scholarly journals The interphase period “germination–heading” of 8x and 6x triticale with different dominant Vrn genes

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-637
Author(s):  
P. I. Stepochkin ◽  
A. I. Stasyuk
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
D Genome ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Vrn Genes ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Spring Type ◽  
Late Maturity

The existing spring forms of wheat-rye amphiploids are characterized by late maturity due to the long duration of the interphase period “germination–heading”. The manifestation of this trait is influenced by Vrn-1 genes. Their dominant alleles also determine the spring type of development. The results of studying the interphase period “germination–heading” of spring octaploid and hexaploid forms of triticale created for use in research and breeding programs under the conditions of forest-steppe of Western Siberia are given in this article. The interphase period of the primary forms 8xVrnA1, 8xVrnB1 and 8xVrnD1 obtained by artificial doubling of the chromosome number of the wheat-rye hybrids made by pollination of three lines of the soft wheat ‘Triple Dirk’ – donors of different dominant Vrn-1 genes – by a winter rye variety ‘Korotkostebel’naya 69’ was determined under the field conditions in the nursery of octaploid (8x) triticale. In the nursery of hexaploid triticale, this trait was studied in the populations of hybrids obtained by hybridization of these three primary forms of octaploid triticale with the hexaploid winter triticale variety ‘Sears 57’. In the offspring of crossing 8хVrnD1× ‘Sears 57’, spring genotypes of 6x triticale bearing Vrn-D1 were selected. This fact was determined by PСR. It means that the genetic material from the chromosome of the fifth homeologous group of the D genome of the bread wheat is included in the plant genotypes. This genome is absent in the winter 6x triticale ‘Sears 57’. The grain content of spikes of the created hexaploid forms of triticale is superiour to that of the maternal octaploid triticale forms. It was shown that plants of the hybrid populations 8xVrnA1× ‘Sears 57’ and 8xVrnD1× ‘Sears 57’ carrying the dominant alleles Vrn-A1a and Vrn-D1a, respectively, have a shorter duration of the “germination–heading” interphase period than the initial parental forms of primary 8x triticale. The short interphase period of “germination–heading” of the 6x triticale is a valuable breading trait for the creation of early maturing and productive genotypes of triticale.

scholarly journals ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВПЛИВУ СОРТІВ ТРИБИ TRITICЕАЕ НА СТРУКТУРУ І КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНІСТЬ СЕГЕТАЛЬНОГО УГРУПУВАННЯ

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 63-79
Author(s):  
T. Z. Moskalets
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Annual Plants ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Population Strategy ◽  
Winter Crops

<p>We studied the influence of varieties of tribe <em>Triticeae</em> (Soft Wheat, Winter Rye and Winter Triticale) on the structure and competitiveness of segetal vegetation. It is shown that in the conditions of Polissya, Forest-Steppe Polissya, and Forest-Steppe ecotopes the coenotic composition of plant communities was represented mostly by annual plants and at some extent by hemycryptophytes, cryptophytes, and geophytes. The dominant weed associations of Polissya are: <em>Erodium-Neslia; Chenopodiu-Sonchus; Galium-Setaria; Elytrigia-Convolvulus; Apera-Polygonum </em>and<em> Apera-Convolvulus; Polissia-steppe: Viola-Capsella; Matricaria-Galium; Elytrigia-Galeopsis; Chenopodiu-Sonchus; Thlaspi-Euphorbia; Forest-Steppe: Elytrigia-Viola; Matricaria-Taraxacum; Consolida-Convolvulus; Cirsium-Taraxacum; Galium-Stellaria; Thlaspi-Plantago, Linaria-Conyza</em>.</p><p>In terms of the Central Forest-Steppe and Eastern Polisya the medium-grown and medium ripe Wheat (Yuvivata 60 and Poliska 90), Rye (Borotba), Triticale (Slavetne, Slavetne Polipshene. and AD 256) is the most competitive towards segetal vegetation than other medium-grown and semi-dwarf varieties of such cultures.</p><p>The introduction of Triticale and Rye in the structure of sown areas are an effective biological control towards segetal vegetation, particularly perennial weeds. We revealed that increasing doses of fertilizers on crops of the tribe <em>Triticeae</em> stimulates the growth of weeds, but the specific weight per unit area does not always correlate with density concerning cultural species.</p><p>We registered the dominant competitive weeds associations in winter crops, regardless of grade, but their differentiation by population strategy and specific weight per unit area depends on the type and conditions of the specific ecotypes. We selected some six associations for the Polissya: <em>Erodium-Neslia; Chenopodiu-Sonchus; Galium-Setaria; Elytrigia-Convolvulus; Apera-Polygonum </em>and<em> Apera-Convolvulus; </em>five for Polissya Steppe ecotypes<em>: Viola-Capsella; Matricaria-Galium; Elytrigia-Galeopsis; Chenopodium-Sonchus; Thlaspi-Euphorbia; </em>seven for Forest ecotypes<em>: Elytrigia-Viola; Matricaria-Taraxacum; Consolida-Convolvulus; Cirsium-Taraxacum; Galium-Stellaria; Thlaspi-Plantago, Linaria-Conyza.</em></p>

