scholarly journals Induced Polyploidy: A Tool for Forage Species Improvement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Rauf ◽  
Rodomiro Ortiz ◽  
Dariusz Malinowski ◽  
Wellington Clarindo ◽  
Wardah Kainat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
2N Gametes ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Altered Gene ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Final Selection ◽  
Selection Of

Polyploidy means having more than two basic sets of chromosomes. Polyploid plants may be artificially obtained through chemical, physical and biological (2n gametes) methods. This approach allows an increased gene scope and expression, thus resulting in phenotypic changes such as yield and product quality. Nonetheless, breeding new cultivars through induced polyploidy should overcome deleterious effects that are partly contributed by genome and epigenome instability after polyploidization. Furthermore, shortening the time required from early chromosome set doubling to the final selection of high yielding superior polyploids is a must. Despite these hurdles, plant breeders have successfully obtained polyploid bred-germplasm in broad range of forages after optimizing methods, concentration and time, particularly when using colchicine. These experimental polyploids are a valuable tool for understanding gene expression, which seems to be driven by dosage dependent gene expression, altered gene regulation and epigenetic changes. Isozymes and DNA-based markers facilitated the identification of rare alleles for particular loci when compared with diploids, and also explained their heterozygosity, phenotypic plasticity and adaptability to diverse environments. Experimentally induced polyploid germplasm could enhance fresh herbage yield and quality, e.g. leaf protein content, leaf total soluble solids, water soluble carbohydrates and sucrose content. Offspring of experimentally obtained hybrids should undergo selection for several generations to improve their performance and stability.

scholarly journals Induced Polyploidy: A Tool for Forage Species Improvement

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Saeed Rauf ◽  
Rodomiro Ortiz ◽  
Dariusz P. Malinowski ◽  
Wellington Ronildo Clarindo ◽  
Wardah Kainat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
2N Gametes ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Altered Gene ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Final Selection ◽  
Selection Of

Polyploidy means having more than two basic sets of chromosomes. Polyploid plants may be artificially obtained through chemical, physical and biological (2n gametes) methods. This approach allows an increased gene scope and expression, thus resulting in phenotypic changes such as yield and product quality. Nonetheless, breeding new cultivars through induced polyploidy should overcome deleterious effects that are partly contributed by genome and epigenome instability after polyploidization. Furthermore, shortening the time required from early chromosome set doubling to the final selection of high yielding superior polyploids is a must. Despite these hurdles, plant breeders have successfully obtained polyploid bred-germplasm in broad range of forages after optimizing methods, concentration and time, particularly when using colchicine. These experimental polyploids are a valuable tool for understanding gene expression, which seems to be driven by dosage dependent gene expression, altered gene regulation and epigenetic changes. Isozymes and DNA-based markers facilitated the identification of rare alleles for particular loci when compared with diploids, and also explained their heterozygosity, phenotypic plasticity and adaptability to diverse environments. Experimentally induced polyploid germplasm could enhance fresh herbage yield and quality, e.g., leaf protein content, leaf total soluble solids, water soluble carbohydrates and sucrose content. Offspring of experimentally obtained hybrids should undergo selection for several generations to improve their performance and stability.

scholarly journals Scope of Whole Genome Duplication in Forages: A Plant Breeder Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Rauf ◽  
Rodomiro Ortiz ◽  
Dariusz Malinowski ◽  
Wellington Clarindo ◽  
Wardah Kainat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
2N Gametes ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Interesting Approach ◽  
Altered Gene ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Biological Methods

Polyploidy is a condition of having more than two sets of chromosomes. Polyploid plants may be artificially obtained through chemical, physical and biological methods (2n gametes). It is considered an interesting approach due to increased genescope and expression, thus resulting in phenotypic changes, such as yield and product quality. Nonetheless, breeding new cultivars through induced polyploidy should overcome deleterious effects partly contributed by genome and epigenome instability after polyploidization. Furthermore, shortening the time required from early chromosome set doubling to the final selection of high yielding superior polyploids is a must. Despite these hurdles, plant breeders have successfully obtained polyploid bred-germplasm in broad range of forages from optimized application methods, concentration and time mainly using colchicine. These experimental polyploids proved to be a valuable tool for understanding gene expression that is driven by dosage dependent gene expression, altered gene regulation and epigenetic changes. Isozymes and DNA-based markers aided on the identification of rare alleles for particular loci when compared with diploids, which may explain their heterozygosity, phenotypic plasticity and adaptability to diverse environments. It has also been observed that experimentally induced polyploid germplasm could enhance fresh herbage yield and quality, e.g. leaf protein content, leaf total soluble solids, water soluble carbohydrates and sucrose content. Offspring of experimentally obtained hybrids underwent selection for several generations to improve their performance and stability.

