scholarly journals Labor Productivity And Real Wages In Macedonia: An Overview Before And After The Global Economic Crisis

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 352
Author(s):  
Predrag Trpeski ◽  
Ljupcho Eftimov ◽  
Marijana Cvetanoska
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Opposite Sign ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
The Real ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the paper is to examine the relationship between the labor productivity and real net wages in Macedonia at the level of the whole economy, and in the sectors of industry and agriculture, both, in the period 2006-2015, i.e. shortly before the commencement and after the Great financial and economic crisis. The paper starts from the assumption that greater labor productivity causes changes in real net wages which are in the same direction. Studies that are previously made show that there is an expressed quantitative relationship between the labor productivity and real net wages in Macedonia in the period 1995-2003. But results obtained in this paper show that the Great financial and economic crisis has influence on this relations. Thus, quantitative relationship between labor productivity and real net wages in the analyzed period is very low, and even that their relationships are with the opposite sign. This leads to the conclusion that during and the period after the crisis, changes in labor productivity did not have an impact on the real net wages in Macedonia, or they had a little impact, and in some cases the impact is in the opposite direction. Taking into consideration that in the period during and after crisis are recorded small but permanent increasing of the wages in the country, it is obvious that such increase is not due to changes in labor productivity but more to other factors.

Understanding Rising Income Inequality and Stagnating Ordinary Living Standards in Germany

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Bosch ◽  
Thorsten Kalina
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Wage Bargaining ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This chapter describes how inequality and real incomes have evolved in Germany through the period from the 1980s, through reunification, up to the economic Crisis and its aftermath. It brings out how reunification was associated with a prolonged stagnation in real wages. It emphasizes how the distinctive German structures for wage bargaining were eroded over time, and the labour market and tax/transfer reforms of the late 1990s-early/mid-2000s led to increasing dualization in the labour market. The consequence was a marked increase in household income inequality, which went together with wage stagnation for much of the 1990s and subsequently. Coordination between government, employers, and unions still sufficed to avoid the impact the economic Crisis had on unemployment elsewhere, but the German social model has been altered fundamentally over the period

scholarly journals Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Sports Entrepreneurship

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8493
Author(s):  
Paloma Escamilla-Fajardo ◽  
Juan M. Núñez-Pomar ◽  
Ferran Calabuig-Moreno ◽  
Ana M. Gómez-Tafalla
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Paired Sample ◽  
Sports Clubs ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Regressions ◽  
Crisis Situations

Sports entrepreneurship has been considered an important part of sports organisations when overcoming crisis situations. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of the crisis derived from COVID-19 on sports entrepreneurship and whether there are differences in the prediction of entrepreneurship on service quality in non-profit sports clubs. To this end, 145 sports clubs were analysed before and after the outbreak of the virus in society. Paired sample-t tests were carried out to determine the differences in variables studied before (Time I) and after (Time II) the COVID-19 outbreak, and correlations and hierarchical linear regressions were used to analyse the relationship between the variables studied in the two different stages. The results obtained show that risk-taking and innovation are significantly higher after the appearance of COVID-19, while proactivity has not undergone significant changes. Finally, the relationship between sports entrepreneurship and service quality is positive and significant in both stages but stronger before the crisis.

Administrative elites and the crisis: what lies ahead for the senior civil service in Greece?

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 709-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calliope Spanou
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Civil Service Reform ◽  
The Public ◽  
Administrative Elites ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The nature of the relationship between the public administration and politics and the subsequent role of the administration appear to be incompatible with the emergence of an administrative elite. After analysing the reasons for this incompatibility, the article explores the impact of the measures taken in the wake of the economic crisis on the civil service and its reform, and also the prospects for the development of a senior civil service. The key, and also the challenge, to any change in this direction remains the rebalancing of the relationship between the public administration and politics. Points for practitioners What might interest practitioners is the issue of the conditions of effectiveness of civil service reform in times of economic crisis and significant pressure.

