scholarly journals Co-regulation role of endogenous hormones and transcriptomics profiling under cold stress in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Peng ◽  
Wenyu Qiu ◽  
Hao Wu ◽  
Hongjiang Chen ◽  
Zhongyi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cold Sensitivity ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Tetrastigma Hemsleyanum ◽  
Cold Response ◽  
Chilling Sensitivity ◽  
Steep Decline ◽  
Endogenous Aba

Abstract Background: Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg is a valuable medicinally herb, Chilling sensitivity is the dominant environmental factor limiting the artificial domestication of the plants. Hormone-related gene regulation and hormone signaling pathways in response to cold stress in T. hemsleyanum remain unknown.Results: Some key genes involved in hormones biosynthesis, such as ZEP and NCED genes of ABA biosynthesis, GA2ox, GA3ox, and GA20ox genes of GA biosynthesis, ACO genes of ET biosynthesis were screened to be crucial in cold response. Consistently, the response of ABA and ABA/GA1+3 to cold stress was prior to that of GA1+3, ZR, ABA/IAA, and ABA/ZR. The increasing changes in ABA/GA1+3 turned to a steep decline with the extension of stress time, which might be one factor contributing to cold-sensitivity of T. hemsleyanum under prolonged stress. The cold tolerance of T. hemsleyanum would be enhanced by endogenous ABA but repressed by GA3 when each phytohormone was applied alone. The ABA-mediated promotion and GA-mediated repression of cold tolerance could both be attenuated by the co-application of the two phytohormones within 6h. When the biosynthesis of endogenous ABA and GA were inhibited by FLU and PAC, respectively, the effects of GA and ABA treatment were reversed partially.Conclusions: In summary, we present the first study of global expression patterns of hormone-regulated transcripts in T. hemsleyanum. This study suggested that GA and ABA work antagonistically to balance the responses to cold in T. hemsleyanum. PAC, a GA biogenesis inhibitor, as well as exogenous ABA, might be potential plant growth regulators that can promote cold tolerance of T. hemsleyanum. The study also provided valuable hints in revealing a new theoretical basis and potential candidate genes that govern cold tolerance of T. hemsleyanum.

scholarly journals Co-regulation role of endogenous hormones and transcriptomics profiling under cold stress in Tetrastigma hemsleyanum

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Peng ◽  
Wenyu Qiu ◽  
Mingjie Li ◽  
Hao Wu ◽  
Hongjiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cold Sensitivity ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Tetrastigma Hemsleyanum ◽  
Cold Response ◽  
Chilling Sensitivity ◽  
Steep Decline

Abstract Background: Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg is a valuable medicinal herb, Chilling sensitivity is the dominant environmental factor limiting the artificial domestication of the plant. Hormone-related gene regulation and hormone signaling pathways in response to cold stress in T. hemsleyanum remain unknown. Results: Some key genes involved in hormones biosynthesis, such as ZEP and NCED genes of ABA biosynthesis, GA2ox, GA3ox, and GA20ox genes of GA biosynthesis, ACO genes of ET biosynthesis pathway were screened to be crucial in cold response. Consistently, the response of ABA and ABA/GA1+3 to cold stress was prior to that of GA1+3, ZR, ABA/IAA, and ABA/ZR. The increasing changes in ABA/GA1+3 turned to a steep decline with the extension of stress time, which might be one factor contributing to cold-sensitivity of T. hemsleyanum under prolonged stress. The cold tolerance of T. hemsleyanum would be enhanced by ABA but repressed by GA3 when each phytohormone was applied alone. The ABA-mediated promotion and GA-mediated repression of cold tolerance could both be attenuated by the co-application of the two phytohormones within 6h. When the biosynthesis of endogenous ABA and GA were inhibited by FLU and PAC, respectively, the effects of GA and ABA treatment were reversed partially. Conclusions: In summary, we presented the first study of global expression patterns of hormone-regulated transcripts in T. hemsleyanum. This study suggested that GA and ABA could work antagonistically to balance the responses to cold in T. hemsleyanum. PAC, a GA biogenesis inhibitor, as well as exogenous ABA, might be potential plant growth regulators that can promote cold tolerance of T. hemsleyanum. The study also provided valuable hints in revealing a new theoretical basis and potential candidate genes that govern cold tolerance of T. hemsleyanum.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Analysis of the NAC Transcription Factor Gene Family Reveals Differential Expression Patterns and Cold-Stress Responses in the Woody Plant Prunus mume

