The Carrier Rate of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) Producing Bacteria in Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) in Hospital and Community

Highlight :Bacteriologically for colonization of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae in cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) were analyzed.The prevalence of ESBL producing bacteria among cockroaches in hospitals is bigger than in households.Abstract: Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is one of the vectors in the environment that can transmit disease. Cockroaches can act as potential mechanical vectors of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Enterobacteriaceae is a gram-negative bacteria that has natural habitats in the digestive tract of humans and animals. Enterobacteriaceae that produce Extended Spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) have emerged as major pathogens in hospitals. The study analyzed the prevalence of ESBL producing bacteria in cockroaches that lived in hospitals and residential homes. In this study, a total of 200 cockroaches consisting of 100 cockroaches from the hospital environment and 100 cockroaches from the residential environment were analyzed bacteriologically for colonization of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae. The specimen of the alimentary tract was taken and sub-cultured in MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime 2 ug/ml. Growth colonies were suggested as an ESBL-producing bacteria, then were confirmed as ESBL producers by the Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST). The ESBL gene was detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Among 100 household cockroach samples, 14 (14%) were identified as ESBL producers, while 100 hospital cockroaches were 26 (26%) positive ESBL. The ESBL gene, in hospital cockroach were identified of CTXM 19 (19%), SHV 7 (7%), and not any TEM gene, while among household cockroaches were identified CTXM 2 (2%), SHV 11 (11%), and also not detected TEM ESBL gene. Among ESBL genes, only the CTXM gene was significantly different between household and hospital cockroaches.

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Occurrence of Multidrug Resistant Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Bacteria on Iceberg Lettuce Retailed for Human Consumption

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/547547 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Natasha Bhutani ◽

Chithra Muraleedharan ◽

Deepa Talreja ◽

Sonia Walia Rana ◽

Sandeep Walia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Leafy Vegetables ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Iceberg Lettuce ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Esbl Producers

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a global problem exacerbated by the dissemination of resistant bacteria via uncooked food, such as green leafy vegetables. New strains of bacteria are emerging on a daily basis with novel expanded antibiotic resistance profiles. In this pilot study, we examined the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria against five classes of antibiotics on iceberg lettuce retailed in local convenience stores in Rochester, Michigan. In this study, 138 morphologically distinct bacterial colonies from 9 iceberg lettuce samples were randomly picked and tested for antibiotic resistance. Among these isolates, the vast majority (86%) demonstrated resistance to cefotaxime, and among the resistant bacteria, the majority showed multiple drug resistance, particularly against cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. Three bacterial isolates (2.17%) out of 138 were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers. Two ESBL producers (T1 and T5) were identified asKlebsiella pneumoniae, an opportunistic pathogen with transferable sulfhydryl variable- (SHV-) and TEM-type ESBLs, respectively. The DNA sequence analysis of theblaSHVdetected inK. pneumoniaeisolate T1 revealed 99% relatedness toblaSHVgenes found in clinical isolates. This implies that iceberg lettuce is a potential reservoir of newly emerging and evolving antibiotic resistant bacteria and its consumption poses serious threat to human health.

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Fate of two strains of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in constructed wetland microcosm sediments: survival and change in antibiotic resistance profiles

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2019.153 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 79 (8) ◽

pp. 1550-1560 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anne-Laure Vivant ◽

Catherine Boutin ◽

Stéphanie Prost-Boucle ◽

Sandrine Papias ◽

Christine Ziebal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Free Water ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Rapid Decline ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum

Abstract Free water surface constructed wetlands (FWS CW) are efficient technologies to limit the transfer of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) originating from urban effluents into the aquatic environment. However, the decrease in ARB from inflow to outflow through the FWS CW may be explained by their transfer from the water body to the sediment. To investigate the behavior of ARB in the sediment of a FWS CW, we inoculated three microcosms with two strains of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. coli) belonging to two genotypes. Microcosms were composed of two sediments collected at two locations of an FWS CW from which the strains were isolated. Phragmites were planted in one of the microcosms. The survival curves of the two strains were close regardless of the genotype and the type of sediment. After a rapid decline, both strains were able to survive at low level in the sediments for 50 days. Their fate was not affected by the presence of phragmites. Changes in the bla content and antibiotic resistance of the inoculated strains were observed after three weeks of incubation, indicating that FWS CW sediments are favorable environments for spread of antibiotic resistance genes and for the acquisition of new antibiotic resistance.

