Chrononutrition and Breast Milk: A Review of the Circadian Variation of Hormones Present in Human Milk

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-123
Author(s):  
Gugulethu T. Moyo ◽  
Shera C. Thomas-Jackson ◽  
Allison Childress ◽  
John Dawson ◽  
Leslie D. Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Circadian Variation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Study Quality ◽  
Insufficient Evidence ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Meal Timing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Meal Composition

IntroductionBreast milk contains a wide range of hormones, nutrients, and bioactive compounds. Chrononutrition looks at the interaction between food, both meal timing and meal composition, and circadian rhythms.MethodThis review is a continuation on series on chrononutrition and breast milk. All human studies published in English were included regardless of location or year of publication.ResultsThis review identifies the hormonal circadian variation researched in breast milk to date for melatonin, cortisol, cortisone, leptin, and insulin.ConclusionThe circadian variation observed in some hormones reinforces the superiority of breast milk over formula milk. Melatonin has been the most studied, but more research for all the hormones is needed due to various gaps in the literature and varying levels of study quality. There is insufficient evidence to make recommendations specifically targeting the lactating mother, but we identify and recommend several ideas for future research.

scholarly journals Neurodevelopmental Trajectories of Preterm Infants of Italian Native-Born and Migrant Mothers and Role of Neonatal Feeding

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4588
Author(s):  
Dino Gibertoni ◽  
Alessandra Sansavini ◽  
Silvia Savini ◽  
Chiara Locatelli ◽  
Gina Ancora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Social Abilities ◽  
Adverse Perinatal Outcomes

There is evidence that preterm infants of migrant mothers are at a higher risk of adverse perinatal outcomes than those of native-born mothers, and that human milk feeding is beneficial to infants’ neurodevelopment. Using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI) to classify mother’s country of origin, we investigated whether type of neonatal feeding (human milk vs. mixed milk vs. exclusive formula milk) affected preterm newborn neurodevelopment varying across different HDI categories (Italian native-born vs. high HDI migrant vs. low HDI migrant) up to 2 years of age. Neurodevelopment of 530 infants born in Italy at ≤32 weeks of gestational age and/or weighing <1500 g was measured at 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, 18-, and 24-months corrected age (CA) using the revised Griffiths Mental Development Scale 0–2 years. The trajectories of the general developmental quotient and its five subscales were estimated using mixed models. At 24-months CA only preterm infants of low HDI migrant mothers and fed exclusive formula milk showed moderate neurodevelopment impairment, with lower developmental trajectories of eye-hand coordination, performance, and personal-social abilities. Migrant mothers from low HDI countries and their preterm infants should be targeted by specific programs supporting maternal environment, infant development, and human or mixed milk neonatal feeding. Future research should focus on a deeper understanding of the mechanisms through which type of feeding and mother migrant conditions interact in influencing preterm infants’ neurodevelopment.

scholarly journals Differential Transcriptional Response of Bifidobacterium longum to Human Milk, Formula Milk, and Galactooligosaccharide

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (15) ◽  
pp. 4686-4694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina González ◽  
Eline S. Klaassens ◽  
Erja Malinen ◽  
Willem M. de Vos ◽  
Elaine E. Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Carbohydrate Utilization

ABSTRACT In order to gain insight into the effects of human breast milk on the development of the intestinal bifidobacteria and associated health effects, the transcriptome of Bifidobacterium longum LMG 13197 grown in breast milk and formula milk containing galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and long-chain fructooligosaccharides was compared to that obtained in a semisynthetic medium with glucose. Total RNA was isolated from exponentially growing cells and hybridized to a clone library-based microarray. Inserts of clones with significant hybridization signals were sequenced and identified. The B. longum transcriptomes obtained during growth on human and formula milk were more similar to each other than to that obtained from growth in semisynthetic medium with glucose. Remarkably, there were only a few genes implicated in carbohydrate metabolism that were similarly upregulated during growth in both human and formula milk although oligosaccharides were added to the formula. Common highly upregulated genes notably included putative genes for cell surface type 2 glycoprotein-binding fimbriae that are implicated in attachment and colonization in the intestine. Genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism formed the dominant group specifically upregulated in breast milk and included putative genes for N-acetylglucosamine degradation and for metabolism of mucin and human milk oligosaccharides via the galactose/lacto-N-biose gene cluster. This supports the notion that the bifidogenic effect of human milk is to a great extent based on its oligosaccharides. The transcriptional effect of semisynthetic medium containing GOS, which, like human milk, contains a large amount of lactose and galactose, on the B. longum transcriptome was also studied and revealed substantial similarity with carbohydrate-utilization genes upregulated during growth in human milk. This knowledge provides leads to optimizing formula milk to better simulate the observed bifidogenic effects of human breast milk.

