Analiza wpływu dodatku wodoru do gazu ziemnego na szczelność połączeń mechanicznych wybranych elementów sieci i instalacji gazowych

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Szewczyk ◽  
Jacek Jaworski
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Gas Networks ◽  
Threaded Connections ◽  
Sealing Material

One of the ways to use electrical energy obtained from renewable energy sources is hydrogen production, which produces only energy and water vapour when burned. Adding hydrogen to natural gas and burning it will lower carbon dioxide emission, making this fuel more eco-friendly. Hydrogen added to natural gas can be transported using gas transmission pipelines and can then be provided to industrial and individual consumers via a distribution pipeline network. Due to the much lower density of hydrogen compared to natural gas, it is especially important to maintain the tightness of mechanical connections of network elements and gas installations. This publication presents the results of research carried out at the Oil and Gas Institute-National Research Institute on the influence that adding hydrogen to natural gas has on the tightness of connections of selected elements of gas installations and networks. According to the developed methodology, tests were performed on selected elements of gas networks and gas installations, in which joints were made using differing methods and using various sealing materials. In the case of steel pipes used in gas installations in buildings, joined by means of threaded connections with tightness obtained on the thread, the test samples were prepared with the use of linen hemp with sealing paste, Teflon tapes and threads, and anaerobic adhesives. Samples made of copper pipes were joined with press fittings. Other installation elements - such as flexible hoses, both extensible and non-extensible, and metal hose assemblies - were attached by means of threaded connections with tightness obtained beyond the thread; the sealing material was NBR rubber gaskets and klingerite. The gas network elements were connected by means of threaded connections with hemp and sealing paste, flare fittings, and steel and polyethylene flanges (sealing with a flat gasket made of NBR and klingerite). PE/Steel connectors where also tested. The tests included tightness tests of the prepared samples with the use of methane, and then a mix of 85% methane and 15% hydrogen. The tests on samples with simulated leaks were also performed. Based on the tests and the analysis of the results, it was found that adding the hydrogen to the methane did not cause leaks in the joined elements. In addition, it was found that in the case of leaks appearing in elements of installations or gas networks, the methane-hydrogen mixture flows out faster than methane alone, and in closed rooms this may result in the lower explosion limit being reached in a shorter time.

Power Cycles of Generation III and III+ Nuclear Power Plants

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Dragunov ◽  
Eugene Saltanov ◽  
Igor Pioro ◽  
Pavel Kirillov ◽  
Romney Duffey
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Thermal Power Plants

It is well known that the electrical-power generation is the key factor for advances in any other industries, agriculture and level of living. In general, electrical energy can be generated by: 1) non-renewable-energy sources such as coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear; and 2) renewable-energy sources such as hydro, wind, solar, biomass, geothermal and marine. However, the main sources for electrical-energy generation are: 1) thermal - primary coal and secondary natural gas; 2) “large” hydro and 3) nuclear. The rest of the energy sources might have visible impact just in some countries. Modern advanced thermal power plants have reached very high thermal efficiencies (55–62%). In spite of that they are still the largest emitters of carbon dioxide into atmosphere. Due to that, reliable non-fossil-fuel energy generation, such as nuclear power, becomes more and more attractive. However, current Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) are way behind by thermal efficiency (30–42%) compared to that of advanced thermal power plants. Therefore, it is important to consider various ways to enhance thermal efficiency of NPPs. The paper presents comparison of thermodynamic cycles and layouts of modern NPPs and discusses ways to improve their thermal efficiencies.

scholarly journals Design Optimization of a Natural Gas Substation with Intensification of the Energy Cycle

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arcangelo Pellegrino ◽  
Francesco Villecco
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Pressure Reduction ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Energy Cycle ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Gas Expansion