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High Diversity of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Bacteria in an Urban River Sediment Habitat

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00711-10 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 76 (17) ◽

pp. 5972-5976 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Su-Ying Lu ◽

Ya-Li Zhang ◽

Sui-Na Geng ◽

Tian-Yu Li ◽

Zhuo-Ming Ye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

River Sediment ◽

16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

Urban River ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽

First Time

ABSTRACT Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) have been surveyed widely in water bodies, but few studies have determined the diversity of ARB in sediment, which is the most taxon-abundant habitat in aquatic environments. We isolated 56 extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria from a single sediment sample taken from an urban river in China. All strains were confirmed for ESBL-producing capability by both the clavulanic acid combination disc method and MIC determination. Of the isolated strains, 39 were classified as Enterobacteriaceae (consisting of the genera Escherichia, Klebsiella, Serratia, and Aeromonas) by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and biochemical analysis. The present study identifies, for the first time, ESBL-producing strains from the families Brucellaceae and Moraxellaceae. The bla CTX-M gene was the most dominant of the ESBL genes (45 strains), while the bla TEM gene was the second-most dominant (22 strains). A total of five types of bla CTX-M fragments were identified, with both known and novel sequences. A library of bla CTX-M cloned from the sediment DNA showed an even higher diversity of bla CTX-M sequences. The discovery of highly diverse ESBL-producing bacteria and ESBL genes, particularly bla CTX, in urban river sediment raises alarms for potential dissemination of ARB in communities through river environments.

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Antimicrobial Resistance and Molecular Detection of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from Raw Meat in Greater Accra Region, Ghana

10.21203/rs.3.rs-30521/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Esther Dsani ◽

Edwin Andrews Afari ◽

Anthony Danso-Appiah ◽

Ernest Kenu ◽

Basil Benduri Kaburi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Total Coliform ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Raw Meat ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

E Coli ◽

Acceptable Limit ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Meat Samples

Abstract BackgroundTypically, raw meat can be contaminated with antibiotic resistant pathogens at unhygienic slaughter and sale points. Consumption of meat contaminated with antibiotic resistant E. coli is associated with grave health care consequences. The aim of this study was to determine the microbial quality of raw meat, the antimicrobial susceptibility and Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) production in E. coli isolates from raw meat. ResultsTotal Plate Counts exceeded the acceptable limit of 5.0 log CFU/ cm2 in 60.5% (124/205) of raw meat samples. Total Coliform Counts in 70.7% (145/205) of samples were in excess of the acceptable limit of 2.5 log CFU/cm2. E. coli was detected in about half of raw meat samples (48%), ranging from 9.5% -79.0% among the slaughter sites. Isolates were susceptible to meropenem (100%), ceftriaxone (99%), cefotaxime (98%), chloramphenicol (97%), gentamycin (97%), ciprofloxacin (92%) and amikacin (92%), but resistant to ampicillin (57%), tetracycline (45%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (21%) and cefuroxime (17%). Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was identified in 22% of the isolates. The blaTEM gene was detected in 4% (4/98) of E. coli isolates in this study. ConclusionThe levels of microbial contamination of raw meat in this study were unacceptable. Meat handlers and consumers are at risk of foodborne infections from E. coli including ESBL producing E. coli that are resistant to most antibiotics in use. We recommend an enhanced surveillance for antibiotic resistance in food products for the early detection of emerging resistant bacteria species in the food chain.

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Occurrence and faecal shedding of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in sows and their offspring

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb202089030217 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 89 (3) ◽

pp. 217-223

Author(s):

Jan Vašek ◽

Jonáš Vaňhara ◽

Monika Dolejská ◽

Martina Masaříková ◽

Alois Čížek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Before And After ◽

Long Time ◽

History Of ◽

Synergy Test ◽

Esbl Producers

The aim of the present study was to monitor the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli on farm A with the history of previous use of ceftiofur in suckling pigletsand to analyse the risk factors of selection and dissemination of ESBL producers in the production herd. In the year of 2014, a total of 411 samples (rectal swabs or faeces)from pigs of various age categories (sows, gilts and suckling piglets) were collected. The sampling was performed more than 24 months after the ban of ceftiofur on the farm.The sows and gilts were sampled repeatedly before and after farrowing. All collected samples were directly cultivated on MacConkey agar (MCA) containing cefotaxime (2 mg/l) and obtained sub-cultures were tested for ESBL production by double disc synergy test. According to our results, all gilts were negative for ESBL-producing E. coli in the introduction period, however, the excretion of ESBL-producing E. coli was observed before and after delivery. Most of the new-born piglets from positive sows and gilts shed ESBL-producing E. coli early after birth. All tested ESBL-producing isolates were resistant to multiple antimicrobials, suggesting that antibiotics from other groups used for therapy co-select for ESBL producers in pigs on the studied farm. Intestinal colonization of lactating sows and their offspring as well as survival of ESBL-producing E. coli in the farm environment should be recognised as important risk factors of circulation and long-time persistence of ESBL producers in the herd.

