scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF FINANCIALIZATION OF INCOME INEQUALITY IN ASEAN: DATA PANEL ANALYSIS

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pihri Buhaerah
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Moment Analysis ◽  
Private Debt ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Fixed Model ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the impact of financialization on income inequality in ASEAN-5 countries for the period of 1990-2013 by employing panel data analysis. The data was collected from various secondary sources by undertaking fixed effect model and generalized method moment. The result shows that there is a significant relationship between all financialization indicators and income distribution. Generalized method moment analysis using Arellano-Bond estimator also shows that all financialization indicators have a significant relationship with income distribution. There is no different sign estimator both in fixed model effect and generalized method moment analysis. This paper revealed that financialization indicators such as stock market capitalization and return on assets contribute positively to worsen income inequlality. Incontrast, domestic private debt securities have a negative effect on gini coefficient in ASEAN-5 countries indicating that increasing domestic private debt securities will improve income distribution in the region.

scholarly journals The Effect of Technology Spillovers on Income Distribution: An Application on OECD Countries

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neşe Algan ◽  
Erhan İşcan ◽  
Duygu Serin Oktay
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Empirical Finding ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Technology Spillovers ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
The Impact

Ensuring a fair income distribution to increase social welfare is one of the main objectives of economic policies. With the acceleration of innovations in information and communication technology in the 20th century, the developments in technology have been characterized as the main reason for growth, welfare and productivity growth. However, rapid technological developments have revealed that significant changes in the dynamics of income inequalities occur at the same time. The growth in income inequality has increased significantly in many countries recently. Accordingly, the notion that the spread of technology has led to growth in income inequality has attracted attention in recent years. In the light of this information, the aim of the study is to reveal the impact of the spread of new technologies on income inequality and the factors underlying the income inequality dynamics. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of technology spillovers on income inequality of selected OECD countries including Turkey using panel data analysis. The data for all countries obtained from the World Bank’s Development Indicators and OECD. Stat. The empirical conclusion indicated the effect of the technology spillovers on income inequality. This empirical finding contributed to promote the existing literature, and also draws main attention of policymakers. Because, knowing the factors underlying income inequality, which is seen as an important economic and social problem, is important in determining effective policies to ensure a more equitable income distribution.

The effects of debt restructurings on income inequality in the developing world

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406612110014
Author(s):  
Glen Biglaiser ◽  
Ronald J. McGauvran
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Impact

Developing countries, saddled with debts, often prefer investors absorb losses through debt restructurings. By not making full repayments, debtor governments could increase social spending, serving poorer constituents, and, in turn, lowering income inequality. Alternatively, debtor governments could reduce taxes and cut government spending, bolstering the assets of the rich at the expense of the poor. Using panel data for 71 developing countries from 1986 to 2016, we assess the effects of debt restructurings on societal income distribution. Specifically, we study the impact of debt restructurings on social spending, tax reform, and income inequality. We find that countries receiving debt restructurings tend to use their newly acquired economic flexibility to reduce taxes and lower social spending, worsening income inequality. The results are also robust to different model specifications. Our study contributes to the globalization and the poor debate, suggesting the economic harm caused to the less well-off following debt restructurings.

scholarly journals Is Transportation Infrastructure Important to the One Belt One Road (OBOR) Initiative? Empirical Evidence from the Selected Asian Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwang-Jing Yii ◽  
Kai-Ying Bee ◽  
Wei-Yong Cheam ◽  
Yee-Lee Chong ◽  
Ching-Mei Lee
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Transportation Infrastructure ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

The One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative is implemented to improve the linkage between China and its neighboring countries in terms of economic ties, connectivity, partnership, and security cooperation. The crucial challenge encountered in OBOR initiative is the different gauge standards from different countries in the development of railway along the Silk Road. Another issue arose from the regulation of education sector in the aspect of quality, cost, and efficiency. To the best of our knowledge, there is still lack of study on the transportation infrastructure and education towards the GDP in the selected Asian countries, especially for Central Asia. Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of OBOR initiative and its importance towards economic growth by further investigating the determinants such as transportation infrastructure, education, labor, trade, and inflation rate. This study employs panel data analysis using the annual data from the period of 2000–2015. The selected Asian countries are divided into three regions, namely Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan), ASEAN (Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia), and East Asia (China, Mongolia). Besides, we use fixed effect model (FEM) to obtain the results based on the support of Hausman test and Poolability F-test. The findings reveal that transportation infrastructure possess a positive effect on GDP. Surprisingly, education is negatively related to GDP. With this, policy makers are suggested to encourage OBOR countries to expand and upgrade their system in terms of transportation infrastructure, human capital, culture, and education. In future studies, the advanced model is recommended to investigate the pre- and post-efficiency of OBOR initiative.

scholarly journals The impact of uptake of selected agricultural technologies on rice farmers’ income distribution in Ghana