scholarly journals Human Milk Oligosaccharides: The Journey Ahead

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandan Ray ◽  
Joshi A. Kerketta ◽  
Subhash Rao ◽  
Snehal Patel ◽  
Shantanu Dutt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Fluid ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Signalling Molecules

Breast milk is a complex biological fluid that is rich in nutrients and bioactive agents that support the healthy growth and development of the newborns. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are unconjugated glycans that constitute an important component of the protection conferred by breast milk on the neonate. HMOs may act locally on the neonatal intestine by acting as signalling molecules and directly interacting with the host cells. Although fucosylated and sialylated HMOs have little nutritional value, they exert important prebiotic as well as immunomodulatory effects on the infant gut. However, there is heterogeneity in the quantity and quality of HMOs in breast milk produced by mothers under influence of the genetic and environmental factors. This review encompasses the salient aspects of HMOs such as composition, function, structural diversity, and functional impact on the growth and survival of newborns. In this review, the current knowledge on HMOs is contextualised to discuss the gaps in scientific understanding and the avenues for future research.

scholarly journals The Antiviral Properties of Human Milk: A Multitude of Defence Tools from Mother Nature

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 694
Author(s):  
Daniela Morniroli ◽  
Alessandra Consales ◽  
Beatrice Letizia Crippa ◽  
Giulia Vizzari ◽  
Federica Ceroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Model ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mother Nature ◽  
Antiviral Compounds

The anti-infective properties of breast milk have been known for decades. In recent years, an increasing number of papers have described the variety of bioactive compounds that are present in breast milk with varying degrees of antiviral activity. However, to date, the totality of the properties of these compounds is not fully understood and, above all, their synergistic interaction is not yet known. The purpose of this review is to describe the current knowledge about the antiviral compounds in breast milk, both with specific and non-specific action against pathogens. Due to the current pandemic situation from SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2), research has focused on a multitude of potential antiviral substances, taking breast milk as a biological model of reference. Future research is needed to expand the knowledge of these compounds, which will hopefully assist in the development of therapies applicable even at later ages.

scholarly journals PERAN IBU MENYUSUI YANG BEKERJA DALAM PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF BAGI BAYINYA

EGALITA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurlaili Susanti
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Return To Work ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Complementary Foods ◽  
Formula Milk

<p>Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as an infant’s consumption of human milk without complementary foods for the first six months of life. Breastfeeding has many benefits and advantages for infants. Breast milk suffice infant’s necessary for energy, protein, vitamin and mineral. In addition, breast milk protect infants from susceptibility to infectious disease. Increase vulnerability to nutritional problems in infants recently due to the replacement of breast milk with formula milk in a manner and amount that can not satisfy infant’s need. Many problems were encountered in efforts to provide exclusive breastfeeding, one of which is the number of breastfeeding mothers who must return to work after the leave ends. Therefore, mothers need knowledge and skill to provide exclusively breastfeeding on their<br />infants during work.</p><p><br />Air Susu Ibu (ASI) Eksklusif adalah pemberian ASI tanpa makanan pendamping sampai bayi berusia 6 bulan. ASI memiliki banyak sekali manfaat dan keunggulan bagi bayi. ASI memenuhi kebutuhan sumber energi, protein, vitamin dan mineral utama bagi bayi. Selain itu, ASI memiliki kandungan yang menjaga bayi dari kerentanan terhadap penyakit infeksi. Meningkatnya masalah kerawanan gizi pada bayi akhir-akhir ini,<br />salah satunya disebabkan penggantian ASI dengan susu formula, dengan cara dan jumlah yang tidak dapat memenuhi kebutuhan bayi. Beberapa kendala yang muncul dalam upaya pemberian ASI eksklusif ini, diantaranya adalah banyaknya ibu menyusui yang harus kembali bekerja setelah masa cuti  berakhir. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan bagi ibu agar dapat memberikan ASI eksklusif pada bayi selama ditinggal bekerja. <br /><br /></p>