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaokang Zhuo ◽  
Tangchun Zheng ◽  
Zhiyong Zhang ◽  
Yichi Zhang ◽  
Liangbao Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Freezing Stress ◽  
Prunus Mume ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Freezing Resistance

NAC transcription factors (TFs) participate in multiple biological processes, including biotic and abiotic stress responses, signal transduction and development. Cold stress can adversely impact plant growth and development, thereby limiting agricultural productivity. Prunus mume, an excellent horticultural crop, is widely cultivated in Asian countries. Its flower can tolerate freezing-stress in the early spring. To investigate the putative NAC genes responsible for cold-stress, we identified and analyzed 113 high-confidence PmNAC genes and characterized them by bioinformatics tools and expression profiles. These PmNACs were clustered into 14 sub-families and distributed on eight chromosomes and scaffolds, with the highest number located on chromosome 3. Duplicated events resulted in a large gene family; 15 and 8 pairs of PmNACs were the result of tandem and segmental duplicates, respectively. Moreover, three membrane-bound proteins (PmNAC59/66/73) and three miRNA-targeted genes (PmNAC40/41/83) were identified. Most PmNAC genes presented tissue-specific and time-specific expression patterns. Sixteen PmNACs (PmNAC11/19/20/23/41/48/58/74/75/76/78/79/85/86/103/111) exhibited down-regulation during flower bud opening and are, therefore, putative candidates for dormancy and cold-tolerance. Seventeen genes (PmNAC11/12/17/21/29/42/30/48/59/66/73/75/85/86/93/99/111) were highly expressed in stem during winter and are putative candidates for freezing resistance. The cold-stress response pattern of 15 putative PmNACs was observed under 4 °C at different treatment times. The expression of 10 genes (PmNAC11/20/23/40/42/48/57/60/66/86) was upregulated, while 5 genes (PmNAC59/61/82/85/107) were significantly inhibited. The putative candidates, thus identified, have the potential for breeding the cold-tolerant horticultural plants. This study increases our understanding of functions of the NAC gene family in cold tolerance, thereby potentially intensifying the molecular breeding programs of woody plants.

scholarly journals Different Responses of Cytoplasmic and Endoplasmic Reticulum Hsp90 Genes from Eogystia hippophaecola (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) to Cold Stress

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1039
Author(s):  
Qianqian Wang ◽  
Jing Tao ◽  
Yurong Li ◽  
Yabei Xu ◽  
Xinhai Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Sea Buckthorn ◽  
Open Reading Frames

Eogystia hippophaecola Hua, Chou, Fang et Chen (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) is an important borer pest of the sea buckthorn forest (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in China. Its larvae, which are highly cold tolerant, mainly overwinter in sea buckthorn roots. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are important molecular chaperones that have been linked to cold tolerance in insects. In this study, we cloned the open reading frames (ORFs) of two Hsp90 genes from E. hippophaecola, EhHsp90-1 and EhHsp90-2, and analyzed their expression under cold stress by qRT-PCR. EhHsp90-1 and EhHsp90-2 are 2154 and 2346 bp in length, respectively, encoding 717 and 781 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequences contain the conserved signature sequences of the Hsp90 family and the C-terminus characteristic sequence of cytoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum Hsp90 protein. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the amino acid sequences of EhHsp90-1 and EhHsp90-2 were very similar to the corresponding proteins from Lepidoptera. Under various low-temperature treatments lasting 2 h, EhHsp90-1 and EhHsp90-2 exhibited similar expression patterns, increasing first and then decreasing. At −5 °C, EhHsp90-1 was significantly up-regulated after 12 h, whereas EhHsp90-2 was up-regulated after just 1 h and reached its highest level at 2 h; however, the overall degree of upregulation was greater for EhHsp90-1. Subsequently, the expression level of EhHsp90-2 fluctuated with time. Our results suggest that the two Hsp90s play important roles in E. hippophaecola larvae response to cold stress, but that their response times and the magnitudes of their responses to low-temperature stress differed significantly, providing a theoretical basis for further studying the molecular mechanism of cold tolerance in E. hippophaecola larvae.

scholarly journals Functional Identification of ICE Transcription Factors in Rubber Tree

Forests ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Yan Li ◽  
Caihong Quan ◽  
Shuguang Yang ◽  
Shaohua Wu ◽  
Minjing Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Transgenic Arabidopsis ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Functional Identification

