Methods of Protein Estimation and the Influence of Heat Stress on Rice Grain Protein

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-168
Author(s):  
Sadaiah K. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Protein Estimation

scholarly journals Molecular and Physiological Responses of Rice and Weedy Rice to Heat and Drought Stress

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Leonard Bonilha Piveta ◽  
Nilda Roma-Burgos ◽  
José Alberto Noldin ◽  
Vívian Ebeling Viana ◽  
Claudia de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Intercellular Co2 Concentration ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Weedy Rice ◽  
Photosynthetic Parameters ◽  
World Population ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Rice Cultivars

Rice is the staple food for about half of the world population. Rice grain yield and quality are affected by climatic changes. Arguably, rice cultivars’ genetic diversity is diminished from decades of breeding using narrow germplasm, requiring introgressions from other Oryza species, weedy or wild. Weedy rice has high genetic diversity, which is an essential resource for rice crop improvement. Here, we analyzed the phenotypic, physiological, and molecular profiles of two rice cultivars (IRGA 424 and SCS119 Rubi) and five weedy rice (WR), from five different Brazilian regions, in response to heat and drought stress. Drought and heat stress affected the phenotype and photosynthetic parameters in different ways in rice and WR genotypes. A WR from Northern Brazil yielded better under heat stress than the non-stressed check. Drought stress upregulated HSF7A while heat stress upregulated HSF2a. HSP74.8, HSP80.2, and HSP24.1 were upregulated in both conditions. Based on all evaluated traits, we hypothesized that in drought conditions increasing HSFA7 expression is related to tiller number and that increase WUE (water use efficiency) and HSFA2a expression are associated with yield. In heat conditions, Gs (stomatal conductance) and E’s increases may be related to plant height; tiller number is inversely associated with HSPs expression, and chlorophyll content and Ci (intercellular CO2 concentration) may be related to yield. Based on morphology, physiology, and gene regulation in heat and drought stress, we can discriminate genotypes that perform well under these stress conditions and utilize such genotypes as a source of genetic diversity for rice breeding.

scholarly journals Genetic Dissection of Grain Yield Component Traits Under High Nighttime Temperature Stress in a Rice Diversity Panel

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuj Kumar ◽  
Chirag Gupta ◽  
Julie Thomas ◽  
Andy Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Significant Snps ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Venn Diagram ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Diversity Panel

To dissect the genetic complexity of rice grain yield (GY) and quality in response to heat stress at the reproductive stage, a diverse panel of 190 rice accessions in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) rice mini-core collection (URMC) diversity panel were treated with high nighttime temperature (HNT) stress at the reproductive stage of panicle initiation. The quantifiable yield component response traits were then measured. The traits, panicle length (PL), and number of spikelets per panicle (NSP) were evaluated in subsets of the panel comprising the rice subspecies Oryza sativa ssp. Indica and ssp. Japonica. Under HNT stress, the Japonica ssp. exhibited lower reductions in PL and NSP and a higher level of genetic variation compared with the other subpopulations. Whole genome sequencing identified 6.5 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were used for the genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of the PL and NSP traits. The GWAS analysis in the Combined, Indica, and Japonica populations under HNT stress identified 83, 60, and 803 highly significant SNPs associated with PL, compared to the 30, 30, and 11 highly significant SNPs associated with NSP. Among these trait-associated SNPs, 140 were coincident with genomic regions previously reported for major GY component quantitative trait loci (QTLs) under heat stress. Using extents of linkage disequilibrium in the rice populations, Venn diagram analysis showed that the highest number of putative candidate genes were identified in the Japonica population, with 20 putative candidate genes being common in the Combined, Indica and Japonica populations. Network analysis of the genes linked to significant SNPs associated with PL and NSP identified modules that were involved in primary and secondary metabolisms. The findings in this study could be useful to understand the pathways/mechanisms involved in rice GY and its components under HNT stress for the acceleration of rice-breeding programs and further functional analysis by molecular geneticists.

Rice grain protein composition influences head rice yield

2018 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanette L. Balindong ◽  
Rachelle M. Ward ◽  
Terry J. Rose ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Carolyn A. Raymond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Yield ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Head Rice ◽  
Head Rice Yield

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Identification of QTLs for Grain Protein Content Based on Genotyping-by-Resequencing and Verification of qGPC1-1 in Rice

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Bo Wu ◽  
Guan Li ◽  
Yu-Jun Zhu ◽  
Yi-Chen Cheng ◽  
Jin-Yu Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Ril Population ◽  
Density Map

