Design of Simultaneous Enhanced Oil Recovery and Carbon Dioxide Storage With Potential Application to Offshore Trinidad

SPE Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (02) ◽  
pp. 345-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorraine E. Sobers ◽  
Martin J. Blunt ◽  
Tara C. LaForce
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Gas Injection ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Reservoir Properties ◽  
Injection Strategy ◽  
Oil Density ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Summary We developed an injection strategy to recover moderately heavy oil and store carbon dioxide (CO2) simultaneously. Our compositional simulations are founded on pressure/volume/temperature- (PVT-) matched properties of oil found in an unconsolidated deltaic sandstone deposit in the Gulf of Paria, offshore Trinidad. In this region, oil density ranges between 940 and 1010 kg/m3 (9 to 18°API). We use countercurrent injection of gas and water to improve reservoir sweep and trap CO2 simultaneously; water is injected in the upper portion of the reservoir, and gas is injected in the lower portion. The two water-injection rates investigated, 100 and 200 m3/d, correspond to the water-gravity numbers 6.3 to 3.1 for our reservoir properties. We applied this injection strategy using vertical producers with two injection configurations: single vertical injector and a pair of horizontal parallel laterals in a simplified representation of the unconsolidated Forest sand found offshore Trinidad. Twelve simulation runs were conducted, varying injection-gas composition for miscible- and immiscible-gas drives, water-injection rate, and injection-well orientation. Our results show that water-over-gas injection can realize oil recoveries ranging from 17 to 30%. In each instance, more than 50% of injected CO2 remained in the reservoir, with less than 15% of the retained CO2 in the mobile phase.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on Enhanced Oil Recovery by Nitrogen-Water Alternative Injection in Reservoir with Natural Fractures

Geofluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Xiang Li ◽  
Yuan Cheng ◽  
Wulong Tao ◽  
Shalake Sarulicaoketi ◽  
Xuhui Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Gas Injection ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Orthogonal Experimental Design ◽  
Fractured Reservoir ◽  
Natural Fractures ◽  
Nitrogen Injection

The production of a low permeability reservoir decreases rapidly by depletion development, and it needs to supplement formation energy to obtain stable production. Common energy supplement methods include water injection and gas injection. Nitrogen injection is an economic and effective development method for specific reservoir types. In order to study the feasibility and reasonable injection parameters of nitrogen injection development of fractured reservoir, this paper uses long cores to carry out displacement experiment. Firstly, the effects of water injection and nitrogen injection development of a fractured reservoir are compared through experiments to demonstrate the feasibility of nitrogen injection development of the fractured reservoir. Secondly, the effects of gas-water alternate displacement after water drive and gas-water alternate displacement after gas drive are compared through experiments to study the situation of water injection or gas injection development. Finally, the reasonable parameters of nitrogen gas-water alternate injection are optimized by orthogonal experimental design. Results show that nitrogen injection can effectively enhance oil production of the reservoir with natural fractures in early periods, but gas channeling easily occurs in continuous nitrogen flooding. After water flooding, gas-water alternate flooding can effectively reduce the injection pressure and improve the reservoir recovery, but the time of gas-water alternate injection cannot be too late. It is revealed that the factors influencing the nitrogen-water alternative effect are sorted from large to small as follows: cycle injected volume, nitrogen and water slug ratio, and injection rate. The optimal cycle injected volume is around 1 PV, the nitrogen and water slug ratio is between 1 and 2, and the injection rate is between 0.1 and 0.2 mL/min.

scholarly journals Simulation Study of Allied In-Situ Injection and Production for Enhancing Shale Oil Recovery and CO2 Emission Control

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3961
Author(s):  
Haiyang Yu ◽  
Songchao Qi ◽  
Zhewei Chen ◽  
Shiqing Cheng ◽  
Qichao Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Gas Injection ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Oil Reservoirs ◽  
Shale Oil ◽  
Shale Oil Reservoirs

