ANALISA PERFORMA DAN KONSUMSI BAHAN BAKAR PADA MESIN 4-TAK 113CC MENGGUNAKAN BAHAN BAKAR CAMPURAN PREMIUM DAN ETHANOL

The use of a fuel mixture of gasoline and ethanol can reduce the PM2.5 (Particulate Matter) value in the air by 0.3-0.4 µg m-3. This research aims to see the performance of a 4-stroke engine 113cc in standard conditions using a mixture of premium and ethanol. This research learns 5 types of mixture, E0, E10, E15, E20, and E25. The fuels was tested at 5 engine speed 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500, and 6000 rpm, at prony brake dynamometer to measuring performance, fuel consumption and Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC). The results of research show that the highest torque and power is the E15 mixture, that is 8.90 Nm at 5500 rpm and the power obtained is 5.529 kW at 6000 rpm. Meanwhile, the lowest fuel consumption value is found in the E10 with a value of 169.78 gr/hour at 4500 rpm. The lowest SFC value of all fuels is the E15 at 5000 rpm on 27.565 gr/kW.h. This is the lowest of any other fuel, because the Research Octane Number value is following the compression ratio of the engine, so there is no delay in ignition symptoms that occur during the combustion system. The viscosity value also contributes to the difference in data.

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PERBANDINGAN PEMAKAIAN ROCKER ARM KONVENSIONAL DENGAN ROCKER ARM ROLLER BEARING PADA SEPEDA MOTOR

Jurnal Surya Teknika ◽

10.37859/jst.v8i2.3263 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 316-319

Author(s):

Jusnita

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

High Speed ◽

Engine Speed ◽

Roller Bearing ◽

Exhaust Emissions ◽

Valve Mechanism ◽

Maximum Torque ◽

Standard Size ◽

A Value ◽

Technological Developments

Roller Rocker Arm is important for transmitting signals and determining work efficiency which is the result of technological developments from ordinary rocker arms. The purpose of this study was to compare the use of conventional rocker arm with rocker arm roller on power, torque, exhaust emissions, compression on a motorcycle engine. The research method used is changing the fuel system, ignition system, changing the valve mechanism. The maximum torque on the conventional rocker arm occurs at 2995 rpm with a value of 10.92 Nm. Maximum torque decreases with increasing engine speed. The decrease in power at high speed occurs due to the influence of the volume of the fuel and air mixture which tends to decrease. The highest fuel consumption occurs at 7000 rpm engine speed in a conventional rocker arm of 0.124 kg/kWh, so the rocker arm roller is more efficient than the conventional rocker arm. Fuel consumption rocker arm roller rotation 7000 rpm 0.028 kg/kWh. While the conventional rocker arm fuel consumption at 7000 rpm 0.124 kg/kWh. Exhaust emissions, the rocker arm roller is environmentally friendly compared to the conventional rocker arm CO2 rocker arm roller only produces 5.2%, while the conventional rocker arm test results after the average CO2 value reaches 5.3%. The results of testing the two rocker arms on compression are the same at 90 Psi and 6.2kg/ from the standard size of 10-11kg/

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Vehicle fuel consumption prediction based on the data record obtained from an engine control unit

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/201925206009 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 252 ◽

pp. 06009

Author(s):

Branislav Sarkan ◽

Stefania Semanova ◽

Veronika Harantova ◽

Ondrej Stopka ◽

Maria Chovancova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Engine Speed ◽

Control Unit ◽

Fuel Mixture ◽

Urban Transport ◽

Electronic Control ◽

Electronic Control System ◽

Operational Characteristics ◽

Data Record ◽

Consumption Prediction

Vehicle fuel consumption is one of the most important operational characteristics of road vehicles. The fuel consumption can be determined by different methods under laboratory conditions or by carrying out drive tests. One of the possibilities to quantify a way of vehicle driving is to analyse the selected parameters of the fuel mixture electronic control system. The objective of the paper is to predict fuel consumption via parameters of throttle position and engine speed. The measurement was carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Road and Urban Transport by using a MAHA roller dynamometer. The result is an estimation of accuracy of such fuel consumption determination and its possible utilisation for a system of assessing the vehicle driving style of drivers.

