scholarly journals El giro constitucional de la protección a las mujeres gestantes en Colombia. Entre la inserción laboral y la protección de los derechos = The constitutional change of protection for pregnant women in Colombia. Between the labor insertion and the protection of rights

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Yenny Zuleima Carreño Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Opposite Effect ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Constitutional Change ◽  
Job Stability ◽  
Pregnancy Discrimination ◽  
Pregnancy Status ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
The Moment

Resumen. En la reciente sentencia SU 075 de 2018, la Corte Constitucional Colombi­ana elimina la aplicación de la medida afirmativa de estabilidad laboral reforzada, que había sido contemplada para las mujeres gestantes, cuando no comunicaran su estado de embarazo. La nueva línea jurisprudencial establece que por el desconocimiento del empleador del es­tado de gestación de una trabajadora, no se configura discriminación al momento de terminar su contrato laboral, por lo cual puede ser despedida sin ningún tipo de protección. La Corte fundamenta el cambio, estableciendo que el amparo hasta ahora otorgado desnaturaliza los principios de las acciones afirmativas, generando un efecto contrario y desfavoreciendo a las mujeres en el acceso al empleo formal, pues ha creado una sobrecarga económica para el em­pleador. Por este motivo, en el presente artículo se analiza si la línea jurisprudencial se ajusta a Derecho y si el cambio establecido generará una reducción de las brechas de género en el empleo, permitiendo un mayor acceso al mercado de trabajo para las mujeres.Palabras clave: Acciones afirmativas, estabilidad laboral reforzada, embarazo, discrimi­nación, acceso al empleo.Abstract. In the recent judgment SU 075 of 2018, the Colombian Constitutional Court eliminated he application of the affirmative measure of reinforced labor stability, which had been contemplated for pregnant women, when they did not report their pregnancy status. The new jurisprudential line establishes that due to the ignorance of the employer of the preg­nancy status of a worker, discrimination is not established at the moment of terminating her employment contract, for which she can be dismissed without any type of protection. The Court bases the change, stating that the amparo granted until now denatures the principles of affirmative action, generating an opposite effect and disadvantaging women in accessing for­mal employment, since it has created an economic overload for the employer. For this reason, this article analyzes whether the jurisprudential line is in line with the law and whether the established change will generate a reduction of gender gaps in employment, allowing greater access to the labor market for women. Keywords: Affirmative actions, reinforced job stability, pregnancy, discrimination, ac­cess to employment.

Shaping Presidential Powers in Hungary: Convention, Tradition and Informal Constitutional Amendments

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 307-320
Author(s):  
Attila Vincze
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Constitutional Change ◽  
Exact Role ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Constitutional Amendments ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Fundamental Law ◽  
Constitutional System ◽  
Presidential Systems ◽  
Judicial Interpretations

Abstract There was no tradition of a republican president in Hungary before the fall of communism, and the transitory constitution of 1989 was unclear about the exact role the President should play in the constitutional system of Hungary. Some provisions even resembled those of presidential or semi-presidential systems; some ambiguities were clarified during the first two decades after the transition. Conventions, however, were established to some extent and sometimes very quickly. This period gave rise to guidelines as to how the powers of the President should be exercised. Some other powers were concretized and interpreted foremost by the Constitutional Court. These conventions and judicial interpretations formed the character of the Presidency to the extent of informal constitutional change. Some of these elements have even been incorporated into and formalized by the new Fundamental Law of Hungary. The present contribution will point out how the originally broad competencies of the President have been narrowed in the practice, and what role the Constitutional Court and political actors played in this process.

scholarly journals Maternal breastfeeding in the penitentiary system

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 1970
Author(s):  
Estela Maria Leite Meirelles Monteiro ◽  
Andréa Rosane Sousa Silva ◽  
Carlos Alberto Domingues do Nascimento ◽  
Andrea Ferreira Lopes Diniz Maia ◽  
Paula Danielle de Azevedo Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Ethics Committee ◽  
Professional Qualification ◽  
Mother Child Relationships ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
The City ◽  
Breastfeeding Practice