The global greenhouse effect makes carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction an important task for the world, however, CO2 can be used as injected fluid to develop shale oil reservoirs. Conventional water injection and gas injection methods cannot achieve desired development results for shale oil reservoirs. Poor injection capacity exists in water injection development, while the time of gas breakthrough is early and gas channeling is serious for gas injection development. These problems will lead to insufficient formation energy supplement, rapid energy depletion, and low ultimate recovery. Gas injection huff and puff (huff-n-puff), as another improved method, is applied to develop shale oil reservoirs. However, the shortcomings of huff-n-puff are the low sweep efficiency and poor performance for the late development of oilfields. Therefore, this paper adopts firstly the method of Allied In-Situ Injection and Production (AIIP) combined with CO2 huff-n-puff to develop shale oil reservoirs. Based on the data of Shengli Oilfield, a dual-porosity and dual-permeability model in reservoir-scale is established. Compared with traditional CO2 huff-n-puff and depletion method, the cumulative oil production of AIIP combined with CO2 huff-n-puff increases by 13,077 and 17,450 m3 respectively, indicating that this method has a good application prospect. Sensitivity analyses are further conducted, including injection volume, injection rate, soaking time, fracture half-length, and fracture spacing. The results indicate that injection volume, not injection rate, is the important factor affecting the performance. With the increment of fracture half-length and the decrement of fracture spacing, the cumulative oil production of the single well increases, but the incremental rate slows down gradually. With the increment of soaking time, cumulative oil production increases first and then decreases. These parameters have a relatively suitable value, which makes the performance better. This new method can not only enhance shale oil recovery, but also can be used for CO2 emission control.

Carbon Dioxide Flooding Technology Research and Field Test in Liuzan North Block

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (05n06) ◽  
pp. 1460007
Author(s):  
Hanshi Zhang ◽  
Pingya Luo ◽  
Lei Sun ◽  
Zhijun Fu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Formation Energy ◽  
Gas Injection ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
High Water ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Injection

The fault roots of Liuzan north block in Jidong oilfield of China have been long-term explored by solution gas drive. Recently, oil production declined rapidly because of shortage of formation energy and needing high water injection pressure. Carbon dioxide injection pressure is found to be generally low, and CO 2 has good solubility in crude oil to supply formation energy and achieve high oil recovery efficiency. In this work, a pilot program of CO 2 EOR technology was carried out. The slim tube test results showed that the minimal miscible pressure of Liuzan north block was 28.28 MPa. The injection parameters were optimized by numerical simulation method: the injection method was continuous, the slug size was 0.2 HCPV and the EOR efficiency was 7.23%. After two months of gas injection field test, the formation pressure of two gas injectors just increased by 14.02 MPa and 2.98 MPa, respectively, indicating that carbon dioxide could supply the formation energy effectively. 16 months after gas injection, the CO 2 injection amount was 14640 t, and the oil increment was 16424 t. The present work demonstrates the potential applicability of CO 2 flooding technology from high water injection reservoirs.

Evaluating the Effects of CO2 Injection in Faulted Oil Reservoirs

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.. Augustus ◽  
D.. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Oil Reservoirs ◽  
Co2 Injection ◽  
Geologic Sequestration ◽  
Sweep Efficiency ◽  
Fracture Pressure ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Migration Pathways

Abstract The geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide (GCS) into depleted reservoirs has been contemplated and tested in several projects globally both for permanent storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) and enhancing oil recovery (EOR). Utilization of geologic sequestration as a mitigation strategy to reduce the effects of anthropogenic CO2 into the atmosphere may be costly without proper incentives. This cost can be lowered when incremental oil is recovered in mature fields because of rising oil prices and possibly earning carbon credits for sequestered CO2. The injection of CO2, for most of the infrastructure should be in place for mature fields. Therefore many EOR coupled with CO2 sequestration projects attempt to maximize the recovery of oil whilst storing as much CO2 as possible. Many oil reservoirs are reaching or have reached their maturity therefore secondary and tertiary methods for EOR have become increasingly important for sustainable volumes of oil to be produced. Reservoir simulators have become increasingly important in the pre-evaluation of these projects for proper reservoir management and evaluation. One of the most critical problems when considering the geologic storage of CO2 is the risk of leakage which can lead to seepage from the storage area. In Trinidad and Tobago (T&T) many reservoirs are highly faulted. Some faults form an integral part of the structural traps whilst others are leaky and provide migration pathways for the injected CO2 to return to surface. A simulation study was conducted using the commercial compositional simulator CMG-GEM. The model described in this paper seeks to optimize the injection of CO2 into an oil reservoir with some degree of compartmentalization due to faulting whilst maximizing the amount of incremental oil that can be produced. One of the main considerations will be to maximize the sweep efficiency below the fracture pressure and fault entry pressure. The model is intended for a type of formation likely to be used for storage in Trinidad. We conducted sensitivity analysis on the injection rate and fault transmissibity in an analogous field to those located offshore Trinidad. It was concluded that faults transmissibility affect the overall production of oil reservoirs. Sealing faults stored less CO2 and had less cumulative production than non sealing faults.