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Evaluation of the effect of variable compression ratios performance on opposed piston 2-stroke engine

Combustion Engines ◽

10.19206/ce-2017-417 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 171 (4) ◽

pp. 97-106

Author(s):

Ali ALQAHTANI ◽

Miroslaw WYSZYNSKI ◽

Pawel MAZURO ◽

Hongming XU

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Heat Loss ◽

Engine Speed ◽

Peak Pressure ◽

Piston Engine ◽

Total Heat Loss ◽

Single Cylinder ◽

Pressure Peak ◽

Swept Volume ◽

Stroke Engine

Numerous skills involving the introduction of (OP) opposed piston engine have been developed in the recent past. Indeed, novel techniques can help to improve the performance of the engine. The aim of this paper is to model and simulate a simple single-cylinder two-stroke opposed-piston engine and minimise fuel consumption and heat loss, using the software programme AVL BOOST™. AVL BOOST is an engine modelling software, which analyses the performance of a modelled single cylinder two-stroke opposed-piston engine by changing desired parameters. In order to meet this aim, experimental results from a unique engine are used to make a comparison with the results obtained from AVL BOOST model. Six combinations of compression ratios (12, 13.5, 15, 16.5, 18 and 19.5) are analysed in this study with the engine speed running at 420 rpm and 1500 rpm. In addition to the compression ratios, the effect of stroke-to-bore (S/B) ratios on OP2S performance is investigated. Various values of S/B ratios, whilst maintaining a constant swept volume, port geometry and combustion timing, and their effect on fuel consumption and heat loss are analysed in this study. A comparison between the two engine speeds with increasing combinations of compression ratios, and the S/B ratios revealed minimal differences in peak pressure, peak temperature, IMEP, ISFC, indicated efficiency and total heat loss. Detailed analyses of these parameters are highlighted in discrete sections of this paper.

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Effect of Chemical Hythane Composition on Pressure in Combustion Chamber of Engine

Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE) ◽

10.15518/isjaee.2019.10-12.036-042 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 36-42

Author(s):

A. P. Shaikin ◽

I. R. Galiev

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Combustion Chamber ◽

Power Plants ◽

Engine Speed ◽

Combustion Engine ◽

Fuel Mixture ◽

Maximum Pressure ◽

Chamber Volume ◽

Excess Air ◽

Scientific Papers

The article analyzes the influence of chemical composition of hythane (a mixture of natural gas with hydrogen) on pressure in an engine combustion chamber. A review of the literature has showed the relevance of using hythane in transport energy industry, and also revealed a number of scientific papers devoted to studying the effect of hythane on environmental and traction-dynamic characteristics of the engine. We have studied a single-cylinder spark-ignited internal combustion engine. In the experiments, the varying factors are: engine speed (600 and 900 min-1), excess air ratio and hydrogen concentration in natural gas which are 29, 47 and 58% (volume).The article shows that at idling engine speed maximum pressure in combustion chamber depends on excess air ratio and proportion hydrogen in the air-fuel mixture – the poorer air-fuel mixture and greater addition of hydrogen is, the more intense pressure increases. The positive effect of hydrogen on pressure is explained by the fact that addition of hydrogen contributes to increase in heat of combustion fuel and rate propagation of the flame. As a result, during combustion, more heat is released, and the fuel itself burns in a smaller volume. Thus, the addition of hydrogen can ensure stable combustion of a lean air-fuel mixture without loss of engine power. Moreover, the article shows that, despite the change in engine speed, addition of hydrogen, excess air ratio, type of fuel (natural gas and gasoline), there is a power-law dependence of the maximum pressure in engine cylinder on combustion chamber volume. Processing and analysis of the results of the foreign and domestic researchers have showed that patterns we discovered are applicable to engines of different designs, operating at different speeds and using different hydrocarbon fuels. The results research presented allow us to reduce the time and material costs when creating new power plants using hythane and meeting modern requirements for power, economy and toxicity.

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The Water Footprint of Primary and Secondary Processing of Beef from Different Cattle Breeds: A Value Fraction Allocation Model

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13126914 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 6914

Author(s):

Frikkie Alberts Maré ◽

Henry Jordaan

Keyword(s):

Water Footprint ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

High Water ◽

Allocation Model ◽

Cattle Breeds ◽

A Value ◽

Average Production ◽

High Water Intake ◽

The Difference ◽

By Products

The high water intake and wastewater discharge of slaughterhouses have been a concern for many years. One neglected factor in previous research is allocating the water footprint (WF) to beef production’s different products and by-products. The objective of this article was to estimate the WF of different cattle breeds at a slaughterhouse and cutting plant and allocate it according to the different cuts (products) and by-products of beef based on the value fraction of each. The results indicated a negative relationship between the carcass weight and the processing WF when the different breeds were compared. Regarding a specific cut of beef, a kilogram of rib eye from the heaviest breed had a processing WF of 614.57 L/kg, compared to the 919.91 L/kg for the rib eye of the lightest breed. A comparison of the different cuts indicated that high-value cuts had higher WFs than low-value cuts. The difference between a kilogram of rib eye and flank was 426.26 L/kg for the heaviest breed and 637.86 L/kg for the lightest breed. An option to reduce the processing WF of beef is to lessen the WF by slaughtering heavier animals. This will require no extra investment from the slaughterhouse. At the same time, the returns should increase as the average production inputs per kilogram of output (carcass) should reduce, as the slaughterhouse will process more kilograms.

