scholarly journals Improving the Management of Parthenium hysterophorus to Enhance Okra Production through the Application of Chemicals, Adjuvants and Plant Extract Blends in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Muhammad Adnan ◽  
Muhammad Sikander Hayyat ◽  
Qaisar Mumtaz ◽  
Muhammad Ehsan Safdar ◽  
Fazal Ur Rehman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
General Information ◽  
Parthenium Hysterophorus ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Allelopathic Potential

<p>Vegetables are consequently experiencing great yield losses due to weed infestation. Weed management is extremely important for sustainable crop production in all cropping systems. This review paper aimed to provide general information and alternative recommendations for the management of <em>Parthenium hysterophorus</em> weed by chemicals, adjuvants and plant extracts in okra. Different strategies have been used to control parthenium, but no single management solution is sufficient to handle parthenium; hence, different management options need to be combined. Only an integrated approach will achieve effective control over this weed. In areas where parthenium natural enemies are absent, chemical control is an important method of managing this weed. In the control of this plant, the use of chemical herbicides such as chlorimuron ethyl, glyphosate, atrazine, ametryn, bromoxynil and metsulfuron are considered to be efficient. Moreover, various plants have allelopathic potential and attempts have been made to use them in parthenium control. Three allelopathic grasses, namely, <em>Achyranthes aspera</em>, <em>Syzygium </em><em>cumini</em> and <em>Acacia nilotica</em> are able to minimize the plant growth and inhibit early seedling growth of exotic weed <em>P. hysterophorus</em>. The results recommend that the control of parthenium in okra and other summer vegetables using chemical herbicides with single and combination mode of action is still effective compared to the use of plant extracts. The use of herbicides by adding adjuvants has the potential to minimize the use of excessive herbicides.</p>

The nature and consequence of weed spread in cropping systems

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald C. Thill ◽  
Carol A. Mallory-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Short Distance ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Pollen Movement

Weeds spread through movement of seeds and vegetative reproductive propagules. Pollen movement can spread weedy traits, such as herbicide resistance, between related weed and crop species. Weed seeds can spread short or long distances by natural plant dehiscence mechanisms, wind, water, animals, and man&s activities. This symposium paper is a practical review of short-distance spread of weed seeds in and between nearby arable fields and noncrop lands, examining some of the causes of spread and subsequent effects on crop production. Pollen movement, as it affects the spread of herbicide resistance, also is considered a component of short-distance weed spread. Specific weed management options can be used to reduce man-caused weed seed spread within and between nearby fields, thus reducing potential crop yield losses. Long-term management will be more difficult for weed seed spread by natural dispersal mechanisms.

scholarly journals Effects and Management of Parthenium hysterophorus: A Weed of Global Significance

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manpreet Kaur ◽  
Neeraj Kumar Aggarwal ◽  
Vikas Kumar ◽  
Romika Dhiman
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
General Information ◽  
Parthenium Hysterophorus ◽  
Management Option ◽  
Successful Management ◽  
Management Options ◽  
The Family

Congress grass, Parthenium hysterophorus L., of the family Asteraceae (tribe: Heliantheae), is an erect and much branched annual or ephermeral herb, known for its notorious role as environmental, medical, and agricultural hazards. It is believed to have been introduced into India and Australia from North America and in the last few years the weed has emerged as the seventh most devastating weed in Africa, Asia, and Australia. The aim of this review is to provide general information about the physiology, distribution, ill effects, and management of parthenium. Control of parthenium has been tried by various methods, but no single management option would be adequate to manage parthenium, and there is a need to integrate various management options. Successful management of this weed can only be achieved by an integrated approach with biological control as the key element.

scholarly journals The Pitfalls of Relating Weeds, Herbicide Use, and Crop Yield: Don't Fall Into the Trap! A Critical Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Colbach ◽  
Sandrine Petit ◽  
Bruno Chauvel ◽  
Violaine Deytieux ◽  
Martin Lechenet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Arable Farming ◽  
Herbicide Use ◽  
The Impact

The growing recognition of the environmental and health issues associated to pesticide use requires to investigate how to manage weeds with less or no herbicides in arable farming while maintaining crop productivity. The questions of weed harmfulness, herbicide efficacy, the effects of herbicide use on crop yields, and the effect of reducing herbicides on crop production have been addressed over the years but results and interpretations often appear contradictory. In this paper, we critically analyze studies that have focused on the herbicide use, weeds and crop yield nexus. We identified many inconsistencies in the published results and demonstrate that these often stem from differences in the methodologies used and in the choice of the conceptual model that links the three items. Our main findings are: (1) although our review confirms that herbicide reduction increases weed infestation if not compensated by other cultural techniques, there are many shortcomings in the different methods used to assess the impact of weeds on crop production; (2) Reducing herbicide use rarely results in increased crop yield loss due to weeds if farmers compensate low herbicide use by other efficient cultural practices; (3) There is a need for comprehensive studies describing the effect of cropping systems on crop production that explicitly include weeds and disentangle the impact of herbicides from the effect of other practices on weeds and on crop production. We propose a framework that presents all the links and feed-backs that must be considered when analyzing the herbicide-weed-crop yield nexus. We then provide a number of methodological recommendations for future studies. We conclude that, since weeds are causing yield loss, reduced herbicide use and maintained crop productivity necessarily requires a redesign of cropping systems. These new systems should include both agronomic and biodiversity-based levers acting in concert to deliver sustainable weed management.

