scholarly journals Growth Pattern, Biochemical and Physiological Characteristics to Determine Harvesting Time of Big White Ginger Rhizome Seeds

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Devi Rusmin ◽  
M.R Suhartanto ◽  
S. Ilyas ◽  
Dyah Manohara ◽  
E. Widajati
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Large White ◽  
Ginger Rhizome ◽  
Hormonal Content ◽  
Rhizome Morphology

<p>The use of young seed rhizomes became one of the obstacles in large white ginger (JPB) cultivation. Young ginger rhizomes rapidly shrank and decrease their viability. The experiment was aimed to study growth patterns, biochemical changes, and physiology of ginger plants to produce good quality rhizome seeds.  JPB rhizome seeds used were 9 months old, have been stored for 2 weeks after harvest, weighed 30-40 g with 2-3 buds, healthy, and given seed treatment. The rhizomes were planted in growth medium in polybags (60 cm x 60 cm). The study was conducted by direct observation, repeated 4 times, consisting of 50 plants per replication.  Observations were made on the plant growth patterns (plant height, stem length, tillers number, leaves number); rhizome development (fresh weight, branch rhizomes number, moisture content, and dry weight during growth); starch and hormonal content (IAA, gibberellin, ABA and cytokinin) of the rhizomes; and viability of rhizome seeds (growth rate, seed height, and dry weight). The results showed that the rhizomes of the 7-month-old ginger after planting (MAP) has entered the ripening phase, the rhizome morphology was optimal, and the starch content was not different from the rhizome seeds at 8 and 9 MAP. In addition, physiologically, the rhizome's growth potential was maximal (100%), growth rate (4.3% etmal<sup>-1</sup>), and seed height (33.8 cm) were better than 8 MAP (80%, 2.9% etmal<sup>-1</sup>, 33.7 cm) and 9 MAP (70%, 2.3% etmal<sup>-1</sup>, 29.4 cm).  This study indicated that ginger rhizomes harvested from 7 months old plants can be used for seeds.</p>

scholarly journals A Proposed Methodology to Analyze Plant Growth and Movement from Phenomics Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 2839 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Victoria Díaz-Galián ◽  
Fernando Perez-Sanz ◽  
Jose David Sanchez-Pagán ◽  
Julia Weiss ◽  
Marcos Egea-Cortines ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Petunia X Hybrida ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Transformation Curve ◽  
Growth Habits

Image analysis of developmental processes in plants reveals both growth and organ movement. This study proposes a methodology to study growth and movement. It includes the standard acquisition of internal and external reference points and coordinates, coordinates transformation, curve fitting and the corresponding statistical analysis. Several species with different growth habits were used including Antirrhinum majus, A. linkianum, Petunia x hybrida and Fragaria x ananassa. Complex growth patterns, including gated growth, could be identified using a generalized additive model. Movement, and in some cases, growth, could not be adjusted to curves due to drastic changes in position. The area under the curve was useful in order to identify the initial stage of growth of an organ, and its growth rate. Organs displayed either continuous movements during the day with gated day/night periods of maxima, or sharp changes in position coinciding with day/night shifts. The movement was dependent on light in petunia and independent in F. ananassa. Petunia showed organ movement in both growing and fully-grown organs, while A. majus and F. ananassa showed both leaf and flower movement patterns linked to growth. The results indicate that different mathematical fits may help quantify growth rate, growth duration and gating. While organ movement may complicate image and data analysis, it may be a surrogate method to determine organ growth potential.

scholarly journals Variation Between Cut Chrysanthemum Cultivars in Response to Suboptimal Temperature

2007 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke van der Ploeg ◽  
Ranathunga J.K.N. Kularathne ◽  
Susana M.P. Carvalho ◽  
Ep Heuvelink
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Cultivation Period ◽  
Optimum Response ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Response To Temperature