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Berechnung kinetischer Isotopeneffekte für die Reaktion von Methyljodid mit Cyanid-Ion

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A ◽

10.1515/zna-1966-0909 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 21 (9) ◽

pp. 1377-1384

Author(s):

A. V. Willi

Keyword(s):

Transition State ◽

Secular Equation ◽

Isotope Effects ◽

Force Constants ◽

Bond Breaking ◽

Bending Force ◽

A Value ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Deuterium Isotope Effects ◽

The Difference

Kinetic carbon-13 and deuterium isotope effects are calculated for the SN2 reaction of CH3I with CN-. The normal vibrational frequencies of CH3I, the transition state I · · · CH3 · · · CN, and the corresponding isotope substituted reactants and transition states are evaluated from the force constants by solving the secular equation on an IBM 7094 computer.Values for 7 force constants of the planar CH3 moiety in the transition state (with an sp2 C atom) are obtained by comparison with suitable stable molecules. The stretching force constants related to the bonds being broken or newly formed (fCC, fCC and the interaction between these two stretches, /12) are chosen in such a way that either a zero or imaginary value for νʟ≠ will result. Agreement between calculated and experimental methyl-C13 isotope effects (k12/ k13) can be obtained only in sample calculations with sufficiently large values of f12 which lead to imaginary νʟ≠ values. Furthermore, the difference between fCI and fCC must be small (in the order of 1 mdyn/Å). The bending force constants, fHCI and fHCC, exert relatively little influence on k12/k13. They are important for the D isotope effect, however. As soon as experimental data on kH/kD are available it will be possible to derive a value for fHCC in the transition state if fHCI is kept constant at 0.205 mdynA, and if fCI, fCC and f12 are held in a reasonable order of magnitude. There is no agreement between experimental and calculated cyanide-C13 isotope effects. Possible explanations are discussed. — Since fCI and fCC cannot differ much it must be concluded that the transition state is relatively “symmetric”, with approximately equal amounts of bond making and bond breaking.

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Automated Design of a Turbocharged, Fueled, Four-Stroke Engine for Minimum Fuel Consumption

14th Design Automation Conference ◽

10.1115/detc1988-0025 ◽

1988 ◽

Author(s):

J. K. Woodard ◽

G. E. Johnson ◽

R. L. Lott

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Fluid Model ◽

Programming Algorithm ◽

Intake Manifold ◽

Optimization Strategy ◽

Simulation Code ◽

Operating Variables ◽

Chamber Volume ◽

Starting Point ◽

Stroke Engine

Abstract The design of a turbocharged, gasoline fueled, four-stroke engine is considered with the goal of selecting design and operating variables to minimize fuel consumption. The development of the engine simulation code and the effect of model assumptions on the results are presented. The optimization includes constraints on detonation, exhaust emissions, and torque. Variables are bounded to assure the validity of the simulation. A number of observations about the interaction between the thermo-fluid model and the nonlinear programming algorithm are made and general strategies to enhance the optimization under such circumstances are discussed. The method is illustrated by exploring the design of a turbocharged Buick V-6 engine on an IBM PC/AT personal computer. Stock design variables, and operating variables that provided a design away from the constraints imposed by torque, emission, and detonation were chosen as the starting point for the optimization. Application of the optimization strategy resulted in an 18 percent reduction in predicted fuel consumption at 50 miles per hour. Significant specific recommendations included a reduction in combustion chamber volume, an increase in intake manifold pressure, an increase in intake duration, a decrease in exhaust duration, and relatively small changes in valve geometry. The paper clearly demonstrates that it is feasible to do relatively sophisticated engineering design and optimization on personal computers, and it sets the stage for further work in this area.

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Analisis Skrining Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrakk Biji Sangrai Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora) dari Tanaman Hasil Pemupukan Organik dan Anorganik

Jurnal SAINS ALAMI (Known Nature) ◽

10.33474/j.sa.v3i2.8100 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Farah Aida Qotrun Nada ◽

Tintrim Rahayu ◽

Ari Hayati

Keyword(s):

Statistical Tests ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Coffea Canephora ◽

Coffee Bean ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Robusta Coffee ◽

