scholarly journals The sociology of physician: between ideal and real - experience of XX century. Part II. To the foundation of theory of sociology of physician (a review)

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-105
Author(s):  
A. S Dimov
Keyword(s):  
Social Space ◽  
Original Structure ◽  
Biological Individual ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Social Units ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Physician Patient ◽  
Status Position

The experience of expired century was used as a basis of presenting certain philosophical and sociological foundations of sociology of physician. The main methodological defects of comprehension of the system “physician-patient” are revealed. The particular methodological aspects of status position of physician in social space are exposed. The original structure of status of physician is proposed as oneness of one's social (personality) and biological (individual) aspects. The absolute and relative differences of status of physician from other social units are described.

scholarly journals Quantifying the contribution of established risk factors to cardiovascular mortality differences between Russia and Norway

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergi Trias-Llimós ◽  
Lisa Pennells ◽  
Aage Tverdal ◽  
Alexander V. Kudryavtsev ◽  
Sofia Malyutina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Risk Factor Profile ◽  
Emerging Risk ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Absolute Age ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Mortality Rate Ratio ◽  
Cvd Mortality

AbstractSurprisingly few attempts have been made to quantify the simultaneous contribution of well-established risk factors to CVD mortality differences between countries. We aimed to develop and critically appraise an approach to doing so, applying it to the substantial CVD mortality gap between Russia and Norway using survey data in three cities and mortality risks from the Emerging Risk Factor Collaboration. We estimated the absolute and relative differences in CVD mortality at ages 40–69 years between countries attributable to the risk factors, under the counterfactual that the age- and sex-specific risk factor profile in Russia was as in Norway, and vice-versa. Under the counterfactual that Russia had the Norwegian risk factor profile, the absolute age-standardized CVD mortality gap would decline by 33.3% (95% CI 25.1–40.1) among men and 22.1% (10.4–31.3) among women. In relative terms, the mortality rate ratio (Russia/Norway) would decline from 9–10 to 7–8. Under the counterfactual that Norway had the Russian risk factor profile, the mortality gap reduced less. Well-established CVD risk factors account for a third of the male and around a quarter of the female CVD mortality gap between Russia and Norway. However, these estimates are based on widely held epidemiological assumptions that deserve further scrutiny.

scholarly journals Winter positions of Arctic front during periods of cooling and warming

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-501
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Mikhailov ◽  
A. N. Zolotokrylin ◽  
T. B. Titkova
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Horizontal Wind ◽  
The North ◽  
Arctic Front ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Geostrophic Vortex ◽  
Climate Cooling ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Geostrophic Advection

Winter positions of the Arctic front (AF) during the known periods of the climate cooling (1949–1980) and warming (1981–2012) were analyzed within the sector 10° W – 60° E. The AF positios were determined by the following indicators: 1) a surface pressure; 2) horizontal wind divergence; 3) geostrophic vortex; 4) geostrophic heat advection. The main extrema of these four dynamic characteristics coincide and fall on the latitude 72.5° N. This corresponds to the average position of the AF for a given resolution and confirms correctness of our choice of these characteristics as the AF indicators. Relative differences between mean profiles of all values of the above warm and cold periods were calculated using method of normalization of each value for the corresponding latitude by the standard deviation for the entire period (1949–2012). To study variability of the AF position we used mean yearly winter profiles of the variables under investigation together with the statistical analysis of positions of the extrema within the latitude degrees. For pressure and geostrophic advection positions of the absolute minima were determined while for geostrophic vortex and divergence – positions of the absolute maxima. The data show that according to different criteria the AF average positions for the period 1949–2012 lie within the zone 72.4–73.4 N. The interannual variability of the AF positions lies within the 1–2 degrees of latitude and corresponds to the range of the air temperature variability above the zone of maximal changes in the sea ice area. According to the standard deviation values of the divergence and the geostrophic vortex are the most stable in region of the AF passage. Comparison of differences of the studied characteristics between the warm and cold periods shows that the changes in the AF positions are not statistically significant (P(t) < 91% t‑criterion) unlike the changes in positions of isolines which characterize the warming (P(t) = 100%). Thus, despite significant changes in properties of the surface and the temperature regime to the north of 72.5 N (the warming), according to all the criteria the AF climatic position remains quasi‑stationary for 32‑year periods of averaging.