scholarly journals Responsiveness of buckwheat varieties to foliar applications by microfertilizer under forest steppe of the volga region

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 00048
Author(s):  
Lilia R. Klimova ◽  
Fanusya Z. Kadyrova ◽  
Rogat V. Minikaev ◽  
Alsu T. Khusnutdinova
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Selection Of

The yields of modern intensive varieties of buckwheat in arid regions are highly susceptible to adverse hydrothermal growing conditions. The selection of optimal compositions and technologies for using modern agrochemicals that provide an adaptogenic effect and a favourable vegetation regime of plants can be an effective way to stabilize the grain production of this warm-loving but the drought-resistant crop. Scientists have poorly studied these issues and the issues of efficient use of mineral nutrition resources in buckwheat. They studied the responsiveness of buckwheat varieties, that differ in the morphological and biological characteristics of plants, to the foliar application by Yara concentrated complex water-soluble fertilizers containing macroand microelements.The data obtained indicate the presence of varietal specificity, which manifests itself to varying degrees of plant responsiveness to foliar application in the formation of leaf area, grain yield and quality indicators of the crop. The authors made conclusions about the preferred dates for foliar application with the studied Yara complex micronutrient fertilizers. When the foliar application of microelements in the phase of the beginning of grain formation, the K-850 cultivar had the highest yield and the best quality parameters of grains. For the K-899 cultivar, the application in the russeting phase was most effective for grains and affected the best plumpness of the grains. The more powerful morphological potential of Batyr plants was not realized by an adequate increase in yield for the performed feeding. The authors observed a slight tendency to decrease the crude protein content in grains during the foliar application which is probably due to the inverse correlation of this trait with the formation rate of the organic mass of plants.

Fruit development of Carina (Shiraz × Sultana) in response to growth regulators applied at calyptra dehiscence

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (121) ◽  
pp. 216 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Cirami ◽  
AP Chapman ◽  
MG McCarthy
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Mechanical Treatment ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Dried Fruit ◽  
Pressure Water ◽  
Selection Of

Growth regulators known to improve yield and quality of Zante and a mechanical treatment utilizing high velocity air and a high pressure water spray to physically dislodge the calyptras were applied at dehiscence in 1979 and 1980 to vines of Carina, a male-sterile hybrid selection of Shiraz x Sultana. The vines were grown in the Barossa Valley, South Australia. The mechanical treatment was ineffective in dislodging the calyptras and there were no significant differences in yield or components of yield between treated and untreated vines in either year. The three growth regulators, CCC 100 ppm + GA 1 ppm, 4-CPA 20 ppm + GA 0.5 ppm, and GA 10 ppm, had marked effects on yield and components of yield, but the response varied between sprays and between years. In 1980 4-CPA + GA produced more berries per bunch, heavier bunches and more fresh fruit per vine than both CCC + GA and GA, while in I98 1, 4-CPA + GA and GA were superior to CCC + GA. There were no differences in concentration of soluble solids, pruning weight or dried berry weight in either year. The processed dried fruit of all treatments was of excellent quality.

Accumulation of water-soluble carbohydrates and gene expression in wheat stems correlates with drought resistance

2018 ◽  
Vol 231 ◽  
pp. 182-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junfeng Hou ◽  
Xin Huang ◽  
Wan Sun ◽  
Chenyang Du ◽  
Chenyang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Water Soluble Carbohydrates

The question of grain content and forage quality in maize: comparisons between isogenic fertile and sterile plants

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Bunting
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Grain Formation

SUMMARYResults are presented from four experiments in which comparisons were made between isogenic sterile and fertile plants of maize to study the effects of grain content on yield and quality of shoot dry matter. In two experiments comparisons were made over a range of densities, extending from 5 to 25 plants/m2 in 1972 and 5 to 20 plants/m2 in 1973. The other two experiments, grown in 1974 at a density of 10 plants/m2, were sampled 30, 60 and 90 days after flowering.In 1972 and 1973 yield of shoot dry material was about 10% higher in fertile plants at the lowest density, 5 plants/m2, but grain formation had a negligible effect at higher densities. In 1974, at 10 plants/m2, the yield advantage for fertile plants was 6–7%. These results are in line with other European data, but show a much smaller effect of grain formation on shoot dry matter yield than is normally recorded in USA trials. The discrepancies probably reflect differences in environmental conditions.Absence of grain had little effect on contents of nitrogen, ash and in vitro digestible dry matter, and increased content of pepsin soluble material and hot water soluble carbohydrates. Percentage content of dry matter in the shoot was higher in fertile plants in 1973, and during the later stages of crop development in 1974.The results suggest that the importance attached to high grain content as an essential requirement for yield and quality in forage maize is exaggerated, and that the restriction of maize breeding and testing programmes to assessments of grain production, in the belief that the best grain varieties will also be best for forage, can no longer be justified in northern European countries.