Natural gas is currently the natural substitute of petroleum as an energy source, since the foreseen ending up of this latter in the next decades. As a matter of fact, natural gas is easier to handle, less dangerous to be transported, somehow environmentally more friendly. The gas ducts operate with large flow rates over very long distances at high pressures, which are usually lowered in proximity of the final substations by lamination valves which, in fact, dissipate energy. However, a careful management of the pressure reduction may allow an energy recovery while using the gas expansion to operate a turbine. In this case, gas must be preheated to compensate for the energy required by the expansion. A proper control of all the parameters involved becomes crucial to an intelligent use of these resources. In this paper, the possibility of using a pre-heating system has been examined as a way to intensify the energy cycle in an expansion substation of the city gas network. Fuzzy logic has been used to optimize the natural gas expansion in a turbine to produce electrical energy. A fuzzy system has been designed and realized to control the whole process of gas expansion, from the gas pre-heating to the pressure reduction. The system operates over the whole year, accounting for the pressure, temperature, and gas flow rate variations experienced in the gas line. The exit values of the latter and the inlet value of the gas pressure are selected as input variables, being the output variable the temperature of the pre-heating water at the heat exchanger inlet.

scholarly journals Simulation of Coupled Power and Gas Systems with Hydrogen-Enriched Natural Gas

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7680
Author(s):  
Yifei Lu ◽  
Thiemo Pesch ◽  
Andrea Benigni
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
Electrical Network ◽  
Pipeline Network ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Natural Gas Pipelines ◽  
The Impact

Due to the increasing share of renewable energy sources in the electrical network, the focus on decarbonization has extended into other energy sectors. The gas sector is of special interest because it can offer seasonal storage capacity and additional flexibility to the electricity sector. In this paper, we present a new simulation method designed for hydrogen-enriched natural gas network simulation. It can handle different gas compositions and is thus able to accurately analyze the impact of hydrogen injections into natural gas pipelines. After describing the newly defined simulation method, we demonstrate how the simulation tool can be used to analyze a hydrogen-enriched gas pipeline network. An exemplary co-simulation of coupled power and gas networks shows that hydrogen injections are severely constrained by the gas pipeline network, highlighting the importance and necessity of considering different gas compositions in the simulation.

scholarly journals An outline economic strategy for Indonesia to sustainably meet its electricity and carbon emissions targets

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Les Duckers ◽  
Uswatun Hasanah
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Economic Strategy ◽  
Electrical Generation

Aim:  In this paper we demonstrate an outline strategy for Indonesia to move its electrical generation from fossil fuels to renewable sources in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions whilst avoiding excessive costs. The modelling here is based on assumed present fossil fuel generating plants.Design / Research methods:  We have modelled a representative electrical generation system based on burning coal, oil and gas, and by replacing retiring stations with photovoltaic cells and wind turbines we have considered the cost and carbon dioxide implications over a 30 year period. Additionally the modelling is extended to increasing the Indonesian installed electrical capacity.Conclusions / findings:  The results show that Indonesia could meet its carbon dioxide emission reduction targets in an economic way by a phased strategy of introducing renewable energy sources. These results are preliminary and will be refined in a future article where we will include the detail of actual existing power stations, with their capacity and anticipated end of life date.Originality / values of the article: There has been, and continues to be, a general resistance to the adoption of renewable energy. This paper shows  the economic benefit that accompanies carbon dioxide reduction thus presents a new aspect to the consideration of carbon reduction, Implications of the research:Indonesia faces difficulties in providing electricity whilst meeting its climate change obligations. This research points to a viable economic strategy which may not only meet those obligations, but actually increase electrical provision across the country.Key words:  Sustainable development, climate change, carbon emissions, renewable energy JEL: C51,L94,Q01,Q42 Doi:

scholarly journals Maximum Allowable Service Pressure for Steel Pipes Used for Transport of Hydrogen Pure or Blended with Natural Gas

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-82
Author(s):  
Jamie Kuk Anak Mijim ◽  
Guy Pluvinage
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Hydrogen Embrittlement ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Steel Pipes ◽  
Natural Gas Network ◽  
Over Time