To breed for more energy-efficient cut chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) cultivars it is important to know the variation of the temperature response existing in modern cultivars. In a greenhouse experiment with 25 chrysanthemum cultivars, a significant variation was observed in temperature response (16 °C or 20 °C) for reaction time, total dry weight produced, stem length, and flower size and number. To study this genetic variation in temperature response over a larger range of temperatures (15 °C to 24 °C), four contrasting cultivars (Annecy, Delianne, Reagan, and Supernova) were selected in a second experiment. Furthermore, a third experiment was performed in which the cultivation period was split into three phases and the influence of temperature in each of these phases was studied for the four selected cultivars. Dry weight production in all cultivars was very sensitive to temperature during the long day period. Relative growth rate showed an optimum response to temperature, with the optimum around 24 °C. Net assimilation rate also showed an optimum response to temperature, whereas leaf area ratio increased linearly with temperature. Compared with these temperature effects during the long day, the effect of temperature on absolute growth rate during the short day was, depending on the cultivar, relatively small or even absent. The reaction time, on the other hand, was very temperature sensitive, showing an optimum that was cultivar dependent. The temperature response of the total dry weight production during the whole cultivation period was, therefore, very cultivar dependent. Furthermore, depending on the cultivar, stem length increased with temperature, especially during long day, as a result of both increasing internode number and average internode length. The response of both flower size and number to temperature was also highly cultivar specific. The possibilities of using this genetic variation for breeding are discussed.

Effect of Light Intensity and Temperature on Photosynthetic Rate, Leaf Starch Content and Ultrastructure of Paspalum dilatatum

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Forde ◽  
HCM Whitehead ◽  
JA Rowley
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Paspalum Dilatatum ◽  
Minor Variation ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Light Intensities

;Paspalum dilatatum plants were grown in growth cabinets under two light intensities (224 and 90 W m-2) at day/night temperatures of 27.5/20.0, 20.0/12.5, 17.5/12.5 and 15.0/10.0°C. Additional plants were grown in the glasshouse and outside. Relative growth rate was closely correlated with the mean hourly photosynthetic rate of the plant during the day. Starch varied from 0.8 to 5.3 % of the leaf dry weight at the end of the night and from 3.0 to 11.6% at the end of the day. Photosynthetic rate of cabinet-grown plants remained constant during the day as starch accumulated. The rate declined for plants from outside, although their leaf starch levels were no higher than those of cabinet-grown plants. No evidence was found of feedback repression of photosynthetic rate caused by assimilate accumulation. There was only minor variation in mesophyll chloroplast structure between plants grown at different light intensities at the same temperature. A decline in temperature below 20.0/12.5°C increased swelling of mesophyll chloroplasts, as well as reducing development of the peripheral reticulum. The structure of bundle sheath chloroplasts was little affected by the environment apart from its effect on starch accumulation. While growth rate increased rapidly as temperature increased, there was much less effect of temperature on accumulation of starch during the day. It was concluded that photosynthesis and the accumulation of starch are less sensitive to temperature than is overall plant growth.

scholarly journals KARAKTER FISIK DAN FISIOLOGIS JENIS RIMPANG SERTA KO RELASINYA DENGAN VIABILITAS BENIH JAHE PUTIH BESAR (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
MELATI MELATI ◽  
SATRIYAS ILYAS ◽  
ENDAH RETNO PALUPI ◽  
ANAS D SUSILA
Keyword(s):  
Starch Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Large White ◽  
Propagation Material ◽  
Growth Ability ◽  
Physiological Characters