Didactic dimensions of intercultural literature

Proglas ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina Hubenova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Competence ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Literary Scholarship ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Literary Research ◽  
Methodological Aspects ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Intercultural Literature

Intercultural literary studies in the field of literary scholarship represent a research perspective with a specific theoretical and methodological profile, which is based on two prerequisites: 1) cultural differences can be important in the study and perception of literature, and 2) literature and its reception can reveal these relative differences. In this way culture is interpreted as a category of differentiation, but also as a productive source of exchange, contact, dissemination and integration. Intercultural literary research focuses on specific issues concerning the creation and perception of the literary text, as well as the didactic and methodological aspects of acquiring intercultural competence through it. Literary texts lead, on one hand, to enrichment, curiosity and excitement in students, and, on the other, to the diversification of methodological techniques in foreign language teaching. Literary texts can motivate students and foster their personal development through new methods that not only encourage them to speak, but also inform them about the culturally specific point of view, through the content of the text.

Comparison of the Amide I/II Intensity Ratio of Solution and Solid-State Proteins Sampled by Transmission, Attenuated Total Reflectance, and Diffuse Reflectance Spectrometry

1993 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 584-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth P. Ishida ◽  
Peter R. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Tertiary Structure ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Protein Film ◽  
Adsorbed Films ◽  
Adsorbed Proteins ◽  
Intensity Ratios ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relative Differences

The absolute and relative differences in amide I and amide II band intensities of albumin, β-lactoglobulin, and myoglobin as measured by attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectrometry, transmission of aqueous solutions, and KBr disks and diffuse reflectance (DR) spectrometry are compared. The amide I/II intensity ratios of the proteins sampled by ATR, DR, and transmission spectrometry of KBr disks were similar and were significantly different from the intensity ratios of the proteins in solution. The absolute amide II band intensity of dissolved proteins did not vary significantly with changes in pH. The difference in amide I/II intensity ratios between solution and adsorbed proteins was attributed to differences in secondary and possible tertiary structure. The thickness of each protein film was estimated with the use of the absorptivities calculated from the amide II band intensities of the KBr disk spectra. pH had a significant influence on the thickness of the adsorbed films. Differences in film thickness were attributed to a difference in the orientation of the protein molecules at the surface of the germanium internal reflection element.

scholarly journals Analysis of Thermodynamic Parameter Variability in a Chamber of a Furnace for Thermo-Chemical Treatment

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2903
Author(s):  
Magda Joachimiak
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Cylinder Length ◽  
Unsteady Heat Conduction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relative Differences

This paper presents results of research on unevenness of cylinder heating in a furnace for thermo-chemical treatment. Experimental research was conducted with respect to nitriding. Various heating speeds and settings of the fan operation in the furnace were considered. Boundary conditions were calculated in the form of temperature and the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) on the cylinder boundary in four planes along the cylinder length. Calculations were performed with the use of the inverse problem for non-linear and unsteady heat conduction equations. Boundary conditions from individual planes were compared with the mean value of them all. The variability of the calculated boundary conditions (temperature and HTC) along the cylinder length was investigated based on values of the absolute and relative differences for temperature and HTC. Estimates: mean value, mean value from the absolute value and the maximum values for the absolute and the relative differences of temperature and HTC were also calculated. Estimates were the measurements of the unevenness of cylinder heating in a furnace for thermo-chemical treatment. Based on the results of our research, it was found that an increase of the fan rotational speed from 50% to 100%, with the same heating speed, resulted in a significant leveling of temperature in the analyzed planes. The difference in temperature along the cylinder length was reduced from 6.8 °C to 3.3 °C. The increase of the heating speed from 5 °C/min to 10 °C/min resulted in an increase of the unevenness of the cylinder heating. Values of the absolute differences of temperature in the analyzed planes with reference to the mean temperature changed from an interval from −2.7 °C to 2.3 °C to a range from −4 °C to 5 °C. In processes with a heating speed greater than 5 °C/min, more intensive heating in the end part of the cylinder (close to the cylinder) was achieved than it was in other planes. It was proven by temperature values, which were higher, even, by 5.4 °C, and by HTC values, higher by 11.4 W/m2K, when compared with mean values. Obtained results can form the basis for nitriding process optimization.