ABSTRACTObjective: to investigate the maternal breastfeeding practice of pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers in a deprivation of liberty situation. Method: this is a descriptive qualitative study using convenience samples. A questionnaire was applied to 13 pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers on January and February 2008 in a women's penalcolony in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. The testimonies were recorded and transcribed, and the analysis of results was based on the Collective Subject Discourse technique. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hospital Universitario Osvaldo Cruz (HUOC) of Universidade Estadual de Pernambuco (UPE), under the Opinion 138/2007. Results: it was observed that women’s reaction with regard to a confirmed pregnancy is related to the support they receive from their partners and family members. In their perception, one realizes conflicting feelings of wishing to be close to their children and protecting them from the reality experienced in the penitentiary system. Conclusion: the need for a professional qualification in health care considering both the issue of citizenship and the health promotion of the binomial mother-child became apparent. Descriptors: maternal breastfeeding; prison; mother-child relationships; health education; nursing.RESUMOObjetivo: investigar a prática do aleitamento materno de gestantes e nutrizes em situação de privação de liberdade. Método: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo descritivo que utiliza amostragens por conveniência. Aplicou-se questionário com 13 gestantes e nutrizes nos meses de janeiro e fevereiro de 2008 em uma colônia penal feminina da cidade de Recife-PE. Os depoimentos foram gravados e transcritos, e a análise dos resultados baseou-se na técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa do Hospital Universitário Osvaldo Cruz (HUOC) da Universidade Estadual de Pernambuco (UPE), sob o Parecer n. 138/2007. Resultados: foi observado que a reação das mulheres diante da confirmação da gravidez está relacionada ao apoio que elas recebem dos seus companheiros e familiares. Na percepção delas, nota-se a presença de sentimentos conflitantes entre o desejo de estar próximas a seus filhos e o de protegê-los da realidade imposta pelo sistema penitenciário. Conclusão: evidencia-se a necessidade de uma formação profissional em saúde comprometida com a questão da cidadania e com a promoção à saúde do binômio mãe-filho. Descritores: aleitamento materno; prisão; relações mãe-filho; educação em saúde; enfermagem.RESUMENObjetivo: Investigar acerca del Amamantamiento Materno en gestante y amas de leche en situación de privación de libertad. Método: se trata de un estudio descriptivo, cualitativo que utiliza muestras por conveniencia. Se realizó un cuestionario a 13 mujeres gestantes y amas de leche durante los meses de enero a febrero de 2008 en una colonia penal femenina de la ciudad de Recife (Pernambuco, Brasil). Los testimonios se grabaron y transcribieron, y el análisis de los resultados se basó en el Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo. El estudio se aprobó por el Comité de Ética y Pesquisa del Hospital Universitario Osvaldo Cruz (HUOC) de la Universidad Estadual de Pernambuco (UPE), bajo parecer nº 138/2007. Resultados: se observó que la reacción de las mujeres ante la confirmación de embarazo se relaciona con el apoyo que tengan de sus compañeros y familiares. En la percepción de las mismas, se percibe la presencia de sentimientos conflictivos entre el deseo de estar cerca de sus hijos y el de protegerlos de la realidad impuesta por el sistema penitenciario. Conclusión: queda evidente la necesidad de una formación profesional en sanidad implicada en cuestiones de ciudadanía y con la promoción de la salud del binomio madre-hijo. Descriptores: amamantamiento materno; prisiones; relaciones madre-hijo; educación en salud; enfermería.

scholarly journals Gestação em tempos de pandemia: percepção de mulheres

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (33) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
Margarete Maria de Lima ◽  
Clara De Andrade Leal ◽  
Roberta Costa ◽  
Maria De Fatima Motta Zampieri ◽  
Ariane Thaise Frello Roque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Women Health ◽  
Exchange Information ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Education Nursing

