scholarly journals Can ShortWarning Messages Reduce Speeding Behaviour? Insights from A/B Testing

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 494
Author(s):  
Pei Ying Chua ◽  
Andrea Liang ◽  
Yiling Kok ◽  
Ruimin He
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Repeat Offenders ◽  
Traffic Fatalities ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Warning Messages ◽  
Warning Message ◽  
B Test

Speeding increases the likelihood and severity of an accident, and is the top cause of traffic fatalities. As such, it is important to study interventions such as warning signs and messages that may be able to reduce such behaviour. The main objective of this work was to study the effects of sending short warning messages on speeding behaviour. The study design was an A/B test – drivers who were detected to have sped were randomly assigned into treatment versus control groups. The treatment groups were sent a short warning message, while the control group did not receive any message. There were two types of messages sent – Harsh and Soft. Driver speeds were monitored in the subsequent weeks after the warning was sent out, and the number of repeat offenders and speeds in each group was tracked. We found that drivers who received a warning were 1.3 times less likely to speed in the subsequent week, with the Harsh warning message being 1.6 times more effective than the Soft message. We also found that the effects of harsh messages generally persisted longer than soft messages.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Terapi AIUEO terhadap Kemampuan Bicara Pasien Stroke yang Mengalami Afasia Motorik

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-235
Author(s):  
Afnijar Wahyu ◽  
Liza Wati ◽  
Murad Fajri
Keyword(s):  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Motor Aphasia ◽  
A Value ◽  
And Control

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of AIUEO therapy on the speech ability of stroke patients who have motor aphasia in Raja Ahmad Thabib Hospital Tanjungpinang. The research design used was quasi experiment with the Nonequivalent Control Group Design approach to 9 respondents who were divided into 9 treatment groups and 9 control groups. The results showed that there were significant differences in the functional ability of communication between the control and treatment groups with a value of p <0.05 (p = 0.007 at a = 0.05) using the Wilcoxon Test statistical test. Conclusion, the influence of AIUEO therapy on the speech ability of stroke patients with motor aphasia in the treatment and control groups at Ahmad Thabib Hospital Tanjungpinang.   Keywords: Speech Ability, Motor Aphasia Stroke, AIUEO Therapy

Randomised Clinical Trial of Five Ear Acupuncture Points for the Treatment of Overweight People

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujung Yeo ◽  
Kang Sik Kim ◽  
Sabina Lim
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Acupuncture Point ◽  
Ear Acupuncture ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acupuncture Points ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Sham Control ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Overweight People

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of the five ear acupuncture points (Shen-men, Spleen, Stomach, Hunger, Endocrine), generally used in Korean clinics for treating obesity, and compare them with the Hunger acupuncture point. Methods A randomised controlled clinical trial was conducted in 91 Koreans (16 male and 75 female, body mass index (BMI)≥23), who had not received any other weight control treatment within the past 6 months. Subjects were divided randomly into treatment I, treatment II or sham control groups and received unilateral auricular acupuncture with indwelling needles replaced weekly for 8 weeks. Treatment I group received acupuncture at the five ear acupuncture points, treatment II group at the Hunger acupuncture point only and the sham control group received acupuncture at the five ear acupuncture points used in treatment I, but the needles were removed immediately after insertion. BMI, waist circumference, weight, body fat mass (BFM), percentage body fat and blood pressure were measured at baseline and at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment. Results For the 58 participants who provided data at 8 weeks, significant differences in BMI, weight and BFM were found between the treatment and control groups. Treatment groups I and II showed 6.1% and 5.7% reduction in BMI, respectively (p<0.004). There were no significant differences between the two treatment groups. Conclusions This finding suggests that the five ear acupuncture points, generally used in Korean clinics, and the Hunger point alone treatment are both effective for treating overweight people.