<p>ABSTRAK</p><p>Salah satu kendala dalam produksi jahe putih  besar (Zingiber treatments tested were five types of rhizomes, control (2-3 vegetative officinale Rosc.) adalah tingginya kebutuhan benih yaitu sekitar 2 juta ton buds), mother rhizome, primary rhizome, secondary rhizomes, and tertiary per ha. Efisiensi penggunaan benih tanaman telah dilakukan melalui penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menentukan karakter awal rimpang yang berhubungan/berkorelasi dengan viabilitas benih rimpang dan peluang perbanyakan jahe dengan menggunakan satu jenis rimpang. Percobaan ini dilaksanakan di rumah kaca dan laboratorium benih Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat, Bogor pada bulan Mei 2014 sampai Agustus 2014. Benih tanaman berasal dari jahe putih besar yang dipanen pada umur 9 bulan. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak kelompok dengan 4 ulangan. Perlakuan yang diuji yaitu lima jenis rimpang  yaitu kontrol (2-3 propagul), rimpang induk, rimpang primer, rimpang sekunder, dan rimpang tersier. Pengamatan karakteristik awal rimpang/mutu fisik (bobot, diamater, panjang dan kekerasan) dilakukan terhadap masing-masing jenis rimpang. Mutu kimia meliputi kadar pati, kadar serat, kadar air, kandungan hormon GA3 dan hormon IAA serta laju respirasi. Peubah yang diamati untuk menduga viabilitas benih yaitu daya tumbuh yang diukur 1 BST (bulan setelah tanam). Viabilitas potensial benih yaitu tinggi tunas,  jumlah  tunas,  jumlah  daun,  bobot  kering  tunas,  bobot  basah rimpang, bobot kering rimpang, panjang akar bobot kering akar diamati pada 1,5  BST.  Data  awal (karakter  fisik  dan  fisiologis  rimpang) dikorelasikan dengan viabilitas benih. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa  kadar  pati  berkorelasi  positif  dengan  viabilitas  benih (daya tumbuh).  Viabilitas  benih  berkorelasi  negatif  dengan  karakter  fisik rimpang (bobot, kekerasan, dan diameter). Rimpang induk mempunyai kadar pati dan kekerasan yang tinggi. Kontrol yang selama ini digunakan sebagai   kriteria   benih   mempunyai   daya   tumbuh   rendah.   Efisiensi penggunaan rimpang dapat dilakukan menggunakan satu jenis rimpang (satu propagul). Rimpang induk, primer, sekunder dan  tersier yang terdiri atas satu propagul dengan bobot rimpang antara 20 dan 40 g dapat digunakan sebagai sumber benih.</p><p>Kata kunci:  Zingiber  officinale  Rosc,  efisiensi  benih,  jenis  rimpang, korelasi, viabilitas benih</p><p> </p><p>Correlation Among Physical, Physiological Characters of Rhizome Type and Viability of Large White Ginger (Zingiber officinale     Rosc.)</p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p>One  of the problems  in the  large white ginger  production  of (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is high requirement for seed rhizome (± 2 ton per ha). Efficiency of propagation material has been carried out through research that aims to determine the initial character of rhizome related to seed viability of ginger rhizome and opportunity’s of propagation using one type of rhizome. This experiment was conducted in the greenhouse  and laboratory of  Seed Research Institute for Spices and Medicinal Crops,  Bogor from May 2014 to August 2014. The plant material derived from a large white ginger is harvested 9 months after planting. The design used was a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments tested were five types of rhizomes, secondary rhizomes, and tertiary rhizomes. Observations  baseline  characteristics  of  rhizomes  /physical characters (weight, diameter, length and hardness) carried out on each type of rhizome. Physiological characters (starch content, fiber content, water content, GA3, IAA and respiration rate). Viability (growth ability) was observed at 1 MAP (month after planting). Potential viability (sprout height,  number  of  shoots,  number  of  leaves,  dry  weight  of  shoots, rhizomes wet weight, dry weight of rhizomes, root length root dry weight) were observed at 1.5 MAP. The physical, physiological characters and viability observations were subjected to correlation. The  results  showed  that starch  content  positive  significant correlation with viability (growth   ability).   Viability was   negative significant  correlation  with physical character  of rhizome (weight, hardness, and diameter). Mother rhizome has high starch content and high hardness.  Efficiency of seeds can be done by using single rhizome (one propagule) as propagation material, with rhizome weight ± 20 - 40g.</p><p>Keywords:  Zingiber  officinale  Rosc,  seed  efisiensi,    rhizome  type, correlation, viability</p>

scholarly journals Fruit Yield and Quality as Related to Flushes of Bearing Shoots in Litchi

2008 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jer-Chia Chang ◽  
Tzong-Shyan Lin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
The Impact