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Low occurrence of extended-spectrum cephalosporinase producing Enterobacteriaceae and no detection of methicillin-resistant coagulase-positive staphylococci in healthy dogs in Sweden

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica ◽

10.1186/s13028-020-00516-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Stefan Börjesson ◽

Lotta Gunnarsson ◽

Annica Landén ◽

Ulrika Grönlund

Keyword(s):

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Healthy Dogs ◽

Coagulase Positive Staphylococci

AbstractSweden has a long tradition of monitoring occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in both animals and humans, but there currently is no organised and harmonized monitoring on carriage of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase (pAmpC), or methicillin-resistant coagulase positive staphylococci e.g. methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) in dogs. The aim of the current study was therefore to determine the prevalence of ESBL/pAmpC producing Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin-resistant coagulase positive staphylococci in healthy dogs in Sweden, and to phenotypically and genotypically characterize any identified isolates. It was shown that 0.9% (95% confident interval 0.3–2.7%) of the dogs (n = 325) carried multi-resistant ESBL-producing Escherichia coli, but that no methicillin-resistant coagulase positive staphylococci could be detected. In conclusion, the occurrence of multi-drug resistant bacteria remains rare among healthy dogs in Sweden. In addition, the ESBL-producing E. coli identified showed genetic characteristics related to those reported from humans.

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Screening of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Bacteria in Clinical Liquid Waste

Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin ◽

10.3329/bmrcb.v42i1.32002 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 39-48

Author(s):

M Anwar Hossain ◽

Munawar Sultana ◽

Nazratan Naeem ◽

Sabia Sultana ◽

Khandokar Fahmida Sultana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Stage ◽

Liquid Waste ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Potential Threat ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Specific Pcr ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Global Concern ◽

Synergy Test

Admixture of Clinical Liquid Waste (CLW) discharging into Ecological Water Bodies (EWB) causes significant pollution with resistant bacteria. The issue is significant in Bangladesh where CLW management is at early stage of development. Extended-Spectrum ?-Lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria confer resistance to Broad Spectrum ?-Lactam Antibiotics (BSBLA) which has become a global concern now. The aim of this study was to characterise and assess the occurrence of ESBL producing bacteria in CLW of Bangladesh. Three CLW samples were collected from two leading hospitals in Dhaka City, Bangladesh in the year 2012. A total 166 isolates were retrieved and screened for ESBL production by the Double Disk Diffusion Synergy Test (DDST). Isolates with ESBL phenotype were further characterized by antibiotic susceptibility testing, PCR and sequencing of ?-lactamase genes. A total of 30 ESBL producers with Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) properties were isolated. Gene specific PCR against blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV detected CTX-M as major ESBL genotype (83%) followed by occurrence of TEM-genotypes (40%). Prevalence of SHV was low in CLW samples (3%). More than 20% of CLW -ESBL isolates possessed both the TEM and CTX-M genotypes. The predominant ESBL isolates were phylogenetically identified as Escherichia spp. Seventy seven percent followed by Citrobacter spp. (17%), Klebsiella spp. (3%), and Yokenella spp. (3%). This investigation demonstrates that CLW possesses ESBL producing MDR bacteria which might act as potential threat to disseminate resistant determinants in the surrounding environment.

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Types and prevalence of extended–spectrum beta–lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in poultry

Animal Health Research Reviews ◽

10.1017/s1466252317000020 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 46-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Eva-Maria Saliu ◽

Wilfried Vahjen ◽

Jürgen Zentek

Keyword(s):

Feed Additives ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Infection Pressure ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Impact ◽