Effectiveness of a Global Learning Strategy Practiced in Different Contexts on Primary and Transfer Self-Paced Motor Tasks

1989 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Singer ◽  
Charmaine DeFrancesco ◽  
Lynda E. Randal
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Transfer Task ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Strategy Group ◽  
Global Learning ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Laboratory Task ◽  
Better Than

(Singer, 1986) on achievement in laboratory and simulated self-paced sport tasks were investigated. Forty undergraduates were randomly stratified according to gender into four treatment groups: (a) a strategy group that initially practiced the strategy while learning the laboratory task (SL), (b) a laboratory control group that began the experiment by learning the task without the strategy (CL), (c) a strategy group that initially applied the strategy to the learning of an applied sport task (SA), and (d) a control group that initially learned the sport task without the strategy (CA). Following the completion of 48 trials with the primary task, all groups performed 50 trials on a transfer task. ANOVAs indicated that both strategy groups performed significantly better than their respective control groups in the primary tasks. Results of the transfer task indicated that the SA group performed at the same level as the SL group but outperformed both control groups. It was concluded that the strategy facilitates achievement in laboratory as well as applied self-paced tasks.

scholarly journals The Difference of Results in Abdomen and Anus Area Measurement With Non-Contact Infrared Thermometer

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-188
Author(s):  
Anna Surgean Veterini ◽  
Nancy Margarita Rehatta ◽  
Hamzah Hamzah ◽  
Widijiati Widijiati ◽  
Sarmanu Sarmanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
The Body ◽  
Area Measurement ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Infrared Thermometer ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
The Mean

Research about sepsis in animal model is interesting to get the right therapeutic method for human being. We did the research to study about the value of body temperature in mice’s various body area in order to get the important information if we are going to do the translational research in animal model about sepsis. One clinical signs of the sepsis mice model is changes in body temperature. An easy way to examine body temperature is using infrared non-contact thermometer. This study aimed to compare the body temperature using infrared non-contact thermometer at the abdomen and anal area. We used male mice, weighing 25–30 g, divided into two groups (control and treatment groups). The control group injected with NaCl 0.9% solution, with the amount of NaCl 0.9% volume equal to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In the treatment group injected with 2.5 mg/kg BW of LPS intraperitoneally. Body temperature was measured in abdomen (tabd) and ananl (tan) area at 8th and 24th hour after treatment. Body temperature value tabd was higher than tan. Lipopolysaccharide injection increase body temperature but was not significant when compared to the control group (8th and 24th hour). The mean difference between tabd and tan in 8th control groups were 2.12oC respectively. The mean difference between tabd and tan in 24th hour control groups 4.6oC. The mean difference in treatment groups (8th hour) was 4.66oC, while it was 4.77oC in the 24th groups. Giving 2.5 mg/kg BW LPS intraperitoneally did not rise the body temperature significantly as compare to control groups. But, body temperature at anus area using non-contact infrared thermometer after treatment showed lower results as compared to that of at abdomen significantly.

scholarly journals Increase in neutrophil count after repeated exposure of Plasmodium berghei-infected mice to artemisinin

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Lilik Maslachah ◽  
Rahmi Sugihartuti
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Neutrophil Percentage ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Treatment Control Group ◽  
Albino Strain

<p>Background <br />Leukocytes play an important role in the elimination of malaria infection. The leukocyte profile upon elimination of the malaria parasites that have been exposed to antimalarials and are subsequently capable of faster growth has not been researched. The aim of this research was to evaluate the role of mouse leukocytes in the elimination of parasites as shown by the leukocyte profile.</p><p>Methods <br />An experimental research with post test only control group design was conducted involving 24 male mice of the Swiss Albino strain weighing 20 g -30 g, and 2.5 months old. They were randomized into four groups: two control groups (K1, KP) and two treatment groups (P1, P4). Artemisinin at a dose of 0.04 mg/g body weight was given to the mice for 3 days, starting 2 days after infection. The leukocyte profile was observed on the 2nd, 5th, 8th, and 10th day after infection. The results were analyzed by two-way Anova.</p><p>Results <br />As shown in treatment control group KP and treatment group P4, P. berghei that had been passaged in the mice and were still viable after repeated exposure to artemisinin, may cause changes in leukocyte profile. On the 10th day of infection, the neutrophil percentage in group P1 showed a significantly different decrease when compared with the other groups (K1, KP and P4) (p&lt;0.05).</p><p>Conclusion <br />Repeated exposure to artemisinin of mice infected with P. berghei can cause changes in neutrophil profile in mice.</p>