scholarly journals Variation in Laboratory Utilization and Correlation with Hospital Bed Utilization: Experience of a Trauma-Care Hospital during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapasyapreeti Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Narinder Kumar ◽  
Shivam Pandey ◽  
Arulselvi Subramanian ◽  
Nirupam Madaan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
P Value ◽  
Occupancy Rate ◽  
Bed Occupancy ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Hospital Bed ◽  
Laboratory Utilization ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Relative Differences ◽  
Test Ordering

Abstract Objectives The present study was planned with the following objectives: (i) to calculate the difference in frequency of laboratory test ordered and use of consumables between the prepandemic and pandemic phases, (ii) to determine and compare the monthly average number of tests ordered per patient between the prepandemic and pandemic phases, and (iii) to correlate the monthly test ordering frequency with the monthly bed occupancy rate in both phases. Materials and Methods Records of laboratory tests ordered and use of consumables were collected for the prepandemic phase (1.8.2019 to 31.3.2020) and the pandemic phase (1.4.2020 to 31.10.2020). The absolute and relative differences were calculated. Monthly average number of tests ordered per patient and bed occupancy rate between prepandemic and pandemic phases was determined, compared, and correlated. Statistical Analysis The absolute and the relative differences between the two periods were calculated. The continuous variables were analyzed between groups using Mann–Whitney U test. Spearman correlation was used to correlate the monthly test ordering frequency with the monthly bed occupancy rate in both phases. Results A total of 946,421 tests were ordered, of which 370,270 (39%) tests were ordered during the pandemic period. There was a decrease in the number of the overall laboratory tests ordered (12%), and in the use of blood collection tubes (34%), and an increase in the consumption of sanitizers (18%), disinfectants (3%), masks (1633%), and gloves (7011%) during the pandemic period. Also, the monthly average number of tests ordered per patients significantly reduced (p-value < 0.001). Test ordering frequency had strong positive correlation with bed occupancy rate during pandemic (Spearman co-efficient = 0.73, p-value = 0.03). Conclusions An overall decline in laboratory utilization during pandemic period was observed. Understanding and correlating the trends with hospital bed utilization can maximize the productivity of the laboratory and help in better preparedness for the challenges imposed during similar exigencies.

scholarly journals Optimizing the Resultativeness of Adapting an Economic Entity to the Conditions of Digitalization

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 705
Author(s):  
Angela Mottaeva ◽  
Julia Stepanova ◽  
Natalia Meshkova ◽  
Galina Semenova
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Simplex Method ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Relative Differences

The paper discusses theoretical approaches to the concept of resultativeness, considers and substantiates modern approaches to adapting an economic entity to the conditions of digitalization. In this study, a formula for calculating the resultativeness of adaptation was established, taking into account the potential capabilities of an economic entity. On the basis of the proposed formula, possible quantitative values ​​of the resultativeness of adapting an economic entity to the conditions of digitalization are studied and their interpretation is provided. The paper reveals the economic essence of the absolute and relative differences between the performance indicators of an economic entity, which describe the result of adaptation to digitalization conditions. The components of adaptation resultativeness and a list of expressions describing them are presented. In the course of the study, the resultativeness of adaptation was determined using two research methods: deductive and inductive ones. Based on the results of the study, an algorithm for finding the optimal value of the resultativeness of adaptation in the context of digitalization and its costs is proposed. This algorithm will allow determining the optimal value of the resultativeness of adaptation in the context of digitalization and its costs, based on the calculation of the quantitative value of the resultativeness of adaptation of the enterprise and a retrospective analysis of the components of the resultativeness and costs of adaptation using the Nelder-Mead simplex method.