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Addison ◽  
Kwasi Ohene-Yankyera ◽  
Patricia Pinamang Acheampong ◽  
Camillus Abawiera Wongnaa
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Empirical Result ◽  
National Development ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Rice Farmers ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Government of Ghana’s effort to reduce income inequality consistently poses a major challenge to public policy formulation. The promotion and dissemination of agricultural technologies as a pathway out of income inequality in rural Ghana have received widespread support. Yet, knowledge about the impact of agricultural technologies on rural income inequality remains low. The objective of the study is to evaluate the link between the uptake of improved rice technologies and income distribution in the study area. Methods This paper uses a survey data from 917 smallholder rice producers in selected communities in Ghana. The study employs the Bourguignon, Fournier, and Gurgand (BFG) selection bias correction model, a two-stage model, to empirically analyse the role of agricultural technologies in rural income distribution. Results The empirical result shows that education, farm size, land ownership, participation in relevant extension training programmes enhance adoption, but gender (female) inhibits uptake of the selected technologies. The empirical result further shows that the uptake of the improved rice seed and fertilizer increases rice farmers’ net revenue significantly. The result further indicates that farmers’ choice of the selected agricultural technologies decreases the sample population income inequality, indicating the uptake of the technologies has an equalizing effect on rice farmers’ income distribution. Conclusion The study concludes that the use of the selected technologies has potential to fight rural poverty in Ghana. The findings have implications for National Development Planning Commission (NDPC) agenda of redistribution of wealth in Ghana.

On the Impact of Government Institutions on Economic Growth and Income Inequality in Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
Леонид Басовский ◽  
Leonid Basovskiy ◽  
В. Бабанов ◽  
V. Babanov ◽  
Елена Басовская ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Impact

In order to assess the extent to which the institutions of government in the current conditions in recent years in Russia — the activity of government officials and local governments affected economic growth, the correlation of the number of this category of workers with the growth rates of the economy was evaluated. The results show that by 2002 the positive correlation between the number of employees of state bodies and local self-government and the rate of economic growth was a negative one. The activities of employees of state and local governments began to slow down economic growth in the country. In order to assess how the change in the level of inequality of income distribution in modern Russia is due to the activities of employees of state-shock authorities and local self-government, its relation to the number of employees in this category of funds, which reflects the degree of income inequality, was evaluated. The results show that by 2011 the negative relationship between the number of employees of state bodies and local governments and the level of inequality of income distribution of growth replaced by a positive relationship. The activities of employees of state and local governments began to contribute to reducing the level of inequality of income distribution in the country.

scholarly journals Determinants of Income Inequality in EU Candidate Countries: A Panel Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-413
Author(s):  
Vesna Bucevska
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Eu Candidate Countries ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

AbstractDespite increasing income per capita, the EU candidate and potential candidate countries remain confronted with high levels of income inequality. The purpose of our paper is to identify the main determinants of income inequality among the EU candidate countries. In addition to macroeconomic factors, we also analyze the impact of demographic variables to provide more reliable estimates. Using panel data analysis with fixed effects in the period 2005-2017 for three EU candidate countries (North Macedonia, Serbia and Turkey) we find that the unemployment rate, the level of economic development and the investment rate are the main determinants whose increase leads to a bigger income differentiation in the analyzed countries. The government indebtedness has also a statistically significant, but a negative impact on income inequality. The other two macroeconomic variables in the model – the terms of trade and inflation are statistically insignificant. Among the demographic factors, population growth and education significantly affect income inequality among the EU candidate countries. The obtained results suggest that a sustainable economic growth combined with active measures in the labor market and the improvement of education level of the population could lead to more equal income distribution.

scholarly journals The Impact of Institutional Quality on Social Cohesion: Evidence from Worldwide Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol Volume 4 (Issue 3) ◽  
pp. 207-231
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nadeem ◽  
Mumtaz Anwar ◽  
Zahid Pervaiz
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Harmful Effects

Diversity and socioeconomic deprivation have been widely discussed as determinants of social cohesion. These two factors are considered to be a threat to social cohesion. The existing literature identifies the problem however the literature suggesting the solution is very limited. The most important determinant which can cure the problems of social cohesion is the better quality of institutions, however, the literature on this aspect is very scant. Current study has investigated the impact of institutional quality on social cohesion. Current study employs the fixed effect model for estimation. The analysis is conducted for 135 countries, using five-year average panel data. The results suggest that institutional quality augments social cohesion, while ethnic diversity, income inequality, and globalization are a threat to social cohesion. Gender equality and per capita income also augment social cohesion. Moreover, the threat to social cohesion is greater when there is: low institutional quality and high: ethnic diversity, and income inequality as compared to a situation where there are high institutional quality and low: ethnic diversity, and income inequality. The results further suggest that the harmful effects of ethnic diversity, globalization, and inequality can be, not only overcome by institutional quality but can also be put to use to enhance social cohesion.

scholarly journals Tax, transfers, and income inequality in New Zealand during 1988-2013

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Matthew Nolan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Disposable Income ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Transfer System ◽  
Transfer Policy ◽  
Transfer Payments ◽  
The Impact