scholarly journals Modeling Near-Miscible Gas Foam Injection in Fractured Tight Rocks and Its Challenges

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1998
Author(s):  
Haishan Luo ◽  
Kishore K. Mohanty
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Fractured Rock ◽  
Gas Injection ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
Rock Matrix ◽  
Reducing Gas ◽  
Tight Reservoirs ◽  
Modeling Strategy ◽  
Tight Rocks

Unlocking oil from tight reservoirs remains a challenging task, as the existence of fractures and oil-wet rock surfaces tends to make the recovery uneconomic. Injecting a gas in the form of a foam is considered a feasible technique in such reservoirs for providing conformance control and reducing gas-oil interfacial tension (IFT) that allows the injected fluids to enter the rock matrix. This paper presents a modeling strategy that aims to understand the behavior of near-miscible foam injection and to find the optimal strategy to oil recovery depending on the reservoir pressure and gas availability. Corefloods with foam injection following gas injection into a fractured rock were simulated and history matched using a compositional commercial simulator. The simulation results agreed with the experimental data with respect to both oil recovery and pressure gradient during both injection schedules. Additional simulations were carried out by increasing the foam strength and changing the injected gas composition. It was found that increasing foam strength or the proportion of ethane could boost oil production rate significantly. When injected gas gets miscible or near miscible, the foam model would face serious challenges, as gas and oil phases could not be distinguished by the simulator, while they have essentially different effects on the presence and strength of foam in terms of modeling. We provide in-depth thoughts and discussions on potential ways to improve current foam models to account for miscible and near-miscible conditions.

scholarly journals A Numerical Method for Computing Recovery of Oil By Hot Water Injection in a Radial System

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (02) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.P. Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Viscosity Ratio ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Radial System ◽  
System Equation ◽  
Finite Difference Equations

Abstract This report describes work on the problem of predicting oil recovery from a reservoir into which water is injected at a temperature higher than the reservoir temperature, taking into account effects of viscosity-ratio reduction, heat loss and thermal expansion. It includes the derivation of the equations involved, the finite difference equations used to solve the partial differential equation which models the system, and the results obtained using the IBM 1620 and 7090–1401 computers. Figures and tables show present results of this study of recovery as a function of reservoir thickness and injection rate. For a possible reservoir hot water flood in which 1,000 BWPD at 250F are injected, an additional 5 per cent recovery of oil in place in a swept 1,000-ft-radius reservoir is predicted after injection of one pore volume of water. INTRODUCTION The problem of predicting oil recovery from the injection of hot water has been discussed by several researchers.1–6,19 In no case has the problem of predicting heat losses been rigorously incorporated into the recovery and displacement calculation problem. Willman et al. describe an approximate method of such treatment.1 The calculation of heat losses in a reservoir and the corresponding temperature distribution while injecting a hot fluid has been attempted by several authors.7,8 In this report a method is presented to numerically predict the oil displacement by hot water in a radial system, taking into account the heat losses to adjacent strata, changes in viscosity ratio with temperature and the thermal-expansion effect for both oil and water. DERIVATION OF BASIC EQUATIONS We start with the familiar Buckley-Leverett9 equation for a radial system:*Equation 1 This can be written in the formEquation 2 This is sometimes referred to as the Lagrangian form of the displacement equation.