A Value ◽

Coffee Beans ◽

Ic50 Value ◽

The Difference

Ground coffee is coffee beans that have been roasted, ground or ground so that they have a smooth shape. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of compounds in robusta coffee roasted seed extract (Coffea canephora) from plants produced by organic and inorganic fertilization, and to know the difference in compounds between the results of organic and inorganic fertilization. The characteristics of phytochemical screening were carried out qualitatively on alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and saponins and the antioxidant activity was carried out by the DPPH (1,1-dipenyl-2-picrihidrazil) method. Phytochemical screening characteristic test results show that robusta coffee bean extract extract from the results of organic and inorganic fertilization both contain flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins, while the antioxidant test activity of robusta coffee beans extracts shows differences based on the results of statistical tests of linear regression analysis with the IC50 value the highest antioxidant content was inorganic coffee roasted bean extract only 14.0629 ppm compared to the organic roasted extract with a value of 30.6159 ppmKeywords: Robusta Coffee (Coffea canophora), Phytochemical Screening, DPPH MethodABSTRAKKopi bubuk adalah biji kopi yang telah disangrai digiling atau ditumbuk sehingga mempunyai bentuk halus. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa dalam ekstrak biji sangrai kopi robusta (Coffe canephora) dari tanaman hasil pemupukan organik dan anorganik, dan mengetahui perbedaan senyawa antara hasil pemupukan organik dan anorganik. Karakteristik skrining fitokimia dilakukan secara kualitatif yang dilakukan terhadap alkaloid, flavonoid, tanin, terpenoid dan saponin dan aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrihidrazil). Hasil uji karakteristik skrining fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak biji sangrai kopi robusta dari hasil pemupukan oganik dan anorganik keduanya sama mengandung senyawa flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin, dan saponin, sedangkan pada aktifitas uji antioksidan ekstrak biji sangrai kopi robusta menunjukan perbedaan berdasarkan hasil uji statistik analisis regresi linear dengan nilai IC50 kadar antioksidan paling tinggi adalah ekstrak biji sangrai kopi anorganik hanya 14,0629 ppm dibandingkan dengan ekstrak sangrai dari organik dengan nilai 30,6159 ppm.Kata kunci : Kopi Robusta (Coffea canophera), Skrining Fitokimia, Metode DPPH

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ETUDE DU POUVOIR NUTRITIF EN PHOSPHORE DE CERTAINS SOLS DU QUEBEC A L'AIDE DU 32P

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss76-036 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 285-291

Author(s):

B. TOUATI ◽

C. PLENCHETTE ◽

M. TABI

Keyword(s):

Soil Phosphorus ◽

Phosphate Fertilizer ◽

Soil Types ◽

K Value ◽

Type Experiment ◽

A Value ◽

The Difference ◽

The Way

In a pot-type experiment with ryegrass, 32P was used to label isotopically exchangeable soil phosphorus as well as a phosphate fertilizer. The tagging of both forms of phosphorus enable us to determine the pool (L) for soil reserves and the A value which is the availability of these reserves in the presence of fertilizer. The authors establish correlations between the ratio K = L/A and the assimilable phosphorus as determined by the Bray II method, and also between K and the "extra" phosphorus. The authors state that the latter was the difference between the plant phosphorus with and without fertilizer. From this study it is concluded: (1) that the K value seems to be a better criterion than the amount of assimilable phosphorus to estimate the phosphorus fertility of a soil; (2) that the study of the variation of the K value according to the soil types informs us about the reserves behavior and about the way of nutrition for the plant. The calculation of the K value is aimed toward a more adequate fertilization for given types of soil.

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Archie's law – a reappraisal

Solid Earth ◽

10.5194/se-7-1157-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 1157-1169 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Paul W. J. Glover

Keyword(s):

Systematic Errors ◽

Apparent Paradox ◽

Archie’S Law ◽

A Value ◽

The Difference ◽

Reservoir Parameter ◽

Parameter Values ◽

Electrical Data ◽

Extra Parameter ◽

Better Than

Abstract. When scientists apply Archie's first law they often include an extra parameter a, which was introduced about 10 years after the equation's first publication by Winsauer et al. (1952), and which is sometimes called the “tortuosity” or “lithology” parameter. This parameter is not, however, theoretically justified. Paradoxically, the Winsauer et al. (1952) form of Archie's law often performs better than the original, more theoretically correct version. The difference in the cementation exponent calculated from these two forms of Archie's law is important, and can lead to a misestimation of reserves by at least 20 % for typical reservoir parameter values. We have examined the apparent paradox, and conclude that while the theoretical form of the law is correct, the data that we have been analysing with Archie's law have been in error. There are at least three types of systematic error that are present in most measurements: (i) a porosity error, (ii) a pore fluid salinity error, and (iii) a temperature error. Each of these systematic errors is sufficient to ensure that a non-unity value of the parameter a is required in order to fit the electrical data well. Fortunately, the inclusion of this parameter in the fit has compensated for the presence of the systematic errors in the electrical and porosity data, leading to a value of cementation exponent that is correct. The exceptions are those cementation exponents that have been calculated for individual core plugs. We make a number of recommendations for reducing the systematic errors that contribute to the problem and suggest that the value of the parameter a may now be used as an indication of data quality.

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