scholarly journals Benefits and Limitations of Decision Support Systems (DSS) with a Special Emphasis on Weeds

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Kanatas ◽  
Ilias S. Travlos ◽  
Ioannis Gazoulis ◽  
Alexandros Tataridas ◽  
Anastasia Tsekoura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support Systems ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Support Systems ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Management Options ◽  
The Right

Decision support systems (DSS) have the potential to support farmers to make the right decisions in weed management. DSSs can select the appropriate herbicides for a given field and suggest the minimum dose rates for an herbicide application that can result in optimum weed control. Given that the adoption of DSSs may lead to decreased herbicide inputs in crop production, their potential for creating eco-friendly and profitable weed management strategies is obvious and desirable for the re-designing of farming systems on a more sustainable basis. Nevertheless, it is difficult to stimulate farmers to use DSSs as it has been noticed that farmers have different expectations of decision-making tools depending on their farming styles and usual practices. The function of DSSs requires accurate assessments of weeds within a field as input data; however, capturing the data can be problematic. The development of future DSSs should target to enhance weed management tactics which are less reliant on herbicides. DSSs should also provide information regarding weed seedbank dynamics in the soil in order to suggest management options not only within a single period but also in a rotational view. More aspects ought to be taken into account and further research is needed in order to optimize the practical use of DSSs for supporting farmers regarding weed management issues in various crops and under various soil and climatic conditions.

Managing Weeds in Commercial Edamame Production: Current Options and Implications

Weed Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 954-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Weed Suppressive Ability ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Density And Biomass

Edamame, a specialty food-grade soybean popular among health-conscious consumers, is growing in popularity worldwide. Despite a well-developed soybean industry, most edamame consumed in the United States is imported from Asia. Considerable interest exists in growing edamame domestically; however, weed interference is a major problem, and until recently, only a single herbicide was registered for use on the crop. The objectives of this work were (1) to compare effectiveness of weed management treatments that utilize herbicides currently registered for use on edamame or that may be registered in the near future, (2) to determine the significance of edamame cultivar on performance of these treatments, and (3) to identify potential relationships between the crop and weed. Ten different weed management treatments were tested in three edamame cultivars over a 3-yr period. All weed management treatments increased marketable pod yield relative to the nontreated control, but only treatments with saflufenacil orS-metolachlor combinations were comparable to the hand-weeded weed-free treatment. Of the treatments studied,S-metolachlor followed by imazamox was among the greatest yielding, had the least weed density and biomass, and did not reduce crop population density. Also, cultivars differed in their weed-suppressive ability. Path analysis indicated certain relationships were consistent across cultivars, such as weed population density having a direct negative association with crop biomass; however, other edamame–weed interactions were not identical across cultivars. Although more improvements are needed, the vegetable industry is beginning to have nascent weed management options in edamame, which will likely reduce reliance on hand weeding and result in crop-production costs that are more competitive in the global market.

scholarly journals Crop Allelopathy for Sustainable Weed Management in Agroecosystems: Knowing the Present with a View to the Future

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2104
Author(s):  
Aurelio Scavo ◽  
Giovanni Mauromicale
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Cover Cropping ◽  
The Face ◽  
As Stress

In the face of yield losses caused by weeds, especially in low-input agricultural systems, and environmental pollution due to the excessive use of synthetic herbicides, sustainable weed management has become mandatory. To address these issues, allelopathy, i.e., the biochemical phenomenon of chemical interactions between plants through the release of secondary metabolites into the environment, is gaining popularity. Although many important crops are known for their allelopathic potential, farmers are still reluctant to use such knowledge practically. It is therefore important to assist advisors and farmers in assessing whether allelopathy can be effectively implemented into an eco-friendly weed management strategy. Here, we aim to give a comprehensive and updated review on the herbicidal potential of allelopathy. The major findings are the following: (1) Crops from different botanical families show allelopathic properties and can be cultivated alone or in combination with other non-allelopathic crops. (2) Many allelopathic tools can be adopted (crop rotation, intercropping, cover cropping as living or dead mulches, green manuring, use of allelochemical-based bioherbicides). (3) These methods are highly flexible and feature increased efficiency when combined into an integrated weed management strategy. (4) Recent advances in the chemistry of allelopathy are facilitating the use of allelochemicals for bioherbicide production. (5) Several biotechnologies, such as stress induction and genetic engineering techniques, can enhance the allelopathic potential of crops or introduce allelopathic traits de novo. This review shows how important the role of allelopathy for sustainable weed management is and, at the same time, indicates the need for field experiments, mainly under an integrated approach. Finally, we recommend the combination of transgenic allelopathy with the aforementioned allelopathic tools to increase the weed-suppressive efficacy of allelopathy.