The Impact of Energy on the Adoption of Conservation Tillage in the United States

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 549-568
Author(s):  
Noel D. Uri
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Structural Instability ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Price ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The impact of energy on the adoption of conservation tillage is of special importance in addressing concerns about the effect of agricultural production on the environment in the United States. It is the subject of this paper. After establishing that a relationship exists between the price of energy and the adoption of conservation tillage via cointegration techniques, the relationship is quantified. It is shown that while the real price of crude oil, the proxy used for the price of energy, does not affect the rate of adoption of conservation tillage, it does impact the extent to which it is used. Finally, there is no structural instability in the relationship between the relative use of conservation tillage and the real price of crude oil over the period 1963 to 1997.

scholarly journals PENGARUH REVIU RKA-K/L OLEH APIP TERHADAP EFISIENSI ALOKASI ANGGARAN KEMENTERIAN AGAMA

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Edy Effendi ◽  
Muhammad Imron
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect

Research on the role of the APIP review of the Ministry/agency Work Plan and Budget document to determine the impact on the efficiency of ministry/agency spending (case study at the Ministry of Religion). The method used in this study uses simple linear regression with dummy. The use of linear regression is used to examine the relationship between independent variables (certain types of expenditure) and dependent variables (total expenditure). Whereas, dummy is used to find out before and after the APIP review is done. Throughout the author's search, this research has never been done. Based on the results of linear regression obtained, the APIP review significantly had a positive effect on official travel expenditure and honorarium but did not significantly affect building spending and equipment. Abstrak   Penelitian atas peran reviu APIP atas dokumen Rencana Kerja dan Anggaran Kementerian Negara/Lembaga untuk mengetahui dampaknya terhadap efisiensi belanja kementerian/lembaga (studi kasus pada Kementerian Agama). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan regresi linier sederhana dengan dummy. Penggunaan regresi liner digunakan untuk meneliti hubungan antara variable independen (jenis belanja tertentu) dan variable dependen (total belanja). Sedangkan, dummy digunakan untuk mengetahui sebelum dan setelah reviu APIP dilakukan. Sepanjang penelusuran penulis, penelitian ini belum pernah dilakukan. Berdasarkan hasil regresi linier diperoleh, reviu APIP signifikan berpengaruh positif terhadap  belanja perjalanan dinas dan honorarium tetapi tidak signifikan berbengaruh terhadap belanja gedung dan alat.

scholarly journals The Prospect of Eurasian Integration After the Great Global Economic Crisis of 2008-2020

2021 ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Vasily Koltashov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Global Capitalism ◽  
Interstate Cooperation ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Global Economic Crisis ◽  
The Face ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The article examines the impact of the great global economic crisis of 2008-2020. on Eurasian integration, the relationship between the old and the new center of global capitalism. An analysis is made of what results, for what reasons and how the further construction of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) will lead in the face of the unfriendliness of Western states and a simultaneous crisis of their strategy in the economy and politics. Namely: the formation of a large continental market, a stable system of interstate cooperation, the implementation of an interethnic protectionist policy that encourages production and consumption within the EAEU. The prospect of such development makes the project attractive for countries outside Eurasia, which leads to the birth of the Eurasian consensus as an international economic and political agenda.This will largely become decisive for the global economic agenda for 2021-2045, that is, for the period of a new upward wave according to N.D. Kondratyev.

Can labor productivity growth reduce carbon emission? Evidence from OECD countries and China

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueli Chen ◽  
Wanshu Ma ◽  
Vivian Valdmanis
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Ekc Hypothesis ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the challenges involved in the trade-offs of labor productivity and per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emission.Design/methodology/approachIn this research, we used a balanced dataset of 36 OECD countries and China between 1990 and 2018. We examined the relationship between labor productivity and per capita CO2 emission for OECD countries and China based on an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Further, the fixed effects model of estimation was employed to examine the impact of variables during the sample period and explore the relationship between predictor and outcome variables within an entity while controlling for all time-invariant differences.FindingsThis study confirmed the existence of the N-shape EKC hypothesis in 36 OECD countries and China. This implies that at the initial development stage, per capita CO2 emission increased with labor productivity; however, after reaching certain threshold, per capita CO2 emission began to fall with rising labor productivity. Then the per capita CO2 emission rises again when labor productivity continually increases.Originality/valueIn this study, we explored the dynamic association between labor productivity and per capita CO2 emissions for 36 OECD countries and China under the EKC framework from 1990 to 2018 by using the labor productivity and per capita CO2 emission as economic and environmental indicators of one country respectively. This study’s contribution showed the following: first, the empirical findings confirmed the N-shape relationship between labor productivity and per capita CO2 emissions for 36 OECD countries and China; second, the findings demonstrated that the association among the underlying variables by testing through the fixed effect model.