Calcium, phosphate and citrate in human milk at initiation of lactation

1992 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline C. Kent ◽  
Peter G. Arthur ◽  
Robert W. Retallack ◽  
Peter E. Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Physicochemical Model ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThe onset of copious milk secretion (lactogenesis II) in women occurs between 1 and 3 d after birth, and during this period the composition of breast milk changes. During the first 5 d of lactation we measured the concentrations of total, diffusible and ionized Ca (Catot, Cad, Ca2+), diffusible phosphate (Pid), diffusible citrate (Citd) and lactose in the breast milk. On day 1 after birth the concentrations (mean ± SEM) were Catot, 5·71±0·30 mM; Cad, 2·66±0·19 mM; Ca2+, 2·90 ±0·18 mM; Pid, 0·26±0·16 mM; Citd, 0·25±0·03 mai and lactose, 76±11 mM. Between day 1 and day 4 the concentration of Catotincreased 1·7-fold to 9·56 ±0·39 mai, Cadincreased 1·8-fold to 4·75±0·26 mM, Ca2+decreased by 20% to 2·33 ± 0·13 mM, Pidincreased 6·6-fold to 1·69±0·11 mM, Citdincreased 20-fold to 5·06±0·21 mM, and lactose increased 2·3-fold to 173±4 mM. A high correlation has been found between [Cad] and [Citd] in the milk of both ruminant and non-ruminant species, which show a wide range in concentrations of [Cad] and [Citd], and the data fit a simple physicochemical model of ion equilibria in the aqueous phase of milk. The results of the present study confirm the relationship between [Cad] and [Citd] in human milk, even during lactogenesis II when the composition of the milk is changing very rapidly.

Comparative Effects of High-Tech Visual Scene Displays and Low-Tech Isolated Picture Symbols on Engagement From Students With Multiple Disabilities

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Holyfield ◽  
Sydney Brooks ◽  
Allison Schluterman
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Multiple Disabilities ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Difference

Purpose Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is an intervention approach that can promote communication and language in children with multiple disabilities who are beginning communicators. While a wide range of AAC technologies are available, little is known about the comparative effects of specific technology options. Given that engagement can be low for beginning communicators with multiple disabilities, the current study provides initial information about the comparative effects of 2 AAC technology options—high-tech visual scene displays (VSDs) and low-tech isolated picture symbols—on engagement. Method Three elementary-age beginning communicators with multiple disabilities participated. The study used a single-subject, alternating treatment design with each technology serving as a condition. Participants interacted with their school speech-language pathologists using each of the 2 technologies across 5 sessions in a block randomized order. Results According to visual analysis and nonoverlap of all pairs calculations, all 3 participants demonstrated more engagement with the high-tech VSDs than the low-tech isolated picture symbols as measured by their seconds of gaze toward each technology option. Despite the difference in engagement observed, there was no clear difference across the 2 conditions in engagement toward the communication partner or use of the AAC. Conclusions Clinicians can consider measuring engagement when evaluating AAC technology options for children with multiple disabilities and should consider evaluating high-tech VSDs as 1 technology option for them. Future research must explore the extent to which differences in engagement to particular AAC technologies result in differences in communication and language learning over time as might be expected.