Effect of biochemical profiles and reproductive performance during internal parasites in Goat and Sheep

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Dinesh Mahto
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Group I ◽  
Internal Parasites ◽  
Mineral Mixture ◽  
Biochemical Profiles ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Minimum Interval ◽  
And Control

Gastrointestinal parasitic infected ewes and does were kept almost parasite free for about 3 months using Albendazole alone or supplemented with mineral mixture. The Hb (g/dl) level ranged from 8.83±0.08 to 8.96±0.03 in ewes and does was 8.78±0.02 to 8.95±0.24 before treatment. The level of Hb increased significantly (P less than 0.01) in both the treatment groups after treatment on day 20.The Serum level of Ca, P, Cu and Zn in ewes and does increased significantly after treatment on day 20 in both the treatment groups as comparison to control group. Although they did not vary significantly among themselves except the level of Cu which was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher in group II than the group I in ewes and does. The level of Zn was higher in group I than group II in does. The minimum interval from treatment to onset of estrus were recorded in group II , 41 days in ewes and 43 days in does which was followed by group I 44 days in ewes and 46 days in does and control group 55 days in ewes and 52 days in does. The average required number of services per conception in does were 1.33, 1.00 and 2.00 for I, II and control groups, respectively. The corresponding values in ewes were 1.67, 1.17 and 2.17, respectively. The pregnancy rates in the three groups were 66.66, 83.33 and 33.33%, respectively in case of does. The corresponding values in ewes were 50.00, 66.66 and 33.36%, respectively.

Efficacy of Imagery and Meditation Techniques in Treating Psoriasis

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Gaston ◽  
Jean-Charles Crombez ◽  
Jacques Joly ◽  
Sheilagh Hodgins ◽  
Marc Dumont
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Series Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

Using a dismantled time-series design, eighteen subjects were randomly assigned to three groups: meditation ( N = 5); meditation and imagery ( N = 4); waiting list ( N = 5). Treatment lasted twelve weeks, while pre- and post-baseline periods were of four weeks. An assessment control group control was also used during baseline periods ( N = 4). The severity of psoriasis symptoms was reliably rated by dermatologists. While controlling for extraneous factors influencing psoriasis symptoms, a time-series multivariate regression analysis revealed a significant difference between the mean psoriasis ratings of treatment and control groups after treatment (partial r = .30, p < .01). No additional impact was associated with the use of the imagery technique (partial r = − .06, p > .05). Four subjects in the treatment groups, two in each condition, succeeded in clinically improving their psoriasis symptoms, and none deteriorated. The practice of mediation may be clinically effective for some patients in reducing their psoriasis symptoms.

Comparison of Students Taught Basketball Skills Using Mastery and Nonmastery Learning Methods

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Connie L. Blakemore ◽  
H. Gill Hilton ◽  
Joyce M. Harrison ◽  
Tracy L. Pellett ◽  
James Gresh
Keyword(s):  
Instructional Strategy ◽  
Mastery Learning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Psychomotor Skills ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Competitive Game ◽  
Game Situation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

Mastery learning is an instructional strategy that embraces the philosophy that almost any student can learn what is being taught given sufficient time and help. Through Bloom’s group-based, teacher-paced model, 71 seventh-grade boys were taught basketball skills. Students in two treatment groups (mastery and nonmastery) and a control group were compared on the performance of psychomotor skills in isolation and in a competitive game situation before, midway through, and following their training. Students in the mastery group were not taught new skills until 80% had mastered the present skills. The mastery group performed significantly better on isolated skills than did the nonmastery and control groups. There was no significant difference between groups in the performance of skills in a competitive game situation.