The addition of hydrogen in natural gas could have an impact on the degradation over time of the materials currently used for the storage, transport, distribution and use of natural gas. The compatibility of these materials with natural gas including of hydrogen is dependent on the proportion of hydrogen added to the gas and is assessed with regard to several criteria: Permeation of hydrogen through metallic materials; loss of integrity of these materials and adaptation of follow-up actions in service, surveillance and maintenance of equipment. This paper is devoted to the effect of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) by adding hydrogen into natural gas network on design, maintenance, supervision and maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) for smooth and damaged pipes.

scholarly journals Advantages of biomass compared to traditional fuels

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-104
Author(s):  
L. Stepasyuk ◽  
◽  
O. Nahorna ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Private Enterprise ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
The Developed Countries

Given Ukraine's high dependence on imported energy, primarily natural gas, and the availability of great biomass potential, it has been proven that bioenergy is one of the strategic directions of the sector's development in renewable energy sources. It is determined that the pace of bioenergy development in Ukraine still lags significantly behind European ones. It is established, that in the developed countries of the world use of biomass as a source of energy continues to play an important role because of a significant increase in prices for oil and gas, as well as the growing demand for protection of the environment. Therefore, the introduction of modern technologies for continuous energy production from biomass is an important condition for the solution of problems of supply of energy and prevent degradation of the environment. The possibility of using biofuels in the Kyiv region is proved, the investment attractiveness of this region as a source of thermal energy is revealed. The methodical approach to estimating the theoretical potential of waste due to the use of alternative energy sources is substantiated. The theoretical energy potential of the biomass of by-products of agricultural crops of private enterprise "Sosnova" was assessed, which made it possible to determine the prospects of an agricultural enterprise in the energy supply of the Kyiv region at the expense of biofuels. According to the generally accepted method, the theoretical energy potential of straw and vegetable waste of private enterprise "Sosnova" was calculated, which in the market turnover in 2019 amounted to 8392 tons of oil equivalent. It was determined that the predominant type of biomass in the studied enterprise were corn stalks and wheat straw. On the example of the object of the school, which is located near the investigated enterprise, the calculation of savings on heating by replacing the traditional type of fuel (natural gas) with biofuel. The calculations show that due to biofuels the company can provide 28% of the school's need for the heating season. The savings will be - 60.6 thousand UAH and its use allow you to save about 43% of fuel annually.

Transient Optimization of Natural Gas Networks Using Intelligent Algorithms

2018 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmaeel Khanmirza ◽  
Reza Madoliat ◽  
Ali Pourfard
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Transient Condition ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
Intelligent Algorithms ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Gas Networks ◽  
Decision Variables

Compressor stations in natural gas networks should perform such that time-varying demands of customers are fulfilled while all of the system constraints are satisfied. Power consumption of compressor stations impose the most operational cost to a gas network so their optimal performance will lead to significant money saving. In this paper, the gas network transient optimization problem is addressed. The objective function is the sum of the compressor's power consumption that should be minimized where compressor speeds and the value status are decision variables. This objective function is nonlinear which is subjected to nonlinear and combinatorial constraints including both discrete and continuous variables. To handle this challenging optimization problem, a novel approach based on using two different structure intelligent algorithms, namely the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and cultural algorithm (CA), is utilized to find the optimum of the decision variables. This approach removes the necessity of finding an explicit expression for the power consumption of compressors as a function of decision variables as well as the calculation of objective function derivatives. The objective function and constraints are evaluated in the transient condition by a fully implicit finite difference numerical method. The proposed approach is applied on a real gas network where simulation results confirm its accuracy and efficiency.

scholarly journals Hybrid Hydrogen–PV–e-Mobility Industrial Energy Community Concept—A Technology Feasibility Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 670-684
Author(s):  
Istvan Vokony
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Hybrid Energy ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Filling Station ◽  
Industrial Energy ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Energy Community ◽  
Community Concept

As renewable energy sources are spreading, the problems of energy usage, transport and storage arise more frequently. In order that the performance of energy producing units from renewable sources, which have a relatively low efficiency, should not be decreased further, and to promote sustainable energy consumption solutions, a living lab conception was elaborated in this project. At the pilot site, the produced energy (by PV panels, gas turbines/engines) is stored in numerous ways, including hydrogen production. The following uses of hydrogen are explored: (i) feeding it into the national natural gas network; (ii) selling it at a H-CNG (compressed natural gas) filling station; (iii) using it in fuel cells to produce electricity. This article introduces the overall implementation plan, which can serve as a model for the hybrid energy communities to be established in the future.