O estudo objetiva conhecer a percepção de mulheres participantes de um grupo de gestantes e casais grávidos sobre a gestação em tempos de Covid-19. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, exploratório-descritivo desenvolvida com 30 mulheres participantes de um Grupo de Gestantes e Casais Grávidos. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre março e junho de 2020 via formulário eletrônico. A análise de dados foi realizada qualitativamente com auxílio do software IramuteqⓇ. Os resultados mostraram que a vivência da gestação em tempos de pandemia fez emergir incertezas e inseguranças especialmente pelas dificuldades de acesso aos serviços de saúde e medidas impostas pelo isolamento social. O grupo de gestantes e casais grávidos como um espaço virtual e interdisciplinar é uma ferramenta que possibilitou troca de informações e experiências sobre a gestação, parto e puerpério, contribuindo para o enfrentar as incertezas do contexto da pandemia.Descritores: Gestantes, Educação em Saúde, Enfermagem, Coronavirus. Pregnancy in pandemic times: perception of womenAbstract: This study aims to understand the perception of women participating in a group of pregnant women and couples about experiencing pregnancy during the Covid-19 pandemic. This is a qualitative, exploratory-descriptive study developed with 30 women participating in a Group of Pregnant Women and Pregnant Couples. Data collection was carried out between March and June 2020 via electronic form. Data analysis was performed qualitatively with the aid of the IramuteqⓇ software. The results showed that the experience of pregnancy during the pandemic caused the emergence of uncertainties and insecurities, especially due to difficulties in accessing health services and because of measures imposed by social isolation. The group of pregnant women and pregnant couples as a virtual and interdisciplinary space is a tool that made it possible to exchange information and experiences on pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium, contributing to face the uncertainties in the context of the pandemic.Descriptors: Pregnant Women, Health Education, Nursing, Coronavirus. El embarazo en tiempos de pandemia: percepción de las mujeresResumen: El estudio tiene como objetivo comprender la percepción de las mujeres que participan en un Grupo de Gestantes y Parejas Embarazadas sobre el embarazo en tiempos de Covid-19. Estudio cualitativo, exploratorio-descriptivo desarrollado con 30 mujeres participantes de un Grupo de Gestante y Parejas Embarazadas. La recolección de datos se realizó entre marzo y junio de 2020 a través de formulario electrónico. Los datos fueron analizados de forma cualitativa con el software IramuteqⓇ. Los resultados mostraron que la experiencia del embarazo en tiempos de pandemia lo hizo aparecer incertidumbre e inseguridad, especialmente por las dificultades para acceder a los servicios de salud y las medidas impuestas por el aislamiento social. El grupo de gestantes y parejas embarazadas como espacio virtual e interdisciplinario es una herramienta que posibilitó el intercambio de información y experiencias sobre el embarazo, el parto y el puerperio, contribuyendo a enfrentar las incertidumbres en el contexto de la pandemia.Descriptores: Mujeres Embarazadas, Educación en Salud, Enfermería, Coronavirus.

NEW CORONOVIRUS INFECTION: CLINICAL AND PATHOGENETIC ASPECTS OF COVID-19 IN PREGNANT WOMEN

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
Allakhyarov D.Z. ◽  
Petrov Yu.A. ◽  
Chernavsky V.V.
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

This article presents reviews of literature sources on the clinical and pathogenetic aspects of the course of a new coronovirus infection in pregnant women, in order to analyze the features of the course of COVID-19 in pregnant women and to assess the impact of infection on the body of a woman and a fetus. Pregnancy is a special physiological condition, during which a number of changes occur in the body, not only in the hormonal status, but also in the immune system. The urgency of this problem is due to the high prevalence of new coronavirus infection among the population. On March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO), as a result of the dynamic development of the epidemic in many countries and continents, declared a global pandemic of the contagious disease COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. According to available studies, pregnant women are more susceptible to a more severe course of infectious diseases affecting the upper respiratory tract. According to various studies, a new coronavirus infection can lead to premature birth, miscarriage, and preeclampsia. Separate studies show increased mortality in pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 virus does not have a direct teratogenic effect on the fetus, but it can indirectly lead to harmful effects on the developing organism. Special attention should be paid to the issue of vaccination of pregnant women against a new coronavirus infection, at the moment there is no accurate data on the effect of the vaccine on the body of the pregnant woman and the fetus. In this regard, the question of the impact of a new coronavirus infection on the course of pregnancy has become relevant.