<p>This dissertation investigates the role tax and transfer policy changes played in the evolution of New Zealand disposable income inequality between 1988 and 2013. Across five papers, the key changes in tax and transfer policies are identified, the labour supply response of individuals to the changes are estimated, and the impact of these changes on the income distribution is quantified. Overall, nearly 40% of the increase in income inequality during this period is attributable to changes in the tax-transfer system.  The tax and transfer payment changes investigated in this dissertation cover the gradual flattening of the tax scale over the 1980/90s, the reduction in benefit payments following the 1991 Mother of All Budgets, the introduction of Working for Families in 2005, and the erosion of transfer payments relative to the average wage throughout the period.  Given these changes, the efficacy of the tax transfer system for meeting vertical and horizontal equity goals is evaluated using data from the Household Economic Survey (HES). The redistributive effect of tax-transfer policy fell from 22.6 Gini points to 18.2 Gini points between 1988/91 and 2011/13, with a corresponding decline in the amount of vertical equity in the tax-transfer system. Between the same periods the degree of horizontal inequity rose,although this was predominantly the result of greater targeting in the tax-transfer system.  The adjustment in the structure of the tax-transfer system not only leads to a change in tax liabilities and transfer payments, but also generates a behavioural change by individuals with regards to the number of hours they would be willing to work. Preference parameter estimates over hours of work and income are generated for individuals in the sample, with imputed wages estimated for those who are out of work.  A tax-transfer microsimulation model, that utilises wage and preference parameter estimates, is then used to construct counterfactual scenarios where the tax-transfer system of a given year is applied to the population of other years. For example, the tax-transfer system of 1988-1991 is applied to the population in 2010-2013 in order to create a scenario representing what the disposable income distribution in 2010-2013 would look like with the 1988-1991 tax-transfer system. Estimates from this process suggest that nearly 40% of the increase in disposable income inequality between the 1988/91 and 2010/13 periods was due to the change in payments and labour supply behaviour associated with tax-transfer policy adjustments.  Other potential drivers of income inequality change were investigated by reweighting the HES data of one period to more closely represent the population of another period. Although shifts in the share of individuals in part time work also generated an increase in income inequality, the lift in higher educational attainment over this period is estimated to have reduced income inequality more sharply (by nearly 22%). The shift in the age distribution towards prime-aged work was not associated with any change in the aggregate income inequality measure.</p>

scholarly journals Determinant Factors Poverty of Relativity in Banten Province: A Panel Data Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-141
Author(s):  
Deris Desmawan ◽  
Rizal Syaifudin ◽  
Randi Mamola Mamola ◽  
Hanifa Haya ◽  
Dwi Indriyani
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
The Government

The problem of the poverty of relativity today is still a crucial topic considering the economic conditions in Indonesia are experiencing a slump due to Covid-19. The problem of poverty relativity is one of the main points that must be faced by the government in providing social protection assistance policies as a form of economic recovery during the Covid-19. The poverty of relativity in Banten Province is relatively high even though it has been ranked 10 nationally. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the relationship between unemployment, income inequality, and human capital as well as find out which level is very dominant in the long run on each of the variables that directly affect the relativity of poverty in Banten Province. This study examines how changes in economic indicators occur due to the Covid-19 pandemic in 8 Regencies/Cities of Banten Province. The analysis of this study uses panel data regression using the method Fixed Effect Model (FEM) in 8 regencies/cities in Banten Province in the data range from 2016 to 2020. The results of this study indicate that unemployment due to layoffs has a positive and significant influence on the relativity of poverty in 8 districts/cities of Banten Province. Furthermore, this study shows that income inequality has no significant and positive effect on the relativity of poverty. Meanwhile, human capital appears to be one of the dominant factors that can have a negative and significant impact on economic recovery and reduce the relative impact of poverty during the Covid-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Research on Property Income Inequality Effect of Fiscal Finance

Economies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaozhun Peng ◽  
Hongyou Lu
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Chinese Family ◽  
Inequality Decomposition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Property Income ◽  
Fiscal Expenditure ◽  
The Impact

“Creating conditions for more people to have property income” has become a national policy after the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Based on the micro survey data from Chinese Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and the macro panel data at the provincial level, a logarithmic linear equation was built to estimate the impact of micro and macro factors on property income. Furthermore, the contribution of fiscal expenditure and financial development on property income equality can be recognized using the regression-based inequality decomposition method. This research revealed that fiscal expenditure improves residents’ property income and slightly reduces the inequality of property income distribution. With respect to financial development, it improves residents’ property income but aggravates the inequality of property income distribution. However, there is a significant difference between the different regions. In eastern and central regions, inequality of property income distribution greatly benefits from fiscal expenditure, while in northwest regions, fiscal expenditure makes property income inequality even worse. Therefore, the focus of financial sustainable development is to reduce property income inequality through the establishment of an effective government and the improvement of the rule of laws.

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