The goal of this study was to document the relationship between fruit growth patterns and flushing number in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn. cv. 73-S-20). The impact of flush number on fruit retention, fruit quality, and leaf efficiency (g fruit FW produced per unit of leaf area at harvest) was assessed in field-grown 6-year-old trees by adjusting the number of flushes per bearing shoot through girdling at two fruit developmental stages. The cumulative fruit growth was sigmoidal. The greatest fruit relative growth rate (RGR) occurred during 3 to 5 weeks after full bloom (AFB), peaking on week 3 at 0.39 g·g−1 dry weight (DW) per day. The greatest fruit absolute growth rate (AGR) occurred during weeks 8 to 11, peaking on week 11 at 0.16 g·d−1 DW. Fruit retention was sensitive to girdling applied during week 3. Most fruit dropped on branches with ≤ two flushes, whereas fruit continued to develop on branches with three flushes and on the controls. There was a gradual loss of fruit when the girdling was applied during week 8. The number of fruit retained on branches with two and three flushes was similar to the controls. At harvest, regardless of the time of branch girdling, fruit yield and quality increased with increasing number of flushes; shoots with three flushes were similar to ungirdled controls. Leaf efficiency on branches girdled during week 3 was inferior to that girdled during week 8. All treatments had similar leaf efficiency when branches were girdled during week 8. On the other hand, girdling treatment applied during week 3 resulted in variable leaf efficiency among treatment, indicating that fruit were utilizing reserves in bearing shoots. We concluded that bearing shoots of ‘73-S-20’ litchi trees require a minimum number of three flushes for adequate fruit production.

scholarly journals DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF CLONES OF EUCALYPT TO GLYPHOSATE1

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Bianco de Carvalho ◽  
Pedro Luis da Costa Aguiar Alves ◽  
Flávia Regina da Costa
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Net Assimilation

Weed control is commonly performed by the inter-row mechanical weeding associated to intrarow glyphosate directed spraying, causing a risk for drift or accidental herbicide application, that can affect the crop of interest. The objective was to evaluate the response of clones C219, GG100, I144, and I224 of eucalypt (Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla) to glyphosate doses of 0, 18, 36, 72, 180, 360, and 720 g of acid equivalent per hectare. The clones showed different growth patterns with regard to height, leaf number, stem dry weight, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, and relative leaf growth rate. The clones I144 and GG100 were more susceptible to glyphosate, showing the doses required to reduce dry weight by 50% of 113.4 and 119.6 g acid equivalent per hectare, respectively. The clones C219 and I224 were less susceptible to glyphosate, showing the doses required to reduce dry weight by 50% of 237.5 and 313.5 g acid equivalent per hectare, respectively. Eucalyptus clones respond differently to glyphosate exposure, so that among I224, C219, GG100, and I144, the susceptibility to the herbicide is increasing.

scholarly journals Growth patterns in biomass and size structure of Mytilus galloprovincialis cultivated in the Ría de Arousa (north-west Spain)

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M.F. Babarro ◽  
Uxío Labarta ◽  
María José Fernández-Reiriz
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Rocky Shore ◽  
Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽  
Shell Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Size Spectrum ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Raft Culture

Growth of seed mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from two origins (rocky shore and collector ropes) placed on raft culture was compared. Mussel seed were cultivated following the commercial culture phases commonly used in Galician Rías: (a) from seeding to thinning-out and (b) from thinning-out to harvest. Differences in growth rate were clearly related to the phase of the culture, being significant during the first phase from seeding to thinning out (January–November 1998). In the latter phase, weight values observed for collector rope mussels were significantly higher than those for rocky shore individuals (0·65 vs 0·45 g total dry weight, 0·11 vs 0·08 g tissue dry weight, 0·53 vs 0·37 g shell dry weight and 0·09 vs 0·07 g tissue organic weight per month, respectively; P<0·001). Neither shell length nor weight (soft tissue or shell) growth rate showed differences during the second phase of the culture from thinning out to harvest (November 1998–July 1999; P>0·05). Nevertheless, in terms of output, the higher number of individuals above 70 mm (77% vs 61%) and the heavier soft tissue (and total) weight (23–30%) for collector ropes mussels when compared to rocky shore ones at harvest, highlighted the importance of choosing the former stock. Condition index (CI) did not differ at the onset of the culture between both origins (P>0·05), but mussels from collector ropes showed significantly higher values than those from the rocky shore from May to November 1998 (P<0·001) before thinning-out was undertaken. No differences in CI were observed from thinning out to harvest between both types of mussels (P>0·05). Although both populations showed normal (unimodal) size distributions at the onset of the culture, mussels from rocky shore origin fitted better to bimodal profiles throughout the first phase of the culture. These bimodal distributions of rocky shore population did disappear during the second phase suggesting a more uniform size spectrum as a consequence of the thinning out process, which involves a selection of size.