Response of Early, Medium, and Late Maturing Peanut Breeding Lines to Field Epidemics of Tomato Spotted Wilt

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
J. W. Todd ◽  
D. W. Gorbet ◽  
S. L. Brown ◽  
J. A. Baldwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Oleic Acid ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
High Oleic ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Late Maturity ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Maturity Groups

Abstract Epidemics of tomato spotted wilt, caused by tomato spotted wilt Tospovirus (TSWV), were monitored in field plots of runner-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars Georgia Green and Georgia Runner and numerous breeding lines from four different breeding programs as part of efforts toward characterizing breeding lines with potential for release as cultivars. Breeding lines were divided into early, medium and late maturity groups. The tests were conducted near Attapulgus, GA and Marianna, FL in 1997 and in Tifton, GA and Marianna, FL in 1998. Epidemics in some early and medium maturing breeding lines, including some genotypes with high oleic acid oil chemistry, were comparable to those in Georgia Green, the cultivar most frequently used in the southeastern U.S. for suppression of spotted wilt epidemics. No early maturing breeding lines had lower spotted wilt final intensity ratings or higher yields than Georgia Green. However, spotted wilt intensity ratings in some late maturing lines and a smaller number of medium maturing lines were significantly lower than those of Georgia Green. Several of those lines also produced greater pod yields than Georgia Green. Results from these experiments indicated that there is potential for improving management of spotted wilt though development of cultivars that suppress spotted wilt epidemics more than currently available cultivars. There was no indication that differences in spotted wilt ratings corresponded to differences in numbers of thrips adults or larvae.

scholarly journals Soluble carbohydrates in cereal (wheat, rye, triticale) seed after storage under accelerated ageing conditions

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Agnieszka I. Piotrowicz-Cieślak ◽  
Maciej Niedzielski ◽  
Dariusz J. Michalczyk ◽  
Wiesław Łuczak ◽  
Barbara Adomas
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Accelerated Ageing ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Seed Moisture

Germinability and the content of soluble carbohydrates were analysed in cereal seed (winter rye, cv. Warko; spring wheat, cv. Santa; hexaploid winter triticale, cv. Fidelio and cv. Woltario). Seed moisture content (mc) was equilibrated over silica gel to 0.08 g H<sub>2</sub>O/g dry mass and stored in a desiccator at 20<sup>o</sup>C for up to 205 weeks or were equilibrated to mc 0.06, 0.08 or 0.10 g H<sub>2</sub>O/g dm and subjected to artificial aging at 35<sup>o</sup>C in air-tight laminated aluminium foil packages for 205 weeks. It was shown that the rate of seed aging depended on the species and seed moisture content. The fastest decrease of germinability upon storage was observed in seed with the highest moisture level. Complete germinability loss for winter rye, winter triticale cv. Fidelio, winter triticale cv. Woltario and spring wheat seed with mc 0.10 g H<sub>2</sub>O/g dm<sup>3</sup> occurred after 81, 81, 101 and 133 weeks, respectively. Fructose, glucose, galactose, myo-inositol, sucrose, galactinol, raffinose, stachyose and verbascose were the main soluble carbohydrates found in the seed. The obtained data on the contents of specific sugars and the composition of soluble sugars fraction in seed of rye, wheat and triticale did not corroborate any profound effect of reducing sugars, sucrose and oligosaccharides on seed longevity.

scholarly journals Highly Productive Pine Forests in a Changing Climate

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-23
Author(s):  
Nina F. Kuznetsova ◽  
◽  
Elena S. Klushevskaya ◽  
Elena Yu. Amineva
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Soil Drought ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Vital State