Pitching Early for CCUS Research and Development in Oil & Gas Industry: A Well Thought Endeavor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj Deo Tewari ◽  
Mohd Faizal Sedaralit ◽  
Bhajan Lal
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Co2 Storage ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
And Storage

Abstract The oil and gas industry, a highly technical industry, involves a collaboration of various disciplines of science and technology from exploration to production and utilization of the products. Continuous research and technology developments have improved the success of the industry. Oil and Gas will continue to play important role in the total energy mix due to their affordability and easiness of use. The infrastructure and facilities viz, drilling rigs, pipeline, casing and tubular, platforms and chemical produced from other industries also contribute significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Increased use of oil & gas is causing the emission of GHG in the atmosphere causing temperature rise of the earth which is a major cause for climate change. The increasing demand for natural gas is necessitating the development of giant contaminated gas fields which will further increase GHG production significantly. Natural gas would be the transition fuel from conventional to renewable energy sources. Climate science is understood, and experts are of the view that current and enhanced future emissions of GHG will have a catastrophic effect on the environment. It has to be controlled and produced contaminated gases need to be stored safely and utilized for humanity. Improvement in energy efficiency and environmental sustainability by reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from the industrial operations as well as from energy use by consumers is picking up. Carbon capture, separation, transportation, storage, and utilization has started at a small scale. There is an urgent need to improve yesterday’s performance and meet tomorrow’s challenge in CCUS in the petroleum industry. Fundamental research for capturing, utilization and storage of GHG has to be enhanced for improvising the processes. It is a fact that technology stimulates science, science stimulates technology, and both stimulate the efficiency of the process. Because of this, success mantra and objective for better performance, oil and gas companies are investing and pursuing research and development for controlling and managing the carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS). This paper discusses the result of active Research and Development of CCUS which is being pursued for the last decades for fundamental issues of separation of carbon dioxide, transportation, subsurface storage physics & chemistry and utilization of the CO2 into usable products. Scientific results and findings of basic and applied research for better efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the products like precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC), alcohols and methane generation by Methanogenesis. Supercritical behavior of CO2 in subsurface, geomechanical and geochemical changes during and after storage, enhancing trapping mechanism, the effect of H2S on CO2 storage and understanding the science of contaminant separation and areas of improvement in methodologies will be presented and highlighted.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Role of the Latvian Natural Gas Network for the use of Future Energy Systems: Hydrogen from Res

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kleperis ◽  
D. Boss ◽  
A. Mezulis ◽  
L. Zemite ◽  
P. Lesnicenoks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Natural Gas Network

Abstract As EU is steadily moving in the direction of emission reduction, each country must develop plans to decarbonise the transport and energy sectors. In Latvia, transport sector is one of the biggest emission sources. The heating applications come next. Both require carbon containing fuels and a transfer to carbon neutral fuel is necessary; therefore, hydrogen may be the answer to achieve the overall EU targets. As Latvia has renewable energy sources, some production, storage and use of hydrogen are possible. Currently clear guidelines for Latvia have been investigated. The existing natural gas network may be used for two tasks: large-scale hydrogen transportation and decarbonisation of natural gas network. To open the natural gas networks for hydrogen, the first evaluations are made and a possible scenario for hydrogen implementation in network supplying consumers in the household sector is analysed to evaluate decarbonisation with an overarching goal of carbon neutrality.

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