Understanding Limited Use of Amplification in Infants and Children Who Are Hard of Hearing

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan W. McCreery ◽  
Elizabeth A. Walker ◽  
Meredith Spratford
Keyword(s):  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Hearing Aid Use ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
In Infants And Children

The effectiveness of amplification for infants and children can be mediated by how much the child uses the device. Existing research suggests that establishing hearing aid use can be challenging. A wide range of factors can influence hearing aid use in children, including the child's age, degree of hearing loss, and socioeconomic status. Audiological interventions, including using validated prescriptive approaches and verification, performing on-going training and orientation, and communicating with caregivers about hearing aid use can also increase hearing aid use by infants and children. Case examples are used to highlight the factors that influence hearing aid use. Potential management strategies and future research needs are also discussed.

The Attenuation of Very Low Frequency Brain Oscillations in Transitions from a Rest State to Active Attention

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzannah K. Helps ◽  
Samantha J. Broyd ◽  
Christopher J. James ◽  
Anke Karl ◽  
Edmund J. S. Sonuga-Barke
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Default Mode ◽  
Very Low Frequency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Interference Hypothesis ◽  
Mode Interference

Background: The default mode interference hypothesis ( Sonuga-Barke & Castellanos, 2007 ) predicts (1) the attenuation of very low frequency oscillations (VLFO; e.g., .05 Hz) in brain activity within the default mode network during the transition from rest to task, and (2) that failures to attenuate in this way will lead to an increased likelihood of periodic attention lapses that are synchronized to the VLFO pattern. Here, we tested these predictions using DC-EEG recordings within and outside of a previously identified network of electrode locations hypothesized to reflect DMN activity (i.e., S3 network; Helps et al., 2008 ). Method: 24 young adults (mean age 22.3 years; 8 male), sampled to include a wide range of ADHD symptoms, took part in a study of rest to task transitions. Two conditions were compared: 5 min of rest (eyes open) and a 10-min simple 2-choice RT task with a relatively high sampling rate (ISI 1 s). DC-EEG was recorded during both conditions, and the low-frequency spectrum was decomposed and measures of the power within specific bands extracted. Results: Shift from rest to task led to an attenuation of VLFO activity within the S3 network which was inversely associated with ADHD symptoms. RT during task also showed a VLFO signature. During task there was a small but significant degree of synchronization between EEG and RT in the VLFO band. Attenuators showed a lower degree of synchrony than nonattenuators. Discussion: The results provide some initial EEG-based support for the default mode interference hypothesis and suggest that failure to attenuate VLFO in the S3 network is associated with higher synchrony between low-frequency brain activity and RT fluctuations during a simple RT task. Although significant, the effects were small and future research should employ tasks with a higher sampling rate to increase the possibility of extracting robust and stable signals.

COVID-19 Outbreak Prediction with Machine Learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Faizollahzadeh Ardabili ◽  
Amir Mosavi ◽  
Pedram Ghamisi ◽  
Filip Ferdinand ◽  
Annamaria R. Varkonyi-Koczy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Inference System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Standard Models ◽  
High Level

Several outbreak prediction models for COVID-19 are being used by officials around the world to make informed-decisions and enforce relevant control measures. Among the standard models for COVID-19 global pandemic prediction, simple epidemiological and statistical models have received more attention by authorities, and they are popular in the media. Due to a high level of uncertainty and lack of essential data, standard models have shown low accuracy for long-term prediction. Although the literature includes several attempts to address this issue, the essential generalization and robustness abilities of existing models needs to be improved. This paper presents a comparative analysis of machine learning and soft computing models to predict the COVID-19 outbreak as an alternative to SIR and SEIR models. Among a wide range of machine learning models investigated, two models showed promising results (i.e., multi-layered perceptron, MLP, and adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system, ANFIS). Based on the results reported here, and due to the highly complex nature of the COVID-19 outbreak and variation in its behavior from nation-to-nation, this study suggests machine learning as an effective tool to model the outbreak. This paper provides an initial benchmarking to demonstrate the potential of machine learning for future research. Paper further suggests that real novelty in outbreak prediction can be realized through integrating machine learning and SEIR models.

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