Forest steppe of the Central Chernozem Region (CCR) of Russia belongs to the zone of highly productive pine forests. In 2015, for the first time a partial destabilization of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was recorded within the territory of the CCR. It affected the population, organism and cellular levels of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The destabilization was caused by the 8-year heatwave of 2007–2014 followed by a sharp drop in the water table and four severe droughts (2007, 2010, 2012, and 2014). The analysis was carried out on two sites of pine forest plantations growing in the environmentally sound region: the Stupino test site (Voronezh region, typical plantation for the CCR) and the Usman site (Lipetsk region, lands with elevated groundwater level). The results of morphological, cytogenetic and biochemical studies of model trees of the Stupino test site during the following periods are presented: 4 optimal years in terms of weather conditions, 2014 drought year and 2015 destabilization year. It was found that prolonged hydrothermal stress resulted in the transition of pine from the basic equilibrium state to a slightly nonequilibrium state. The trigger mechanism for changing their vital state was a severe autumn soil drought in 2014, after which the plants became weakened right before winter. A decrease in cone bioproductivity by the traits of seed fullness and the total number of seeds per cone, a change in population sampling structure, an increase in the number of mitosis pathologies, and an increase in proline content in needles were observed despite optimal weather conditions in 2015. The recovery of species was studied for three subsequent optimal years on the example of the Stupino and Usman populations. Experimental data indicate that the processes of vital state normalization involve profound changes in metabolism and require certain energy expenditures. It took the Stupino population longer to return to the regional norm, which indicates a different depth of destabilization of the tree genetic material of the studied populations. For citation: Kuznetsova N.F., Klushevskaya E.S, Amineva E.Yu. Highly Productive Pine Forests in a Changing Climate. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 9–23. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-9-23

scholarly journals The Role Of Perennial Grasses In The Protection Of Soil Resources Of Erosive Ecosystems With Active Development Of Linear Erosion

2021 ◽  
Vol 901 (1) ◽  
pp. 012007
Author(s):  
V M Kosolapov ◽  
V I Cherniavskih ◽  
E V Dumacheva ◽  
M N Marinich ◽  
L D Sajfutdinova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Perennial Legume ◽  
The Stability

Abstract We evaluated the stability of perennial legume and cereal grass species in artificial plant communities on permanent anti-erosion watercourses in the agroecosystems of the Belgorod region with active development of linear soil erosion. In the conditions of steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Belgorod region on permanently grassed watercourses in 2017-2019. varieties of perennial leguminous and cereal grasses: ‘Krasnoyaruzhskaya 1’ and ‘Krasnoyaruzhskaya 2’ (Medicago varia), ‘Kazatsky’ (Trifolium pratense), ‘Olshanka’ and ‘Ivica’ (Festuca arundinacea), ‘Streletsky’ and ‘Stepnyak’ (Lolium perenne)) obtained using local genetic material were studied. All varieties showed their resistance in agro-ecosystems with active development of linear erosion in the forest-steppe and steppe zones. Projective cover on watercourses in the steppe zone in all variants of experience was on average 83,4 %, in the forest-steppe zone - 86,3 %. In the third year of the tests on permanently irrigated watercourses in the steppe zone, the share of cereal and legume grass species was quite high and varied from 88 % in the variant M. varia + Onobrychis arenaria to 92 % in the variants M. varia + Bromopsis inermis and O. arenaria. In the forest-steppe zone, the share of cereal and legume grass species varied from 86 % in the variant L. perenne to 94 % in the variant L. perenne + B. inermis.

scholarly journals Development of septoria leaf blotch on winter triticale varieties in the conditions of Forest-steppe of Ukraine

ScienceRise ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1 (25)) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Олександр Анатолійович Демидов ◽  
Михайло Михайлович Ключевич ◽  
Сергій Іванович Волощук
Keyword(s):  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Septoria Leaf Blotch ◽  
Leaf Blotch ◽  
Winter Triticale

scholarly journals Analysis and selection of parental forms for crossbreeding of early potatoes for the arid conditions of the Middle Volga region

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 00125
Author(s):  
Vladimir Molianov ◽  
Oleg Vinogradov ◽  
Natalya Ivanayskaya
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Middle Volga ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
Selection Of

In the modern changing climate, selective breeding has been essential for increasing production and ensuring stable yields. Potato varieties with different ripening periods are suitable for the conditions of the Middle Volga region. High-yielding varieties resistant to mechanical damage and diseases, varieties with increased heat resistance and a complex of other important features are being created. The emergence of new directions has complicated the solution of breeding programs and required the orgaization of an intermediate stage in this work: the identification and use of special parent forms - carriers of useful qualities. This is a basic, but necessary task when involving a variety of genetic material in the selection process. Research on the topic was carried out in 2017–2019 in the Samara region (RF) in a special shielded area of AGROSTAR LLC in cooperation with experts of the potato farm of VNIIKH FGBNU, MAG LLC (Kinel), Agrocenter Korenevo LLC, and with the participation of experts of Bavaria-Saat GmbH, Germany.

Genotype×environment interactions and some considerations of their implications for wheat breeding in Australia This review is one of a series commissioned by the Advisory Committee of the Journal.

