scholarly journals Parasites and Fungi Characteristics on Short Finned Eel Anguilla marmorata in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrullah Amrullah ◽  
Eka Rosyida ◽  
Ardiansyah Ardiansyah ◽  
Hartinah Hartinah ◽  
Wahidah Wahidah
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trigger Factor ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Fish Disease ◽  
Mucous Layer ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Internal Parasites ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Central Sulawesi

Parasitic infections are often not the direct cause of death of fish but the presence of wounds in the fish's body due to parasitic attacks is a trigger factor for secondary infection. Secondary infections can be caused by fungi, bacteria or viruses, which ultimately cause the death of fish. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of parasites and fungi that infected eel (Anguilla sp.) in the waters of Poso, Buol, Toli-toli and Donggala, Central Sulawesi as an important part of the diagnosis of fish disease in the framework of teraupetic strategies. Eel were taken as many as 30 individuals / location for observation of parasites and fungi. Parasitological examination was carried out for external and internal parasites on the mucous layer of the body, gills, intestines and stomach, while fungal isolations were carried out on muscles, skin and tissues that have abnormalities. After identification, the prevalence and intensity were carried out. The results showed that the highest prevalence of parasites were Camallanus sp (70%), Proteacephalus sp (50%) and Gyrodactylus sp (40%), and the nematode Camallanus sp the tapeworm Proteocephalus sp had the highest intensity of 57.5 and 30.8 respectively. Fungal prevalence were found highest in Saprolegnia sp (36%), and Fusarium sp (32%).

scholarly journals ORAL SECONDARY INFECTION IN STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME PATIENT WITH ORAL INVOLVEMENT: A CASE REPORT

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Etis Duhita Rahayuningtyas ◽  
Indah Suasani Wahyuni ◽  
Irna Sufiawati
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stevens Johnson Syndrome ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Oral Manifestation ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Johnson Syndrome ◽  
Oral Involvement

ABSTRACTBackground: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SSJ) is a hypersensitivity reaction that is often triggered by drugs but this case is rare. These reactions result in uncontrolled keratinocyte damage to the skin and mucosa throughout the body, including the oral mucosa, and are often life-threatening. The use of high doses of corticosteroids is a treatment that is often given but it can trigger secondary infections of fungal and viral in the oral cavity. Purpose: This case report discusses the management of oral manifestations and secondary infections in SSJ patients, and becomes guidance for health professionals. Case: A-42-years-old male patient was consulted from the Department of Dermatology and Venereology (DV) due to oral pain and eating difficulties. The severity-of-illness-score for toxic-epidermal-necrolysis (SCORTEN) was 1. Erosive serosanguinous crusts, tend to bleed were found on the lips. Intraoral clinically presented wide erosive lesions and multiple ulcers, accompanied by a pseudomembranous plaque, and teeth decay. Hematologic examination showed an increase in leukocytes, neutrophil segments, monocytes, SGOT, urea, and creatinine as well as decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocytes, MCHC, protein, and albumin. Anti-HSV1 IgG increased almost 6 times than normal values. The patient was diagnosed with SJS with oral involvement, secondary infections of pseudomembranous candidiasis, and herpetic stomatitis. Case Management: Systemic therapy given were intravenous dexamethasone, ranitidine, calcium, and cetirizine, from the DV Department, while hydrocortisone lip ointment, Chlorhexidine digluconate 0.12%, and Nystatin oral suspension for oral problems. The lesions progressed in 24 days. Conclusion: Oral secondary infections may occur in SJS patients due to high-dose corticosteroid therapy.Keywords: Herpetic Stomatitis, Oral Manifestation, Oral Secondary Infection, Pseudomembranous Candidiasis, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome.

scholarly journals Genetic mapping reveals Nfkbid as a central regulator of humoral immunity to Toxoplasma gondii

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. e1010081
Author(s):  
Scott P. Souza ◽  
Samantha D. Splitt ◽  
Juan C. Sanchez-Arcila ◽  
Julia A. Alvarez ◽  
Jessica N. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Humoral Immunity ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Forward Genetics ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
B Cell Activation ◽  
Class Switch ◽  
Secondary Infections