Esbl Producers

AbstractFor several billion years, bacteria have developed mechanisms to resist antibacterial substances. In modern time, antibiotics are frequently used in veterinary and human medicine for prevention and treatment of diseases, globally still also for their growth promoting effects as feed additives. This complex situation has evolved in accelerating development and prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria in livestock and people. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria are resistant to a wide range of ß-lactam antibiotics. They are currently considered as one of the main threats for the treatment of infections in humans and animals. In livestock and animal products, poultry and poultry products show the highest prevalence of ESBL-producers with CTX-M-1, TEM-52 and SHV-12 being the most common ESBL-types in poultry. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. are the bacteria in poultry, which carry ESBL-genes most frequently. ESBL-producing bacteria are present at every level of the poultry production pyramid and can be detected even in the meconium of newly hatched chicks. The environment close to poultry barns shows high prevalence rates of these bacteria and contributes to an ongoing infection pressure with further ESBL-types. Probiotics have been shown to successfully reduce ESBL-producers in chicken, as well as ESBL-gene transfer. Other feed additives, such as zinc and copper, increase the prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria when fed to animals. To our best knowledge, this is the first publication presenting a comparative overview of the prevalence of ESBL-types using data from different countries. To reduce the hazard for public health from poultry carrying high numbers of ESBL-producers, preventive measurements must include the surrounding environment and avoidance of antibiotic usage at all levels of the production pyramid. The first results, of the research on the impact of feed additives on the spread of ESBL-genes, indicate the diet as a further, possible magnitude of influence.

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Evaluation of different phenotypic diffusion methods in the identification of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing uropathogenic

Indian Journal of Microbiology Research ◽

10.18231/j.ijmr.2021.050 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 243-248

Author(s):

H Anandkumar ◽

Amaresh Nigudgi ◽

Vinay Hajare ◽

Sunil Biradar

Keyword(s):

Resistance Pattern ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Acceptable Method ◽

Synergy Test ◽

Phenotypic Methods ◽

Strip Test ◽

Third Generation Cephalosporins ◽

Esbl Producers

: The study was aimed to identify the occurrence of extended spectrum of Beta lactamases (ESBLs), to compare different phenotypic methods used for the confirmation and to evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern in ESBL producing uropathogenic : The strains were isolated from urine and the isolates resistance to at least one of the three representative cephalosporins (cefotaxime, cefpodoxime and ceftazidime) was tested for ESBL production by Double disc synergy test (DDST), Inhibitory potentiated disc diffusion (IPDD) test and quantitative E-strip method.: Of 120strains isolated, 62(51.6%) were resistant to at least one of the three cephalosporins and 28 (45.1%) were positive for ESBL by IPDD and E-strip test. However, 9 (14.5%) strains were positive by DDST method. Among third generation cephalosporins, cefpodoxime was (45.8%) better screening indicator followed by ceftazidime (40.0%) and cefotaxime (37.5%). Most of the ESBL producers (97.3%) were resistant to three or more drugs, compared to (51.2%) non-ESBL producers. : The acceptable method for detection of ESBL producing were IPDD and E-strip tests compared to DDST with better sensitivity (100%), specificity (95.8%) and positive predictive value (96.5%). ESBL producers showed significantly (p<0.05) higher resistance to tobramycin, amoxyclav and amikacin compared to non ESBL producers.

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Prevalence and Characterization of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Ready-to-Eat Street Foods

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10070850 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 850

Author(s):

Shobha Giri ◽

Vaishnavi Kudva ◽

Kalidas Shetty ◽

Veena Shetty

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Food Safety ◽

Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Extended Spectrum

As the global urban populations increase with rapid migration from rural areas, ready-to-eat (RTE) street foods are posing food safety challenges where street foods are prepared with less structured food safety guidelines in small and roadside outlets. The increased presence of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria in street foods is a significant risk for human health because of its epidemiological significance. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae have become important and dangerous foodborne pathogens globally for their relevance to antibiotic resistance. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential burden of antibiotic-resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae contaminating RTE street foods and to assess the microbiological quality of foods in a typical emerging and growing urban suburb of India where RTE street foods are rapidly establishing with public health implications. A total of 100 RTE food samples were collected of which, 22.88% were E. coli and 27.12% K. pneumoniae. The prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae was 25.42%, isolated mostly from chutneys, salads, paani puri, and chicken. Antimicrobial resistance was observed towards cefepime (72.9%), imipenem (55.9%), cefotaxime (52.5%), and meropenem (16.9%) with 86.44% of the isolates with MAR index above 0.22. Among β-lactamase encoding genes, blaTEM (40.68%) was the most prevalent followed by blaCTX (32.20%) and blaSHV (10.17%). blaNDM gene was detected in 20.34% of the isolates. This study indicated that contaminated RTE street foods present health risks to consumers and there is a high potential of transferring multi-drug-resistant bacteria from foods to humans and from person to person as pathogens or as commensal residents of the human gut leading to challenges for subsequent therapeutic treatments.

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