scholarly journals Prognostic Value of Serum Uric Acid in Patients on the Waiting List before and after Renal Transplantation

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique Cotchi Simbo Muela ◽  
Jose Jayme Galvão De Lima ◽  
Luis Henrique W. Gowdak ◽  
Flávio J. de Paula ◽  
Luiz Aparecido Bortolotto
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Renal Transplantation ◽  
Serum Uric Acid ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Background.High serum uric acid (UA) is associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) risk in the general population. The impact of UA on CV events and mortality in CKD is unclear.Objective.To assess the relationship between UA and prognosis in hemodialysis (HD) patients before and after renal transplantation (TX).Methods.1020 HD patients assessed for CV risk and followed from the time of inception until CV event, death, or TX (HD) or date of TX, CV event, death, or return to dialysis (TX).Results.821 patients remained on HD while 199 underwent TX. High UA (≥428 mmol/L) was not associated with either composite CV events or mortality in HD patients. In TX patients high UA predicted an increased risk of events (P=0.03, HR 1.6, and 95% CI 1.03–2.54) but not with death. In the Cox proportional model UA was no longer significantly associated with CV events. Instead, a reduced GFR (<50 mL/min) emerged as the independent risk factor for events (P=0.02, HR 1.79, and % CI 1.07–3.21).Conclusion.In recipients of TX an increased posttransplant UA is related to higher probability of major CV events but this association probably caused concurrent reduction in GFR.

Effect of Median Design on Rural Freeway Safety

2008 ◽  
Vol 2060 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Tarko ◽  
Natalie M. Villwock ◽  
Nicolas Blond
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Crash Severity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Single Vehicle ◽  
Median Width ◽  
The Impact

Although median barriers are an absolute means of preventing drivers from crossing road medians and colliding with vehicles moving in the opposite direction, they may cause additional crashes. This perhaps complex safety effect of median barriers has not been investigated well. Being able to predict the safety impact of most types of median barriers on rural freeways is becoming more desirable because some state departments of transportation plan to expand many of their four-lane rural freeways to six lanes to accommodate increases in traffic volume. Realistic crash prediction models sensitive to the median design would provide the needed guidance useful in designing adequate median treatments on widened freeways. The impact of median designs on crash frequency was investigated in this study through negative binomial regression and before-and-after studies based on data collected in eight participating states. The impact on crash severity was investigated with a logit model. The separate effects of changes in median geometry were quantified for single-vehicle, multiple-vehicle same direction, and multiple-vehicle opposite direction crashes. The results were significantly different and indicated that reducing the median width without adding barriers (the remaining median width is still reasonably wide) increases the severity of crashes, particularly opposite direction crashes. Further, reducing the median and installing concrete barriers eliminates opposite direction crashes but doubles the frequency of single-vehicle crashes and tends to lessen the frequency of same direction crashes. The crash severity also tends to increase.

scholarly journals Importance of Employment Protection and Types of Employment Contracts for Elasticity of Employment in the OECD Countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-44
Author(s):  
Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski ◽  
Przemysław Włodarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Employment Protection Legislation ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
The Impact

This article presents the impact of the global crisis on employment in the OECD countries, and in particular is an attempt to explain why the impact is of a different scope in particular countries. Particular attention has been paid to the question of the role played by labour market institutions (such as employment protection legislation and fixed-term employment). The global economic crisis has influenced the situation in the labour markets of OECD countries, causing declines in employment and increases in unemployment. Changes in the level of employment in individual countries varied. Between 2007-2012 declines in production took place in the majority of OECD countries. Declines in real wages were also observed in those countries. On the other hand, in the period of 2005-2012 relatively small changes in labour market institutions occurred. With respect to both the stringency of employment protection legislation, as well as the share of fixed-term employment, there were no clearly visible trends in the data during the period of economic crisis. The econometric verification of theoretical hypotheses was performed using annual data from the 2005-2012 period for 26 OECD countries, and it shows that GDP and real wages were statistically significant determinants of employment size in the analyzed period. The study also confirmed the hypothesis of the existence of a non-linear (U-shaped) relationship between employment elasticity with respect to GDP and the level of stringency of employment protection legislation, as well as the share of fixed-term employment in the total number of employment contracts. The results show that the smallest declines in employment during a crisis might be expected in countries where the level of EPL is close to 2, and the share of fixed-term employment in the total number of employment contracts is close to 18%.

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