Protective immunity to parasitic infections has been difficult to elicit by vaccines. Among parasites that evade vaccine-induced immunity is Toxoplasma gondii, which causes lethal secondary infections in chronically infected mice. Here we report that unlike susceptible C57BL/6J mice, A/J mice were highly resistant to secondary infection. To identify correlates of immunity, we utilized forward genetics to identify Nfkbid, a nuclear regulator of NF-κB that is required for B cell activation and B-1 cell development. Nfkbid-null mice (“bumble”) did not generate parasite-specific IgM and lacked robust parasite-specific IgG, which correlated with defects in B-2 cell maturation and class-switch recombination. Though high-affinity antibodies were B-2 derived, transfer of B-1 cells partially rescued the immunity defects observed in bumble mice and were required for 100% vaccine efficacy in bone marrow chimeric mice. Immunity in resistant mice correlated with robust isotype class-switching in both B cell lineages, which can be fine-tuned by Nfkbid gene expression. We propose a model whereby humoral immunity to T. gondii is regulated by Nfkbid and requires B-1 and B-2 cells for full protection.

Schistosomal Appendicitis in Pregnancy

Swiss Surgery ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halkic ◽  
Abdelmoumene ◽  
Gintzburger ◽  
Mosimann
Keyword(s):  
Acute Appendicitis ◽  
Schistosoma Haematobium ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Common Complication ◽  
Surgical Infection ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Potential Challenge ◽  
In Pregnancy

Acute appendicitis is the most common acute surgical infection during pregnancy. Although usually pyogenic in origin, parasitic infections account for a small percentage of cases. Despite the relatively high prevalence of acute appendicitis in our environment, it is not commonly associated with schistosomiasis. We report here the association of pregnancy and appendicitis caused by Schistosoma haematobium. Schistosomiasis is very common complication of pregnancy in hyperendemic areas. Schistosome egg masses can lodge throughout the body and cause acute inflammation of the appendix, liver and spleen. Congestion of pelvic vessels during pregnancy facilitates passage of eggs into the villi and intervillous spaces, causing an inflammatory reaction. Tourism and immigration make this disease a potential challenge for practitioners everywhere.

Ethnoveterinary plant preparations as livestock dewormers: practices, popular beliefs, pitfalls and prospects for the future

2005 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Githiori ◽  
Johan Höglund ◽  
Peter J. Waller
Keyword(s):  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Traditional Healers ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Internal Parasites ◽  
The Future ◽  
Livestock Health

AbstractEthnomedicine is an integral part of traditional medical practices in many countries of the developing world. A large proportion of the population uses this form of treatment for primary health care and for the treatment of ailments in their livestock. Livestock is a major asset for resource-poor smallholder farmers and pastoralists throughout the world and internal parasites are recognized by these communities as having an impact on livestock health. Parasitic infections are among those infections that traditional healers confidently treat and against which an enormous variety of remedies exist. Many of these are based on the use of plant preparations. Although various methods have been used for the validation of traditional phytomedical preparations, there is a lack of standardization of these procedures. The present study is aimed at providing an overview of ethnoveterinary deworming preparations, the various methods that have been used in their validation and the future prospects for their use against helminth parasites of ruminant livestock in developing countries, with an emphasis on nematode parasites. Recommendations are made on the procedures that should be followed to conduct in vivo and in vitro assays. Fostering better interaction between traditional healers and scientists is advocated to prevent harmful overexploitation, both of local knowledge and of plant species that may have effects against nematode parasites.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTS ON THE SURVIVAL OF THE FEBRILE HERPETIC AND ALLIED VIRUSES IN VITRO

1924 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. McCartney
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Herpes Viruses ◽  
Encephalitis Lethargica ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Maximum Period ◽  
Suitable Technique ◽  
The Brain