Trichloroethylene, Trichloroacetic Acid, and Dichloroacetic Acid: Do They Affect Fetal Rat Heart Development?

2001 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 257-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey W. Fisher ◽  
Stephen R. Channel ◽  
Jeffrey S. Eggers ◽  
Paula D. Johnson ◽  
Kathleen L. MacMahon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Trichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
Dichloroacetic Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Heart Malformation

Trichloroethylene (TCE), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and dichloroacetic acid (DCA) are commonly found as groundwater contaminants in many regions of the United States. Cardiac birth defects in children have been associated with TCE, and laboratory studies with rodents report an increased incidence of fetal cardiac malformations resulting from maternal exposures to TCE, TCA, and DCA. The objective of this study was to orally treat pregnant CDR(CD) Sprague-Dawley rats with large bolus doses of either TCE (500 mg/kg), TCA (300 mg/kg), or DCA (300 mg/kg) once per day on days 6 through 15 of gestation to determine the effectiveness of these materials to induce cardiac defects in the fetus. All- trans retinoic acid (RA) dissolved in soybean oil was used as a positive control. Soybean oil is commonly used as a dosing vehicle for RA teratology studies and was also used in this study as a dosing vehicle for TCE. Water was used as the dosing vehicle for TCA and DCA. Fetal hearts were examined on gestation day (GD) 21 by an initial in situ, cardiovascular stereomicroscope examination, and then followed by a microscopic dissection and examination of the formalin-fixed heart. The doses selected for TCA and DCA resulted in a modest decrease in maternal weight gain during gestation (3% to 8%). The fetal weights on GD 21 in the TCA and DCA treatment groups were decreased 8% and 9%, respectively, compared to the water control group and 21% in the RA treatment group compared to soybean oil control group. The heart malformation incidence for fetuses from the TCE-, TCA-, and DCA-treated dams did not differ from control values on a per fetus or per litter basis. The rate of heart malformations, on a per fetus basis, ranged from 3% to 5% for TCE, TCA, and DCA treatment groups compared to 6.5% and 2.9% for soybean oil and water control groups. The RA treatment group was significantly higher with 33% of the fetuses displaying heart defects. For TCE, TCA, and DCA treatment groups 42% to 60% of the litters contained at least one fetus with a heart malformation, compared to 52% and 37% of the Utters in the soybean oil and water control groups. For the RA treatment group, 11 of 12 litters contained at least one fetus with a heart malformation. Further research is needed to quantify the spontaneous rates of heart defects for vehicle control rats and to explain the disparity between findings in the present study and other reported findings on the fetal cardiac teratogenicity of TCE, TCA, and DCA.

scholarly journals Effects of Automated Messages on Internet Users Attempting to Access “Barely Legal” Pornography

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 107906322110138
Author(s):  
Jeremy Prichard ◽  
Richard Wortley ◽  
Paul A. Watters ◽  
Caroline Spiranovic ◽  
Charlotte Hunn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Exploitation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Attrition Rates ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Warning Messages ◽  
Ip Addresses ◽  
Warning Message ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Number Of Individuals

With the increasing number of individuals accessing online child sexual exploitation material (CSEM), there is an urgent need for primary prevention strategies to supplement the traditional focus on arrest and prosecution. We examined whether online warning messages would dissuade individuals from visiting a honeypot website purporting to contain barely legal pornography. Participants ( n = 419) seeking the site were randomly assigned to one of five conditions; they went straight to the landing page (control; n = 100) or encountered a warning message advising of the potential harm to viewers ( n = 74), potential harm to victims ( n = 65), ability of police to track IP addresses ( n = 81), or possible illegality of such pornography ( n = 99). We measured the attempted click-through to the site. Attrition rates for the warning message conditions were 38% to 52%, compared with 27% for the control group. The most effective messages were those that warned that IP addresses can be traced (odds ratio [OR] = 2.64) and that the pornography may be illegal (OR = 2.99). We argue that warning messages offer a valuable and cost-effective strategy that can be scaled up to help reduce the accessing of CSEM online.

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