Machine learning approaches to predict gestational age in normal and complicated pregnancies via urinary metabolomics analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takafumi Yamauchi ◽  
Daisuke Ochi ◽  
Naomi Matsukawa ◽  
Daisuke Saigusa ◽  
Mami Ishikuro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Urinary Metabolites ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Urinary Metabolite ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Hypertensive Disorders Of Pregnancy ◽  
Spontaneous Preterm Birth ◽  
Hypertensive Disorders ◽  
Pregnancy Status

Abstract The elucidation of dynamic metabolomic changes during gestation is particularly important for the development of methods to evaluate pregnancy status or achieve earlier detection of pregnancy-related complications. Some studies have constructed models to evaluate pregnancy status and predict gestational age using omics data from blood biospecimens; however, less invasive methods are desired. Here we propose a model to predict gestational age, using urinary metabolite information. In our prospective cohort study, we collected 2,741 urine samples from 187 healthy pregnant women, 23 patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and 14 patients with spontaneous preterm birth. Using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we identified 184 urinary metabolites that showed dynamic systematic changes in healthy pregnant women according to gestational age. A model to predict gestational age during normal pregnancy progression was constructed; the correlation coefficient between actual and predicted weeks of gestation was 0.86. The predicted gestational ages of cases with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy exhibited significant progression, compared with actual gestational ages. This is the first study to predict gestational age in normal and complicated pregnancies by using urinary metabolite information. Minimally invasive urinary metabolomics might facilitate changes in the prediction of gestational age in various clinical settings.

Term Limits and the Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendment Doctrine

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Landau ◽  
Yaniv Roznai ◽  
Rosalind Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Term Limits ◽  
Constitutional Amendment ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Constitutional Change ◽  
Term Limit ◽  
Constitutional Decisions

This chapter examines the interaction between term limit provisions and the unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrine in Latin America. It illustrates the varied approaches of courts concerning the validity of attempts to amend presidential term limits. In Colombia, the Constitutional Court intervened to prevent what it saw as an undue easing of term limits (after permitting one round of easing); in Venezuela, Ecuador, and Bolivia, courts generally allowed attempts to ease or eliminate term limit using less demanding rather than more demanding procedural routes; and in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Bolivia, judiciaries deployed the unconstitutional constitutional amendment doctrine in order to eliminate rather than to protect term limits. After mapping the major constitutional decisions issued on this issue in Latin America in recent years, the authors argue that transnational anchoring holds some promise in clarifying the proper scope of control of constitutional change regarding term limits.

La fine del concetto di “pre-embrione” nella Convenzione di Oviedo / The end of the concept of “pre-embryo” in the Oviedo Convention

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-745
Author(s):  
Carlo Casini ◽  
Marina Casini
Keyword(s):  
Human Embryo ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Moment

Il contributo si sofferma sulla questione riguardante la ricerca scientifica sugli embrioni generati in vitro. L’articolo 18 della Convenzione riguarda specificamente la sperimentazione sull’embrione in vitro e per questo esso è sottoposto ad una riflessione particolarmente approfondita. L’obiettivo è quello di capire se dalla Convenzione emergono linee idonee a definire lo statuto giuridico dell’embrione umano. Gli Autori concludono nel senso che nonostante il concetto di pre-embrione (formulato proprio per teorizzare l’insignificanza dell’embrione umano nei primi 14 giorni dalla fecondazione) sia stato accolto in alcune leggi e abbia implicitamente guidato l’interpretazione di alcuni aspetti relativi alla valutazione del valore dell’embrione, la Convenzione di bioetica lo ha definitivamente respinto con il massimo di autorevolezza. La conclusione è raggiunta attraverso l’esame dell’art. 18 considerandone anche la precedente formulazione contenuta in una bozza; mediante una interpretazione sistematica della Convenzione che esige il riconoscimento del concepito, fin dalla fecondazione, come un “essere umano”; esaminando i contributi preparatori elaborati dalla Assemblea Parlamentare del Consiglio d’Europa e del Parlamento Europeo; prendendo in considerazione gli sviluppi della Convenzione di Oviedo con specifico riferimento al tema del pre-embrione. L’indagine si avvale poi anche di ampi riferimenti alla giurisprudenza della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo del Consiglio d’Europa, alla giurisprudenza della Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione Europea, ad alcune recenti decisioni della Corte Costituzionale italiana. ---------- The paper focuses on the question concerning scientific research on human embryos generated in vitro. Article 18 of the Oviedo Convention specifically concerns the experimentation on the in vitro embryos and for this reason it is subject to a particularly in-depth reflection. The goal is to understand if the Convention shows suitable lines to define the legal status of the human embryo. The authors conclude that despite the concept of pre-embryo (formulated to theorize the insignificance of the human embryo in the first 14 days of fertilization) has been accepted in some laws and has implicitly guided the interpretation of some aspects related to the evaluation of the value of the embryo, the Bioethics Convention definitively rejected it with the utmost authority. The conclusion is reached through the examination of the art. 18 also considering the previous formulation contained in a draft; through a systematic interpretation of the Convention which requires the recognition of the conceived, from the moment of fertilization, as a “human being”; examining the preparatory contributions prepared by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and the European Parliament; taking into consideration the developments of the Oviedo Convention with specific reference to the theme of the pre-embryo. The investigation also makes use of extensive references to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights of the Council of Europe, to the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union, to some recent decisions of the Italian Constitutional Court.