scholarly journals Cover Crops for Weed Management in Southern Reduced-Tillage Vegetable Cropping Systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Price ◽  
Jason. K. Norsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Future Production

With growing agricultural demands from both conventional and organic systems comes the need for sustainable practices to ensure long-term productivity. Implementation of reduced- or no-till practices offers a number of environmental benefits for agricultural land and maintains adequate yield for current and future production. Concerns over satisfactory pest control options, particularly weed control, have contributed to the slow adoption of conservation practices in many areas. To identify effective alternative weed management options for use in conservation systems, research in the Southeast has continued to evaluate the use of cover crops in conjunction with reduced-tillage practices. A number of cover crop species, including cereal grains, legumes, and Brassicaceae species, that have potential to suppress weeds through direct crop interference or allelopathic potential have been investigated. Many recent research projects in the Midsouth and southeastern United States have assessed the success of cover crops in reduced-tillage row crop settings with promising outcomes in some systems. However, continued research is necessary to identify appropriate cover crop and tillage systems for use in other agricultural settings, such as vegetable crops and organic production systems.

The frequency of herbicide-resistant wild oat (Avena spp.) populations remains stable in Western Australian cropping fields

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mechelle J. Owen ◽  
Stephen B. Powles
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Random Survey ◽  
First Time ◽  
Western Australian

Avena is a problematic weed of cropping regions of southern Australia and many areas of the world. In 2010, a random survey was conducted across 14 million hectares of the Western Australian grain belt to monitor the change in herbicide resistance levels by comparing resistance frequency results with a survey conducted in 2005. Screening Avena populations with herbicides commonly used to control this weed revealed that 48% of Avena populations displayed resistance to the commonly used acetyl-Co A carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides, which was lower than that found in 2005 (71%). The broad-spectrum herbicides glyphosate and paraquat provided good control of all Avena populations. Resistance to acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides and to flamprop were detected for the first time in Western Australia in this survey. Therefore, a wide range of weed management options that target all phases of the cropping program are needed to sustain these cropping systems in the future.

Multiple herbicide-resistant wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) populations dominate Western Australian cropping fields

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mechelle J. Owen ◽  
Neree J. Martinez ◽  
Stephen B. Powles
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Raphanus Raphanistrum ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Random Survey ◽  
Imidazolinone Herbicides ◽  
Western Australian

Raphanus raphanistrum is a problematic weed, which has become increasingly difficult to control in Australian cropping regions. In 2010, a random survey was conducted across 14 million ha of the Western Australian grain belt to establish the frequency of herbicide resistance in R. raphanistrum and to monitor the change in resistance levels by comparing results with a previous survey in 2003. Screening R. raphanistrum populations with herbicides commonly used to control this weed revealed that most populations (84%) contained individual plants resistant to the acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicide chlorsulfuron, whereas 49% of populations also had plants resistant to the imidazolinone herbicides. Resistance to other mode of action herbicides (2,4-D (76%) and diflufenican (49%)) was also common. Glyphosate, atrazine and pyrasulfotole + bromoxynil remained effective on most R. raphanistrum populations. These results demonstrate that resistance to some herbicides has increased significantly since 2003 when the values were 54% for chlorsulfuron and 60% for 2,4-D; therefore, a wide range of weed management options that target all phases of the cropping program are needed to sustain these cropping systems in the future.

scholarly journals Screening the nematicidal potential of indigenous medicinal plant extracts against Meloidogyne incognita under lab. and greenhouse conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosny Kesba ◽  
Abdullah Abdel-Rahman ◽  
Samy Sayed ◽  
Al-Sayed Al-Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Nematicidal Activity ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Soil Drench ◽  
Medicinal Plant Extracts ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts

Abstract Background The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, causes a high damage and yield decrease for many economic plants. The need for non-systemic effective new approaches and environmentally friendly methods for controlling the nematodes has directed research to some new and safe agrochemicals found in medicinal plants as new viable management options. Results In laboratory experiments, solidago and periwinkle aqueous and ethanolic extracts achieved high J2 mortality (%) concerning different dilutions; however, aqueous extracts were more effective for mortality than ethanolic extracts. Also, there was a direct relationship between the nematicidal activity of these extracts with both concentration and time of application. Inhibition of egg hatching by Periwinkle extracts was higher than that of solidago. Moreover, the nematicidal activity of tested extracts against J2 decreased significantly with prolonged storage time at + 5 °C, while did not with stored frozen at – 5 °C for 12 months. Periwinkle and solidago extracts killed the non-target organisms, i.e., rotifers and free-living nematodes. Seventy-five and 90% of total phytochemicals recovered from periwinkle and solidago, respectively were nematostatic or nematicidal to nematode viability, egg hatch in vitro, and development and reproduction in vivo despite the method of application (foliar and soil drench). The antagonistic effects of solidago were more pronounced in soil drench than periwinkle concerning their concentrations and methods of application. Conclusion Solidago and periwinkle plant extracts showed important sources of effective control phytochemicals against M. incognita.

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