These studies fail to confirm the statements previously made that microorganisms of the class of the globoid bodies of poliomyelitis may be cultivated in the Smith-Noguchi medium from the so called virus of encephalitis lethargica. They show equally that the herpes virus does not multiply in this medium. The experiments indicate, moreover, that the medium is unfavorable to the survival of the virus, while ordinary broth under aerobic conditions is more favorable for maintaining the activity of both the encephalitic and the herpes viruses. Probably no multiplication of either takes place in the latter medium but merely a survival, and for a maximum period of 6 days in the broth itself, and 12 days in the fragment of brain tissue immersed in the broth. Finally, it has been shown that with a suitable technique the viruses can be passed from the brain of one rabbit to that of another through a long series without contamination with cocci or other common bacterial forms. Hence we regard all reports of the finding of ordinary bacteria in the brain of cases of epidemic or lethargic encephalitis as instances of mixed or secondary infection arising during life, or examples of postmortem invasion of the body, or of faulty technique at the autopsy.

scholarly journals Studies of the Nucleopolyhedrovirus Infection Process in Insects by Using the Green Fluorescence Protein as a Reporter

1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 3377-3382 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Barrett ◽  
Andy J. Brownwright ◽  
Mark J. Primavera ◽  
Subba Reddy Palli
Keyword(s):  
Fat Body ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Green Fluorescence Protein ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Green Fluorescence ◽  
Temporal Regulation ◽  
Baculovirus Infection ◽  
Fluorescence Protein

ABSTRACT A recombinant Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) expressing the green fluorescence protein (GFP) under the control of the AcMNPV polyhedrin promoter was constructed to study the spatial and temporal regulation of baculovirus infection in a permissive host. Larvae that ingested AcMNPV-GFP showed localized expression of GFP in the midgut epithelial cells, as well as hemocytes, at 24 h postinfection. The presence of fluorescence in these tissues indicated not only that the virus was replicating but also that the very late viral proteins were being synthesized. Secondary infection occurred within the tracheal cells throughout the body cavity, confirming earlier reports, and these foci of infection allowed entry of the virus into other tissues, such as the epidermis and the fat body.

scholarly journals Estimating and interpreting secondary attack risk: Binomial considered biased

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e1008601
Author(s):  
Yushuf Sharker ◽  
Eben Kenah
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Household Member ◽  
Primary Case ◽  
Multiple Generations ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Binomial Models

The household secondary attack risk (SAR), often called the secondary attack rate or secondary infection risk, is the probability of infectious contact from an infectious household member A to a given household member B, where we define infectious contact to be a contact sufficient to infect B if he or she is susceptible. Estimation of the SAR is an important part of understanding and controlling the transmission of infectious diseases. In practice, it is most often estimated using binomial models such as logistic regression, which implicitly attribute all secondary infections in a household to the primary case. In the simplest case, the number of secondary infections in a household with m susceptibles and a single primary case is modeled as a binomial(m, p) random variable where p is the SAR. Although it has long been understood that transmission within households is not binomial, it is thought that multiple generations of transmission can be neglected safely when p is small. We use probability generating functions and simulations to show that this is a mistake. The proportion of susceptible household members infected can be substantially larger than the SAR even when p is small. As a result, binomial estimates of the SAR are biased upward and their confidence intervals have poor coverage probabilities even if adjusted for clustering. Accurate point and interval estimates of the SAR can be obtained using longitudinal chain binomial models or pairwise survival analysis, which account for multiple generations of transmission within households, the ongoing risk of infection from outside the household, and incomplete follow-up. We illustrate the practical implications of these results in an analysis of household surveillance data collected by the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic.

Częstość występowania robaczyc u dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym ? określenie czynników predysponujących

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Kaleta ◽  
Marta Palacz-Wróbel ◽  
Łukasz Chajec
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
The World ◽  
Parasitic Worms ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Parasitic diseases are common and pose threats to the health and lives of people around the world. Globally improving sanitary conditions also do not provide a sufficient method of preventing the parasitic infections that trigger them. Statistical data show a huge rate of parasitism in the world and a very large share of parasitic diseases in the number of deaths. Worms among pre-school children are quite common to a certain extent, and factors that favor them ? if properly identified, can be significantly reduced. This paper presents the frequency of occurrence of worms in this age range compared to statistical data and a list of factors predisposing the occurrence of these diseases. Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the frequency and predisposing factors for the occurrence of helminthia among children in pre-school age in Poland. Material and methods. An original questionnaire was used to conduct the research. Results. The frequency of occurrence of worms reaches about 10% of confirmed infections. The most common prevalence among children is oatosis. The most important factors predisposing to parasitic worms infection are: inadequate personal hygiene, inadequate food hygiene and its preparation, the impact of places with higher risk of infection (sandpits, playgrounds, kindergartens, nurseries, orphanages). Invasions, when the massiveness of parasite invasions is not large enough, often goes asymptomatically ? that is why the parent's perceptiveness and knowledge about the basic symptoms of the most common worms play a key role. The level of parents’ knowledge and awareness of the risk of being infected with parasitic worms is high. Most of the parents surveyed correctly diagnosed symptoms performed tests for the presence of parasites in the body of their children. Conclusions. Elimination of predisposing factors significantly minimizes the occurrence of helminthiasis.