scholarly journals Effect of Press Construction on Yield and Quality of Apple Juice

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 3630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Wilczyński ◽  
Zbigniew Kobus ◽  
Dariusz Dziki
Keyword(s):  
Apple Juice ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Screw Press ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Apple Variety ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Juice Extraction ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Selection Of

The paper presents the possibility of applying different press constructions for juice extraction in small farms. The research was carried out with three different varieties of apples, namely, Rubin, Mutsu, and Jonaprince. Two types of presses were tested: a basket press and a screw press. Generally, application of the screw press makes it possible to obtain a higher yield of extraction compared to the basket press. In our study, the differences in the pressing yield among press machines also depended on the apple variety used. The juices obtained on the screw press were found to be of a higher quality characterized by a higher content of soluble solids, higher viscosity, higher total content of polyphenols, higher antioxidant activity, and lower acidity. Thus, the selection of an appropriate press is the key to producing high-quality apple juice with health-promoting properties for manufacturers of apple juice at the local marketplace.

scholarly journals Alternatives for methane emission mitigation in livestock systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (suppl spe) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos E. Lascano ◽  
Edgar Cárdenas
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Cattle Systems ◽  
Selection Of

Human activities are contributing to Global Climate Change through the production of Green House Gases (GHG), which result in increased air, land and ocean temperatures and extreme changes in precipitation in regions of low and high rainfall. The most important GHG's are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). It is estimated that 18 % of the annual GHG emissions come from different types of livestock and that 37% of CH4, with higher global warming potential (23) relative to CO2 (1), comes from fermentation processes in ruminants. It is possible that in the future beef and milk exports from producing countries is subject to bans if cattle systems do not comply with measures to reduce GHG. There are several alternatives available and being researched to reduce enteric CH4 emissions from cattle that range from manipulating diet composition, supplementing feed additives (i.e. ionophores, organic acids, halogenated compounds, oils) and selection of forage plants of high quality and containing secondary metabolites (i.e. tannins and saponins) to animal breeding, immunization and genetic transformation of rumen microorganisms. Results show that inhibition of enteric CH4 emission is possible through the use of ionophores, organic acids and oils. The use of ionophores can result in resistance of rumen microbes and as a result the effect is short term. The high cost of organic acids makes it unlikely that there direct supplementation in ruminant diets is economically viable. However, organic acids are present at relatively high concentrations in the leaf tissue of plants and attempts should be made to select and breed forages with higher levels of these compounds. It is argued that a more efficient strategy to reduce enteric CH4 in ruminants is through selection of grasses of high quality (i.e. high concentration of water soluble carbohydrates), of forage legumes containing secondary metabolites like tannins and of fruits/plants containing saponins, provided that they do not affect intake and digestibility. Improved nutrition of cattle through feeding high quality forages can result in high animal performance and in reductions of CH4 emitted per unit of dry matter intake and per unit of product.

scholarly journals Vermicompost Effects on Bulbing Dynamics, Nonstructural Carbohydrate Content, Yield, and Quality of `Rosado Paraguayo' Garlic Bulbs

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan A. Argüello ◽  
Alicia Ledesma ◽  
Selva B. Núñez ◽  
Carlos H. Rodríguez ◽  
María del C. Díaz Goldfarb
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrate ◽  
Garlic Bulb ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
The Impact

The objectives of this work were to a) determine vermicompost effect on bulbification dynamics in terms of garlic (Allium sativum L.) bulb dry weight and sucrose metabolism and b) evaluate the impact of vermicompost on garlic bulb yield and quality. The treatments were soil (control) and 1 soil: 1 vermicompost (by volume). The use of vermicompost as a substrate caused early bulbing (18 to 20 days) and lengthened bulb filling period. Bulb filling period corresponded to an increase in the total soluble carbohydrates and a later modification in nonstructural carbohydrate distribution patterns regarding fructan (scorodose) metabolism. The vermicompost treatment increased scorodose accumulation, which was directly related to the harvest index, resulting in greater yield and bulb quality. Bulb quality was not modified in terms of bulb pungency and soluble solids content by the use of vermicompost.

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