Bulk standards for low-temperature biological x-ray microanalysis

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 282-283
Author(s):  
P. Echlin ◽  
M. McKoon ◽  
E.S. Taylor ◽  
C.E. Thomas ◽  
K.L. Maloney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Analytical Procedures ◽  
Electrical Conductors

Although sections of frozen salt solutions have been used as standards for x-ray microanalysis, such solutions are less useful when analysed in the bulk form. They are poor thermal and electrical conductors and severe phase separation occurs during the cooling process. Following a suggestion by Whitecross et al we have made up a series of salt solutions containing a small amount of graphite to improve the sample conductivity. In addition, we have incorporated a polymer to ensure the formation of microcrystalline ice and a consequent homogenity of salt dispersion within the frozen matrix. The mixtures have been used to standardize the analytical procedures applied to frozen hydrated bulk specimens based on the peak/background analytical method and to measure the absolute concentration of elements in developing roots.

A Quantitative Ultrastructural Study of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Containing Parallel Tubular Arrays in Epstein-Barr Virus and Cytomegalo-Virus Mononucleosis

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
C. M. Payne ◽  
P. M. Tennican
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Absolute Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Clinical State ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Tubular Arrays

In the normal peripheral circulation there exists a sub-population of lymphocytes which is ultrastructurally distinct. This lymphocyte is identified under the electron microscope by the presence of cytoplasmic microtubular-like inclusions called parallel tubular arrays (PTA) (Figure 1), and contains Fc-receptors for cytophilic antibody. In this study, lymphocytes containing PTA (PTA-lymphocytes) were quantitated from serial peripheral blood specimens obtained from two patients with Epstein -Barr Virus mononucleosis and two patients with cytomegalovirus mononucleosis. This data was then correlated with the clinical state of the patient.It was determined that both the percentage and absolute number of PTA- lymphocytes was highest during the acute phase of the illness. In follow-up specimens, three of the four patients' absolute lymphocyte count fell to within normal limits before the absolute PTA-lymphocyte count.In one patient who was followed for almost a year, the absolute PTA- lymphocyte count was consistently elevated (Figure 2). The estimation of absolute PTA-lymphocyte counts was determined to be valid after a morphometric analysis of the cellular areas occupied by PTA during the acute and convalescent phases of the disease revealed no statistical differences.

Polarity Determination in Sphalerite and Wurtzite Structures

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 500-501
Author(s):  
Stuart McKernan ◽  
C. Barry Carter
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Polarity ◽  
Single Domain ◽  
Polar Material ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Dynamical Interaction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Polarity Determination ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Microscopic Techniques

The determination of the absolute polarity of a polar material is often crucial to the understanding of the defects which occur in such materials. Several methods exist by which this determination may be performed. In bulk, single-domain specimens, macroscopic techniques may be used, such as the different etching behavior, using the appropriate etchant, of surfaces with opposite polarity. X-ray measurements under conditions where Friedel’s law (which means that the intensity of reflections from planes of opposite polarity are indistinguishable) breaks down can also be used to determine the absolute polarity of bulk, single-domain specimens. On the microscopic scale, and particularly where antiphase boundaries (APBs), which separate regions of opposite polarity exist, electron microscopic techniques must be employed. Two techniques are commonly practised; the first [1], involves the dynamical interaction of hoLz lines which interfere constructively or destructively with the zero order reflection, depending on the crystal polarity. The crystal polarity can therefore be directly deduced from the relative intensity of these interactions.

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