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Basford ◽  
M. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Specific Adaptation ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Statistical Studies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
The Impact

Genotype×environment (G×E) interactions complicate selection forbroad adaptation, while their nature and causes need to be understood toutilise and exploit them in selection for specific adaptation. This invitedreview combines an assessment of the literature with the experience we havegained from involvement in wheat breeding and associated research programs toassess (1) the implications of G×E interactions for wheat breeding inAustralia, (2) the impact that research into G E interactions has had onbreeding strategy, and (3) the evidence for impact from this research efforton genetic improvement of crop adaptation. The role of analytical methodologyin this process is considered and some important issues are discussed.There are sufficient examples drawn from wheat breeding in Australia tosuggest that progress in dealing with G×E interactions can be made andseveral of these are presented. They show that impact in plant breedingfollows from achieving an appropriate level of understanding of theenvironmental and genetic factors causing the interactions as well as anassessment of their importance in the target genotype-environment system. Anaccurate definition of the environmental factor(s) contributing to theG×E interactions has been particularly important in determining therelevance of observed differences in plant adaptation to the target populationof environments. From the combination of biological and statistical studies, amore comprehensive understanding of G×E interactions has emerged andcontributed to new concepts and procedures for dealing with them.Distinguishing between what are repeatable and non-repeatable interactions isa key step. Genuine cases of positive specific adaptation observed inmulti-environment trials (METs) can be exploited by appropriately targetedselection strategies, while non-repeatable interactions are accommodated byselection for broad adaptation.The investigation of G×E interactions for grain yield of wheat inAustralia has matured to the point where an understanding of some of theircauses has enabled wheat breeders to exploit positive components of specificadaptation. The experience that has been gained in achieving these advancesindicates the importance of establishing a MET system that is relevant to thetarget population of environments of the breeding program. The investment ofadequate resources into effective design, conduct, analysis, andinterpretation of METs remains critical to continued progress from selectionin complex genotype-environment systems that present large G× Einteractions. Wheat breeders who understand their genetic material and thetarget population of environments can then use the generated information baseto achieve impact from their breeding programs.

scholarly journals Wheat Production and Breeding in Israel from 1948 to 2002

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Atsmon S ◽  
E. Schwarzbach
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
National Average ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
On Farm

The sown wheat acreage in Israel increased from less than 40 000 ha in 1948 to more than 100 000 ha in the seventies and has declined slightly since that time. About 3/4 of the crop are grown in the central part of the country, mostly rain fed, with precipitation of 250&ndash;500 mm. The cultivation of durum wheat, originally dominant, has declined since the sixties to a small percentage of the wheat acreage and durum wheat breeding is thus negligible. Local bread wheat breeding started around 1960 independently at three breeding organisations, one of which extensively used genetic material from international breeding programs in Mexico. Since the fifties about 25 cultivars have been released, but only a few are of economic importance now. Breeding considerably increased the yielding potential of cultivars. The recent top cultivar Galil yields about twice as much as cv. Florence Aurore, the leading cultivar in 1970. The national average grain yield rose from 900 kg/ha in 1948 to recently 2.3 t/ha. The highest on-farm yields under favourable conditions are about 9 t/ha. An increasing proportion of the wheat acreage is used for silage, reaching now more than 25%. Yearly fluctuations of yield are considerable and are closely related to rainfall. Data also show an improvement in water utilisation by the crop during the analysed period. The domestic production covered originally only about 12% of the consumption, reaching 47% in the decade 1970&ndash;1979, but declined again due to the population growth from 1.2 to 6.5 millions. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Grain crops in fodder production

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
O. T. Andreeva ◽  
N. G. Pilipenko ◽  
L. P. Sidorova ◽  
N. Yu. Kharchenko
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Grain Crops ◽  
Fodder Crops ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Growing Conditions

The possibility of increasing the yield of fodder-grain crops in single-species agrocenoses to provide livestock with nutritious highquality feed was studied. The results of field and laboratory studies (2016–2018) on the cultivation of traditional (barley, oats, spring and winter rye) and uncommon fodder crops (triticale, corn) sown as single crops in the forest-steppe zone of Trans-Baikal Territory are presented. The objects of the research were the following recognized varieties of the crops under study: local winter rye Zhitkinskaya, spring rye Onokhoyskaya, oats Metis, barley Anna, triticale Ukro, corn hybrid Obsky 150 CB. The experiment was conducted on meadow chernozem mealy-carbonate soil (light loam by particle size distribution). Poaceous fodder crops were assessed in terms of their adaptability to growing conditions, yield and nutritional value of grain. Their economically valuable characteristics were shown. On average over the years of research, when cultivating traditional and uncommon poaceous crops for fodder grain in single-crop sowings, triticale and corn had an advantage. The grain yield in the experiment was 3.0-5.8 t/ha, collection of fodder units – 3.39-6.13 t/ha, digestible protein 287-494 kg/ha, gross energy – 34.7-60.5 GJ/ha, availability of digestible protein – 85–77 g per one feed unit. Traditional crops were inferior to uncommon crops in terms of grain yield by 0.5-3.3 t/ ha, (on average for the variants of the experiment), feed units – by 0.99-3.73 t/ha, digestible protein – by 85-292 kg/ha, gross energy – by 0.99–35.7 GJ/ha.

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