To clarify the genetic mechanism underlying grain protein content (GPC) and to improve rice grain qualities, the mapping and cloning of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling the natural variation of GPC are very important. Based on genotyping-by-resequencing, a total of 14 QTLs were detected with the Huanghuazhan/Jizi1560 (HHZ/JZ1560) recombinant inbred line (RIL) population in 2016 and 2017. Seven of the fourteen QTLs were repeatedly identified across two years. Using three residual heterozygote-derived populations, a stably inherited QTL named as qGPC1-1 was validated and delimited to a ~862 kb marker interval JD1006–JD1075 on the short arm of chromosome 1. Comparing the GPC values of the RIL population determined by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and Kjeldahl nitrogen determination (KND) methods, high correlation coefficients (0.966 and 0.983) were observed in 2016 and 2017. Furthermore, 12 of the 14 QTLs were identically identified with the GPC measured by the two methods. These results indicated that instead of the traditional KND method, the rapid and easy-to-operate NIRS was suitable for analyzing a massive number of samples in mapping and cloning QTLs for GPC. Using the gel-based low-density map consisted of 208 simple sequence repeat (SSR) and insert/deletion (InDel) markers, the same number of QTLs (fourteen) were identified in the same HHZ/JZ1560 RIL population, and three QTLs were repeatedly detected across two years. More stably expressed QTLs were identified based on the genome resequencing, which might be attributed to the high-density map, increasing the detection power of minor QTLs. Our results are helpful in dissecting the genetic basis of GPC and improving rice grain qualities through molecular assisted selection.

scholarly journals Studies on the Protein Status of White and Brown Rice Grain in Selected Varieties Cultivated in and around Tiruchirappalli District of Tamil Nadu

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-83
Author(s):  
S. Pandarinathan
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
White Rice ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Protein Status ◽  
Albumin Content

A study was conducted to evaluate the Protein status of White and Brown Rice grain in selected varieties at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College & Research Institute, Tiruchirappalli of Tamil Nadu, India during the period from June 2017 to May 2019. In the present study, sixteen different rice varieties cultivated in and around Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu as the test rice grains in terms of White and Brown rice in completely randomized design with three replications were tried. Screening and evaluation of protein content in 16 rice varieties were carried out to identify protein rich varieties. Biochemical analysis based on five different traits including contents of albumin(Alb), globulin(Glo), prolamin(Pro), glutelin(Glu) and total or gross grain storage protein (GGSP) were carried out. Results showed that the relative contribution of Albumin as 0.9 to 2.3 g/100 g, globulin as 0.67 to 2.3 g/100 g, prolamin as 0.28 to 2.73 g/100 g and glutelin as 2.0 to 6.18 g/100 g in Brown Rice; Albumin as 0.67 to 2.0 g/100 g, globulin as 0.652 to 2.0 g/100 g, prolamin as 0.20 to 2.3 g/100 g and glutelin as 1.684 to 5.258 g/100 g in White Rice. Results revealed a considerable variation also in gross grain protein contents among Brown and White rice of sixteen cultivars ranged from 5.087 to 9.644 g/100 g and 4.5 to 8.760 g/100 g respectively. Gross grain protein contents were higher in ASD-19, TKM (R) 12 and ADT 37 of Brown rice. Gross grain protein contents were higher in TKM (R) 12, ASD-19 and ADT-38 of White rice. The result on status of protein in Brown rice showed that ADT-40 had the highest Albumin content. ADT 37 exhibited the highest globulin content. The lowest prolamin content was found in TKM (R) 12, whereas the highest content of glutelin was found in ASD-19. The result of status of protein in White rice showed that TKM (R) 12 had the highest Albumin content. ADT 37 exhibited the highest globulin content. The lowest prolamin content was found in Anna (R) 4, whereas the highest content of glutelin was found in ASD-19. The highest Prolamin to Glutelin ratio was recorded in TKM (R) 12, CR 1009 /Ponmani and Anna (R) 4 for Brown rice. The overall results of this study revealed that ASD-19, TKM (R) 12 and CR 1009 /Ponmani were considered as Top three genotypes suitable for Tiruchirappalli district farmers based on consumer preferences.