scholarly journals Relationships among Constitution, Stress, and Discomfort in the First Trimester

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiao-Ling Wang ◽  
Tzu-Chi Lee ◽  
Shih-Hsien Kuo ◽  
Fan-Hao Chou ◽  
Li-Li Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Neutral Type ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Constitutional Change ◽  
Correlational Research ◽  
Individualized Care ◽  
First Trimester Of Pregnancy ◽  
Southern Taiwan ◽  
Constitutional Changes

The purpose of this study was to explore correlations among constitution, stress, and discomfort symptoms during the first trimester of pregnancy. We adopted a descriptive and correlational research design and collected data from 261 pregnant women during their first trimester in southern Taiwan using structured questionnaires. Results showed that (1) stress was significantly and positively correlated with Yang-Xu, Yin-Xu, and Tan-Shi-Yu-Zhi constitutions, respectively; (2) Yin-Xu and Tan-Shi-Yu-Zhi constitutions had significant correlations with all symptoms of discomfort, while Yang-Xu had significant correlations with all symptoms of discomfort except for “running nose”; (3) Tan-Shi-Yu-Zhi constitution and stress were two indicators for “fatigue”; Tan-Shi-Yu-Zhi was the indicator for “nausea”; Yang-Xu and Yin-Xu were indicators for “frequent urination.” Our findings also indicate that stress level affects constitutional changes and that stress and constitutional change affect the incidence of discomfort. This research can help healthcare professionals observe these discomforts and provide individualized care for pregnant women, to nurture pregnant women into neutral-type constitution, minimize their levels of discomfort, and promote the health of the fetus and the mother.

scholarly journals Socio-demographic factors and cervical length in pregnancy

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 443-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djordje Petrovic ◽  
Aleksandra Novakov-Mikic ◽  
Vesna Mandic
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Cervical Length ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Moment

The cervical length is an important factor in the risk evaluation of preterm delivery. The aim of this work was to determine the correlation between the cervical length and the demographic characteristics. A transversal type prospective study was done on a sample of 579 pregnant women at various gestational age of low risk mono-fetal pregnancy. The cervical length was measured by trans-vaginal ultrasound procedure within the regular pregnancy monitoring process. The following data were taken into consideration: the woman's age, her body mass at the beginning of the pregnancy and her height in order to calculate the body mass index as well as her smoking habit at the moment of conception. The mean cervical length was 34.3 mm and 35 mm in the group of women aged 30 and less and 31 and over, respectively. The cervix was insignificantly shorter in younger women (being 34.9 mm/35.9 mm in the 1st trimester, 34.5 mm/35.1 mm in the 2nd one and 33.9 mm/34.7 mm in the 3rd trimester). The sample of 579 pregnant women consisted of 448 non-smokers and 131 smokers. The difference in the length of the cervix in smokers and non-smokers was not significant (being 32.2 mm/35.9 mm; 35 mm/34 mm and 34.4 mm/33.5 mm in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester, respectively). The correlation between the body mass index and the cervical length was analyzed by trimesters. In the first trimester the increase in the body mass index was followed by the shortening of the cervix; the cervical length was not affected by the BMI in the second trimester, whereas the higher the body mass index the longer the cervix in the third trimester. Our study has shown that the cervical length is affected neither by the age of the woman nor her smoking habit but it is affected by the body mass index at the moment of conception, that linear trend being negative in the 1st trimester but positive in the 3rd one. Since the cervical length may be affected not only by the socio-demographic characteristics but the gynecologic obstetric history of the woman as well, we strongly suggest further investigations in this field.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document