ICE (inducer of CBF expression) is a positive regulator of cold signaling pathway in plants. Identification of ICE transcription factors is important for the sustainable development of the natural rubber planting industry in nontraditional regions where sudden cold waves often occur. In this study, five ICE genes were isolated from genome of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) for analysing tolerance to cold stress. They shared an ICE-specific region in the highly conserved bHLH-ZIP domain and were localized in the nucleus. The HbICEs were different in transcript abundance and expression patterns in response to cold and drought stresses and among different rubber tree clones. Generally, the expression level of HbICEs was significantly higher in the cold-tolerant rubber tree clones than that in the cold-sensitive rubber tree clones. Overexpression of HbICE1, HbICE2, and HbICE4 significantly enhanced the cold tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco, which showed a significant increase in chlorophyll content and decrease in relative water content and conductivity at the early stage of cold stress in comparison with wild-type plants. Furthermore, overexpression of HbICE2 and HbICE4, but also HbICE1 enhanced drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. The cold tolerance of rubber tree clones is positively controlled by the expression level of HbICE1, HbICE2, and HbICE4.

scholarly journals iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics analysis of cantaloupe (Cucumis melo var. saccharinus) after cold storage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Song ◽  
Fengxian Tang ◽  
Wenchao Cai ◽  
Qin Zhang ◽  
Fake Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Cold Response ◽  
Low Temperature Storage ◽  
Metabolic Analysis

Abstract Background: During the low temperature storage, cantaloupe is susceptible to the cold stress, resulting in the loss of edible and commercial quality. To ascertain the molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance in cantaloupe, cold-sensitive cultivar Goldqueen-308 (GE) and cold-tolerant cultivar Jiashi-310 (JS) were used for quantitative proteomic analysis with iTRAQ in parallel. Results: In this work, two commercial cultivars were treated at 0.5℃ for 0, 12 and 24 days. Phenotypes assays showed that GE suffered a more severe damage as the cold treatment time extended. Proteomic analysis revealed that the number of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) changed significantly over time in cold-exposed cantaloupe. Comparing with GE, JS responded in a prompter manner in terms of expressing cold-responding proteins during the similarly cold treatment. Furthermore, much more different groups of proteins were mobilized in response to the cold treatment in JS comparing with GE. Metabolic analysis indicated that more amino acids were up-regulated in JS during the early phases of cold stress. This study also identified some DEPs since they were up-regulated in JS or down-regulated in GE in terms of molecular mechanisms, which were mainly related to carbohydrate and energy metabolism, structure proteins, ROS scavening, amino acid metabolic and signaling transduction. Moreover, iTRAQ analysis was confirmed to be reliable via the results of phenotypes assays, metabolic analysis and q-PCR validation. Conclusion: By proteomics information,we found that the prompt response and the significant mobilization of proteins in JS maintained a higher level of cold tolerance, and the delay of cold response in GE could be a critical reason for the severe chilling injury. The candidate proteins we found will be the basis of future studies for further investigations and our findings may help to better understand the novel mechanisms of cold tolerance in cantaloupe.

scholarly journals Gene Expression Analysis in Cold Stress Conditions Reveals BBX20 and CLO as Potential Biomarkers for Cold Tolerance in Almond

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 527
Author(s):  
Beatriz Bielsa ◽  
Jorge Israel Ávila-Alonso ◽  
Ángel Fernández i Martí ◽  
Jérôme Grimplet ◽  
María José Rubio-Cabetas
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Cold Response ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Phenotype Analysis ◽  
Spring Frosts

Late spring frosts can become one of the limiting factors for the expansion of cultivation area towards a harsher climate for the almond [Prunus amygdalus Batsch syn P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] crop as spring frost can damage up to 90% of the harvest. In order to identify key genes favoring cold tolerance in almonds, branches from three late-blooming genotypes: ‘Guara’, ‘Soleta’ and ‘Belona’ were exposed at −4 °C during 24 h in a constant climate chamber. Phenotype analysis showed that ‘Guara’ and ‘Soleta’ had a greater acclimation capacity to cold than ‘Belona’. The qRT-PCR BioMark System technology was used to monitor the relative expression of 30 candidate genes with a potential relation to cold response, which are either involved in the ICE-CBF-COR pathway or the independent CBF pathway, and also genes not yet characterized or with unknown function in almond genome. Differences in the gene expression profiles were found among the three studied genotypes and the three time-points of cold exposure (0, 2 and 24 h). BBX20 and CLO genes behaved as differentiator genes between tolerant and susceptible genotypes in cold stress response in almond pistils. In addition, the differences of expression among the tolerant genotypes suggested the intervention of different mechanisms responding to cold stress in almonds.