Effects of short-term heat stress at booting stage on rice-grain quality

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengxian Zhen ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Haoyu Wang ◽  
Junjie Zhou ◽  
Bing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Grain Quality ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Booting Stage ◽  
Severe Heat Stress

Extreme heat-stress events are becoming more frequent under anticipated global warming, which is having devastating effect on grain yield, as well as quality, of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The effects of heat stress at booting stage on grain quality of two japonica varieties, Nanjing41 and Wuyunjing24, were investigated in phytotrons during 2014 and 2015. Rice plants were subjected to four mean temperature regimes 27°C, 31°C, 35°C and 39°C of 2, 4 and 6 days’ duration. The results showed that high temperatures of 35°C and 39°C for 4 and 6 days significantly reduced panicle size, seed-setting rate, grain size, chalky grain rate, milling characteristics and amylose content, but increased protein content. Severe heat stress decreased values of peak viscosity and breakdown, and increased pasting temperature. An increase in heat degree-days decreased the percentage of chalky grains exponentially, and decreased amylose content and increased protein content linearly. Sensitivity of grain quality to heat stress in the two varieties differed among quality traits and with heat stress intensity. This study indicates that rice-grain quality had some resistance to mild heat stress, but it could not withstand severe heat stress at booting. Short-term heat stress at booting stage deteriorates most grain-quality traits, posing a potential risk to rice quality. The impacts on grain quality could be well quantified by the combined effects of the intensity and duration of heat stress at booting stage.

Rice grain protein composition influences instrumental measures of rice cooking and eating quality

2018 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanette L. Balindong ◽  
Rachelle M. Ward ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Terry J. Rose ◽  
Laura A. Pallas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Composition ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Cooking And Eating Quality

Optimisation and standardisation of extraction and HPLC analysis of rice grain protein

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanette L. Balindong ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Rachelle M. Ward ◽  
Bronwyn J. Barkla ◽  
Daniel L.E. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Hplc Analysis ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Rice Grain

scholarly journals Response of phytohormone homeostasis to heat stress and the roles of phytohormones in rice grain yield: a review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wu ◽  
She Tang ◽  
Ganghua Li ◽  
Shaohua Wang ◽  
Shah Fahad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Heat Effects

Rice is highly susceptible to heat stress at the reproductive stage. In this review, we first summarize recent progress in heat effects on rice grain yield during different reproductive stages. Different responses of yield traits of rice to heat stress during different reproductive stages are identified. The number of spikelets per panicle is reduced by heat stress during the early reproductive stage but is not affected by heat stress during the mid-late reproductive stage. Spikelet sterility induced by heat stress can be attributed primarily to physiological abnormalities in the reproductive organs during flowering but attributed to structural and morphological abnormalities in reproductive organs during panicle initiation. The lower grain weight caused by heat stress during the early reproductive stage was due to a reduction in non-structural carbohydrates, undeveloped vascular bundles, and a reduction in grain length and width, while a shortened grain filling duration, reduced grain filling rate, and decreased grain width affect grain weight when heat stress occurs during grain filling. Phytohormones play vital roles in regulating plant adaptations against heat stress. We discuss the processes involving phytohormone homeostasis (biosynthesis, catabolism, deactivation, and transport) in response to heat stress. It is currently thought that biosynthesis and transport may be the key processes that determine phytohormone levels and final grain yield in rice under heat stress conditions. Finally, we prospect that screening and breeding rice varieties with comprehensive tolerance to heat stress throughout the entire reproductive phase could be feasible to cope with unpredictable heat events in the future. Studies in phytohormone homeostatic response are needed to further reveal the key processes that determine phytohormone levels under heat condition.

A Heat Stress Responsive NAC Transcription Factor Heterodimer Plays Key Roles in Rice Grain Filling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Ren ◽  
Zhouquan Huang ◽  
Hao Jiang ◽  
Zhuo Wang ◽  
Fengsheng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory Network ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Heat Stress Response ◽  
Monosaccharide Transporter ◽  
Stimulus Response

Abstract High temperature often leads to the failure of grain filling in rice (Oryza sativa) to cause yield loss, while the mechanism is not well elucidated yet. Here, we report that two seed-specific NAM/ATAF/CUC domain transcription factors, ONAC127 and ONAC129, are responsive to heat stress and involved in the grain filling process of rice. ONAC127 and ONAC129 are dominantly expressed in the pericarp and can form a heterodimer during rice grain filling. CRISPR/Cas9 induced mutants and overexpression lines were then generated to investigate the functions of these two transcription factors. Interestingly, both knock-out and overexpression plants showed incomplete grain filling and shrunken grains, which became more severe under heat stress. Transcriptome analysis revealed that ONAC127 and ONAC129 mainly regulate stimulus response and nutrient transport. ChIP-seq analysis identified that the direct targets of ONAC127 and ONAC129 in developing rice seeds include monosaccharide transporter OsMST6, sugar transporter OsSWEET4, calmodulin-like protein OsMSR2 and AP2/ERF factor OsEATB. These results suggest that ONAC127 and ONAC129 may regulate grain filling through affecting sugar transportation and abiotic stress responses. Overall, this study demonstrates a transcriptional regulatory network involving ONAC127 and ONAC129 and coordinating multiple pathways to modulate seed development and heat stress response at rice reproductive stage.

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