scholarly journals Seasonal Reproductive and Vegetative Growth Patterns and Resource Allocation during Cactus Pear Fruit Growth

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Inglese ◽  
G. Barbera ◽  
T. La Mantia
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Cactus Pear ◽  
The Core ◽  
Fruit Harvest

Flowers and stems (cladodes) of cactus pear [Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.] appear simultaneously in spring, and a second vegetative and reproductive flush can be obtained in early summer by completely removing flowers and cladodes of the spring flush at bloom time. The seasonal growth patterns of cactus pear fruits and cladodes were examined in terms of dry-weight accumulation and cladode extension (surface area) to determine if cladodes are competitive sinks during fruit development. Thermal time was calculated in terms of growing degree hours (GDH) accumulated from bud burst until fruit harvest. Fruits of the spring flush had a 25% lower dry weight and a shorter development period than the summer flush fruits, and, particularly, a shorter duration and a lower growth rate at the stage when most of the core development occurred. The duration of the fruit development period was better explained in terms of thermal rather than chronological time. The number of days required to reach commercial harvest maturity changed with the time of bud burst, but the thermal time (40 × 103 GDH) did not. Newly developing cladodes may become competitive sinks for resource allocation during most of fruit growth, as indicated by the cladode's higher absolute growth rate, and the fruit had the highest growth rate during the final swell of the core, corresponding to a consistent reduction in cladode growth rate. Cladode surface area extension in the first flush ceased at the time of summer fruit harvest (20 Aug.), while cladodes continued to increase in dry weight and thickness until the end of the growing season (November), and, eventually, during winter. The growth of fruit and cladodes of the summer flush occurred simultaneously over the course of the season; the cladodes had a similar surface area and a lower (25%) dry-weight accumulation and thickness than did first flush cladodes. The proportion of annual aboveground dry matter allocated to the fruits was 35% for the spring flush and 46% for the summer flush, being similar to harvest increment values reported for other fruit crops, such as peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.]. Summer cladode pruning and fruit thinning should be accomplished early in the season to avoid resource-limited growth conditions that could reduce fruit and cladode growth potential.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON RATE AND DURATION OF KERNEL DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION OF MAIZE

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 935-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. TOLLENAAR ◽  
T. W. BRUULSEMA
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Linear Kernel ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Kernel Growth

The response of rate and duration of kernel dry matter accumulation to temperatures in the range 10–25 °C was studied for two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown under controlled-environment conditions. Kernel growth rates during the period of linear kernel growth increased linearly with temperature (b = 0.3 mg kernel−1 d−1 °C−1). Kernel dry weight at physiological maturity varied little among temperature treatments because the increase in kernel growth rate with increase in temperature was associated with a decline in the duration of kernel growth proportional to the increase in kernel growth rate.Key words: Zea mays L, period of linear kernel dry matter accumulation, controlled-environment conditions, kernel growth rate

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 2. Differing nutrient density at a constant energy: protein ratio

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
M. E. Cundy ◽  
R. Cooke ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

SUMMARYForty-eight gilts by Landrace sires on Large White × Landrace females were randomly allocated to eight pens and within pens to six treatment groups involving three diets and two levels of feeding from 23 to 59 kg live weight. All diets were formulated to have approximately the same ratio of digestible energy to crude protein (160 kcal DE/unit % CP) but different energy and protein concentrations: (A) 3500 kcal/kg DE and 21 % CP, (B) 3150 kcal/kg DE and 19% CP, and (C) 2800 kcal/kg DE and 17% CP. Amino acid balance was maintained relatively constant with synthetic lysine, methionine and tryptophan. The levels of feeding were such that the lower level of diet A allowed an intake of energy and protein similar to the higher level of diet B, and the lower level of B was similar to the higher level of C.On the lower level of feeding, growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion and carcass fat content increased linearly with each increment in nutrient concentration; on the higher level of feeding growth rate and EFC increased from diet C to B but not from B to A, whereas carcass fat content increased linearly with diet from the lowest to the highest concentration. There was a non-significant tendency for the higher density diets at a similar level of nutrient intake to give better EFC and fatter carcasses than the lower density diets.

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