A Laboratory Investigation of the Effect of Ethanol-Treated Carbon Dioxide Injection on Oil Recovery and Carbon Dioxide Storage

SPE Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Saira ◽  
Emmanuel Ajoma ◽  
Furqan Le-Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Co2 Injection ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Injection ◽  
Treated Carbon ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Experimental Runs

Summary Carbon dioxide (CO2) enhanced oil recovery is the most economical technique for carbon capture, usage, and storage. In depleted reservoirs, full or near-miscibility of injected CO2 with oil is difficult to achieve, and immiscible CO2 injection leaves a large volume of oil behind and limits available pore volume (PV) for storing CO2. In this paper, we present an experimental study to delineate the effect of ethanol-treated CO2 injection on oil recovery, net CO2 stored, and amount of ethanol left in the reservoir. We inject CO2 and ethanol-treated CO2 into Bentheimer Sandstone cores representing reservoirs. The oil phase consists of a mixture of 0.65 hexane and 0.35 decane (C6-C10 mixture) by molar fraction in one set of experimental runs, and pure decane (C10) in the other set of experimental runs. All experimental runs are conducted at constant temperature 70°C and various pressures to exhibit immiscibility (9.0 MPa for the C6-C10 mixture and 9.6 MPa for pure C10) or near-miscibility (11.7 MPa for the C6-C10 mixture and 12.1 MPa for pure C10). Pressure differences across the core, oil recovery, and compositions and rates of the produced fluids are recorded during the experimental runs. Ultimate oil recovery under immiscibility is found to be 9 to 15% greater using ethanol-treated CO2 injection than that using pure CO2 injection. Net CO2 stored for pure C10 under immiscibility is found to be 0.134 PV greater during ethanol-treated CO2 injection than during pure CO2 injection. For the C6-C10 mixture under immiscibility, both ethanol-treated CO2 injection and CO2 injection yield the same net CO2 stored. However, for the C6-C10 mixture under near-miscibility,ethanol-treated CO2 injection is found to yield 0.161 PV less net CO2 stored than does pure CO2 injection. These results suggest potential improvement in oil recovery and net CO2 stored using ethanol-treated CO2 injection instead of pure CO2 injection. If economically viable, ethanol-treated CO2 injection could be used as a carbon capture, usage, and storage method in low-pressure reservoirs, for which pure CO2 injection would be infeasible.

scholarly journals Investigation of Oil Recovery in Fractured Carbonate Rock by

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
H. Karimaie ◽  
O. Torsæter
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Gas Injection ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Co2 Injection ◽  
Recovery Method ◽  
Asmari Limestone ◽  
Fractured Carbonate ◽  
Efficient Recovery ◽  
Live Oil ◽  
Non Equilibrium

The purpose of the three experiments described in this paper is to investigate the efficiency of secondary andtertiary gas injection in fractured carbonate reservoirs, focusing on the effect of equilibrium gas,re-pressurization and non-equilibrium gas. A weakly water-wet sample from Asmari limestone which is the mainoil producing formation in Iran, was placed vertically in a specially designed core holder surrounded withfracture. The unique feature of the apparatus used in the experiment, is the capability of initializing the samplewith live oil to obtain a homogeneous saturation and create the fracture around it by using a special alloy whichis easily meltable. After initializing the sample, the alloy can be drained from the bottom of the modified coreholder and create the fracture which is filled with live oil and surrounded the sample. Pressure and temperaturewere selected in the experiments to give proper interfacial tensions which have been measured experimentally.Series of secondary and tertiary gas injection were carried out using equilibrium and non-equilibrium gas.Experiments have been performed at different pressures and effect of reduction of interfacial tension werechecked by re-pressurization process. The experiments showed little oil recovery due to water injection whilesignificant amount of oil has been produced due to equilibrium gas injection and re-pressurization. Results alsoreveal that CO2 injection is a very efficient recovery method while injection of C1 can also improve the oilrecovery.