Abstract 17113: Secondary Infections Are Common in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 and Are Associated With Severe Outcomes

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth R Anderson ◽  
Tariq Azam ◽  
Husam Shadid ◽  
Michael Pan ◽  
Hanna Berlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Mean

Background: Secondary infections occur in 10-15% of critically ill sepsis patients. Anecdotal reports suggest secondary infections are common in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), however data are lacking. We examine the rate of secondary infections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and its impact on the cytokine surge and in-hospital outcomes. Methods: The Michigan Medicine Covid-19 Cohort (M2C2) is an ongoing prospective observational study in which detailed clinical, laboratory and outcome data were collected from chart review of consecutive adult patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Patients who were positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection but without respiratory symptoms were not included in this cohort. We define secondary infections as physician-diagnosed and treated bacterial or viral infections secondary to SARS-CoV-2. Results: Of 553 COVID-19 patients hospitalized at Michigan Medicine, 191 (34.5%) developed a secondary infection during hospitalization. The mean age of patients with a secondary infection was 60 years, 61.3% were male compared to 58.8 years, 53.5% male in patients with no secondary infection. Bacterial pneumonia, including ventilator-associated pneumonia, was the most prevalent secondary infection among hospitalized patients (78.5%). Other secondary infections included urosepsis (14.1%), bacteremia (16.8%), and 17.3% of patients developed other types of infections such as shingles and clostridium difficile. 25.8% of patients without secondary infections received antibiotics during their admission compared to 47.1% of patients with secondary infections. Multiple secondary infections (>1) occurred in 43 (8.2%) of patients. Patients with secondary infections were more likely to develop acute kidney injury (78.0% vs. 38.3%, p<0.0001), acute respiratory distress syndrome (78.0% vs. 22.3%, p<0.0001), and death (26.2% vs. 10.2%, p<0.0001) during their hospitalization compared to patients without secondary infections. Conclusions: Secondary infections are common in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and are associated with life-threatening complications and high mortality. This study suggests that secondary infection prevention may be especially important in COVID-19 patients.

Hymenolepis diminuta: changes in intestinal morphology and the enterochromaffin cell population associated with infection in male C57 mice

Parasitology ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Mckay ◽  
D. W. Halton ◽  
C. F. Johnston ◽  
I. Fairweather ◽  
C. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Enterochromaffin Cell ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Crypt Depth ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Ec Cells ◽  
Mucosal Surface Area

SUMMARYMean villus height, crypt depth and the number of 5-HT-positive enterochromaffin (EC) cells have been examined in two regions of the small intestine (20–30° and 60–70° distance from the pylorus) of male, 6 to 8-week-old, C57 mice following a 5-cysticercoid infection of the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta. Test mice and sham-infected controls were autopsied 0, 4, 8, 10, 14 and 28 days post-primary infection (p-1°-i) and 2, 4, 5, 7 and 14 days post-secondary infection (p-2°-i), administered 28 days p-1°-i. Morphometric analysis revealed a statistically significant increase in crypt depth in the 60–70°o intestine region in infected mice during both primary and secondary infections; no significant deviation from the control was observed for villus height in infected mice. Statistical analysis showed a significant increase in the number of 5-HT-positive EC cells in infected mice. This response occurred in the lower portion of the intestine on days 10-p-1°-i and 5-p-2°-i, and was not due to increased mucosal surface area in this region. Results are discussed with reference to murine cestode rejection and the possible involvement therein of the neuroendocrine system.

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