higher level of concentrates received a further 5 kg of T0 concentrate in two equal feeds per day through out-of-parlour feeders. Increasing the level of fish oil increased milk yield (P<0.01) and decreased the concentrations of fat (P<0.001) and protein (P<0.001). Increasing the level of fish oil decreased the concentrations of C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C16:0, C14:0 and C18:0 and increased the concentrations of C18:1t, C20:0, C20:1, C20:4w6, C18:2c, C23:0, C20:5w3 and C18:2t. Relative to T300, T300B significantly decreased the concentrations of C20:4w6, but did not alter any of the other fatty acids. The transfer from feed to milk of EPA and DHA averaged 0.61 and 0.19 respectively across the three levels of fish oil supplementation. For T300 the efficiency of transfer of EPA was higher while the efficiency of transfer of DHA was lower to that for T300B. It is concluded that increasing fish oil supplementation decreased milk fat concentration by up to 15 g/kg. Also feeding fish oil is an efficient method of increasing EPA in the human diet through transfer into milk.

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The effect of feeding high levels of fish oil and additional vitamin E on intake, milk yield, composition and fatty acid content in high yielding dairy cows

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0308229600034346 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 1998 ◽

pp. 221-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R J Mansbridge ◽

J S Blake ◽

C Collins

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Vitamin E ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Acid Content ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Epa And Dha ◽

Oily Fish ◽

The Uk ◽

Effect Of Feeding

The COMA report on The Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease (1994) recommended that the intake of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), by the UK population should double. EPA and DHA in the human diet are derived principally from oily fish. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of increasing levels of fish oil in the diet at two levels of vitamin E supplementation, on intake, milk production, the extent of uptake of EPA and DHA into milk fat at levels exceeding those investigated to date, and the effect of a dietary supplement of vitamin E on fatty acid content.

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Kinetics Of The Enzymatic Transesterification Of Tuna Oil Catalyzed By Immobilized Candida Rugose Lipase To Produce Structured Lipid High In Omega-3 Fatty Acids

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20187306008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 73 ◽

pp. 06008 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amalia Rizka ◽

Wahyuningsih Wahyuningsih ◽

Broto RTD Wisnu ◽

Endy Yulianto Mohamad ◽

Rama Devara Hafizh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Lauric Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Structured Lipids ◽

Structured Lipid ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Enzymatic Transesterification ◽

Substrate Ratio ◽

Kinetics Of

Structured lipid containing Medium Chain of Fatty Acid (MCFA) at outer position and Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) at sn-2 position has nutritional value and excellent absorption. In this research, structured lipids was synthesized directly through enzymatic acidolysis between fish oil and lauric acid and catalyzed by specific lipase from immobilized 1.3 Candida rugose. The kinetics of enzymatic transesterification reactions catalyzed by immobilized Candida rugose was studied. To obtain the optimal condition, the factor substrate ratio of fish oil : lauric acid and reaction time were investigated. Simple mathematical model for DAG synthesis through transesterification mechanisms have been developed. The results showed that the parameters obtained had a good sensitivity. It was found that the kinetic model well describes the behavior of the reaction as the influence of the initial ratio of reactants.

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Conditions Associated with Marine Lipid-Induced Milk Fat Depression in Sheep Cause Shifts in the In Vitro Ruminal Metabolism of 1-13C Oleic Acid

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani8110196 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 196 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Pablo Toral ◽

Gonzalo Hervás ◽

Vanessa Peiró ◽

Pilar Frutos

Keyword(s):

Oleic Acid ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Complex Mixture ◽

Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry ◽

Milk Fat Depression ◽

Research Attention ◽

Marine Lipid ◽

Relative Contribution

Shifts in ruminal oleic acid (OA) metabolism have received little research attention but recent studies have suggested their association with marine lipid-induced milk fat depression (MFD) in ewes and cows. Measurement of specific products of OA within the complex mixture of digesta lipids is however challenging. Therefore, this in vitro trial combined the isotopic labelling technique with the use of rumen inoculum from cannulated sheep fed a diet supplemented or not with 2% of fish oil (which has been demonstrated to cause MFD in dairy ruminants) to characterize the metabolism of OA in response to ruminal alterations associated with MFD. The products of 13C-OA after 24 h of incubation were analysed by gas chromatography-combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). Numerous 13C-labeled 18:1 intermediates and oxygenated FA were detected and no elongation or desaturation of 13OA occurred. Diet supplementation with fish oil (i.e., MFD conditions) resulted in no unique metabolites of 13OA but in relevant changes in the relative contribution of specific metabolic pathways. The inhibition of 18:0 saturation caused by this treatment appeared largely attributable to increased oxygenated FA proportion, in particular the candidate milk fat inhibitor 10-oxo-18:0, and warrants further research on the association between MFD and oxygenated FA. Changes in the concentration of 13C-labeled trans 18:1 intermediates but not in cis 18:1, were also observed.

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An examination of the effects of level of fish oil inclusion in the diet on rumen fermentation parameters in cattle

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0308229600034395 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 1998 ◽

pp. 226-226

Author(s):

C.S. Mayne ◽

T.W.J. Keady ◽

D A McConaghy

Keyword(s):

Fish Oil ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

European Community ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Fat Content ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

Concurrent Study ◽

Liquid Milk ◽

Fermentation Parameters

The current milk quota regime within the European Community restricts both the volume and butterfat content of milk supplies from farms. Reduction in the butterfat concentration of milk enables an increase in liquid milk supplies, provided that the national butterfat base has been exceeded. In a concurrent study (Keady and Mayne, 1998) inclusion of fish oil in the diet of lactating dairy cows depressed butterfat content by up to 15 g/kg, consequently increasing the volume of milk which may be supplied in a quota situation by 0.27. The aim of the present study was to examine if the effects of fish oil inclusion on milk fat content were mediated via changes in rumen fermentation parameters.

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Addition of protected and unprotected fish oil to diets for dairy cows. I. Effects on the yield, composition and taste of milk

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029902005770 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 69 (4) ◽

pp. 511-520 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

PIERRE LACASSE ◽

JOHN J. KENNELLY ◽

LOUIS DELBECCHI ◽

CHARAF E. AHNADI

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

De Novo ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Lactating Cows ◽

Silage Maize ◽

Long Chain

Thirty Holstein cows in mid-lactation (158±20 DIM) were given a total mixed ration based on grass silage, maize silage and rolled barley. After a preliminary period of 1 week, this diet was supplemented with nothing (control), unprotected fish oil (3.7% of dry matter, DM), or two levels of glutaraldehyde-protected microcapsules of fish oil (1.5% and 3.0% of DM, respectively). Unprotected and protected supplements contained, respectively, 74% and 58% of DM as lipids. Cows given the unprotected supplement reduced their feed intake by >25%. Consequently, these cows lost body weight and produced less milk. DM intake, body weight, and milk yield were unaffected by protected fish oil. Fish oil reduced both milk fat and protein percentages, and decreased the proportion of short-chain fatty acids, stearic, and oleic acids in milk fat. Milk trans C18[ratio ]1 fatty acids increased in cows given both unprotected and protected fish oil. Milk fat content of very-long-chain n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including C20[ratio ]5 and C22[ratio ]6, increased with fish oil in the diet. Accordingly, the peroxide index increased and a taste panel was able to detect unusual taste in milk from cows consuming the higher level of protected fish oil and disliked the milk from cows given unprotected fish oil. In conclusion, when lactating cows consumed fish oil, milk concentration of long-chain n3 fatty acids increased and mammary de novo synthesis of fatty acids decreased, but milk yield and milk protein content were reduced, and the milk was more susceptible to oxidation and its taste was adversely affected.

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