The Research and Evaluation of Finely Layered Water Injection Standard in Low-Permeability Reservoirs - A Case from Block A in one Low-Permeability Reservoir

2014 ◽  
Vol 1073-1076 ◽  
pp. 2310-2315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Xian Wang ◽  
Wan Jing Luo ◽  
Jie Ding
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Reservoir Permeability ◽  
Engineering Parameters ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Low Permeability Reservoirs

Due to the common problems of waterflood in low-permeability reservoirs, the reasearch of finely layered water injection is carried out. This paper established the finely layered water injection standard in low-permeability reservoirs and analysed the sensitivity of engineering parameters as well as evaluated the effect of the finely layered water injection standard in Block A with the semi-quantitative to quantitative method. The results show that: according to the finely layered water injection standard, it can be divided into three types: layered water injection between the layers, layered water injection in inner layer, layered water injection between fracture segment and no-fracture segment. Under the guidance of the standard, it sloved the problem of uneven absorption profile in Block A in some degree and could improve the oil recovery by 3.5%. The sensitivity analysis shows that good performance of finely layered water injection in Block A requires the reservoir permeability ratio should be less than 10, the perforation thickness should not exceed 10 m, the amount of layered injection layers should be less than 3, the surface injection pressure should be below 14 MPa and the injection rate shuold be controlled at about 35 m3/d.

An In-Depth Review of the Recovery Mechanisms for the Cyclic Gas Injection Process in Shale Oil Reservoirs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilario Martin Rodriguez ◽  
Yalda Barzin ◽  
Gregory James Walker ◽  
Markus Gruenwalder ◽  
Matias Fernandez-Badessich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Hydraulic Fracture ◽  
Gas Injection ◽  
Pressure Profile ◽  
Shale Oil ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Pure Methane ◽  
Recovery Mechanisms ◽  
Incremental Oil Recovery

Abstract This study has double objectives: investigation of the main recovery mechanisms affecting the performance of the gas huff-n-puff (GHnP) process in a shale oil reservoir, and application of optimization techniques to modelling of the cyclic gas injection. A dual-permeability reservoir simulation model has been built to reproduce the performance of a single hydraulic fracture. The hydraulic fracture has the average geometry and properties of the well under analysis. A history match workflow has been run to obtain a simulation model fully representative of the studied well. An optimization workflow has been run to maximize the cumulative oil obtained during the GHnP process. The operational variables optimized are: duration of gas injection, soaking, and production, onset time of GHnP, injection gas flow rate, and number of cycles. This optimization workflow is launched twice using two different compositions for the injection gas: rich gas and pure methane. Additionally, the optimum case obtained previously with rich gas is simulated with a higher minimum bottom hole pressure (BHP) for both primary production and GHnP process. Moreover, some properties that could potentially explain the different recovery mechanisms were tracked and analyzed. Three different porosity systems have been considered in the model: fractures, matrix in the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV), and matrix in the non-SRV zone (virgin matrix). Each one with a different pressure profile, and thus with its corresponding recovery mechanisms, identified as below: Vaporization/Condensation (two-phase system) in the fractures.Miscibility (liquid single-phase) in the non-SRV matrix.Miscibility and/or Vaporization/Condensation in the SRV matrix: depending on the injection gas composition and the pressure profile along the SRV the mechanism may be clearly one of them or even both. Results of this simulation study suggest that for the optimized cases, incremental oil recovery is 24% when the gas injected is a rich gas, but it is only 2.4% when the gas injected is pure methane. A higher incremental oil recovery of 49% is obtained, when injecting rich gas and increasing the minimum BHP of the puff cycle above the saturation pressure. Injection of gas results in reduction of oil molecular weight, oil density and oil viscosity in the matrix, i.e., the oil gets lighter. This net decrease is more pronounced in the SRV than in the non-SRV region. The incremental oil recovery observed in the GHnP process is due to the mobilization of heavy components (not present in the injection gas composition) that otherwise would remain inside the reservoir. Due to the main characteristic of the shale reservoirs (nano-Darcy permeability), GHnP is not a displacement process. A key factor in success of the GHnP process is to improve the contact of the injected gas and the reservoir oil to increase the mixing and mass transfer. This study includes a review of different mechanisms, and specifically tracks the evolution of the properties that explain and justify the different identified mechanisms.

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