scholarly journals Selection and Evaluation of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time Reverse-Transcriptase PCR under Cold Stress in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) during Fruit Development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinkun Yang ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Yong Lian ◽  
Yuhui Chen ◽  
Fuzhong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Reference Genes ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Stable Gene ◽  
Qrt Pcr

Abstract Background Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a thermophilic vegetable, and its yield and quality are often affected by cold stress. Therefore, identifying the key genes and mechanisms of cold tolerance has become a significant topic in eggplant. qRT-PCR has been widely used to analyse gene expression patterns, and reliable reference genes are necessary for this technique. Methods To select and evaluate suitable reference genes for qRT-PCR, 18 candidate genes selected from transcriptome sequence data were subjected to analysis of their expression stability under natural cold and normal temperature conditions. Four commonly used programs (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and RefFinder) were used to determine the stabilities of these genes. Results The results showed that D5, D4 and D1 were the three most stable reference genes among the 18 genes. Then, D5, D4 and D1 were compared with commonly used reference genes. The results showed that D5 was still the most stable gene, followed by APRT, D4, and Actin was the least stable gene. Conclusion D5, APRT and D4 were recommended as a reference gene combination for gene expression normalization under cold stress and at normal temperature during fruit development. Our results provide a molecular foundation for further research on the cold tolerance mechanism of eggplant.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Identification and Function of Aquaporin Genes During Dormancy and Sprouting Periods of Kernel-Using Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaofeng Li ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Yaoxiang Zhang ◽  
Gaopu Zhu ◽  
Xuchun Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Flower Buds

Aquaporins (AQPs) are essential channel proteins that play a major role in plant growth and development, regulate plant water homeostasis, and transport uncharged solutes across biological membranes. In this study, 33 AQP genes were systematically identified from the kernel-using apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) genome and divided into five subfamilies based on phylogenetic analyses. A total of 14 collinear blocks containing AQP genes between P. armeniaca and Arabidopsis thaliana were identified by synteny analysis, and 30 collinear blocks were identified between P. armeniaca and P. persica. Gene structure and conserved functional motif analyses indicated that the PaAQPs exhibit a conserved exon-intron pattern and that conserved motifs are present within members of each subfamily. Physiological mechanism prediction based on the aromatic/arginine selectivity filter, Froger’s positions, and three-dimensional (3D) protein model construction revealed marked differences in substrate specificity between the members of the five subfamilies of PaAQPs. Promoter analysis of the PaAQP genes for conserved regulatory elements suggested a greater abundance of cis-elements involved in light, hormone, and stress responses, which may reflect the differences in expression patterns of PaAQPs and their various functions associated with plant development and abiotic stress responses. Gene expression patterns of PaAQPs showed that PaPIP1-3, PaPIP2-1, and PaTIP1-1 were highly expressed in flower buds during the dormancy and sprouting stages of P. armeniaca. A PaAQP coexpression network showed that PaAQPs were coexpressed with 14 cold resistance genes and with 16 cold stress-associated genes. The expression pattern of 70% of the PaAQPs coexpressed with cold stress resistance genes was consistent with the four periods [Physiological dormancy (PD), ecological dormancy (ED), sprouting period (SP), and germination stage (GS)] of flower buds of P. armeniaca. Detection of the transient expression of GFP-tagged PaPIP1-1, PaPIP2-3, PaSIP1-3, PaXIP1-2, PaNIP6-1, and PaTIP1-1 revealed that the fusion proteins localized to the plasma membrane. Predictions of an A. thaliana ortholog-based protein–protein interaction network indicated that PaAQP proteins had complex relationships with the cold tolerance pathway, PaNIP6-1 could interact with WRKY6, PaTIP1-1 could interact with TSPO, and PaPIP2-1 could interact with ATHATPLC1G. Interestingly, overexpression of PaPIP1-3 and PaTIP1-1 increased the cold tolerance of and protein accumulation in yeast. Compared with wild-type plants, PaPIP1-3- and PaTIP1-1-overexpressing (OE) Arabidopsis plants exhibited greater tolerance to cold stress, as evidenced by better growth and greater antioxidative enzyme activities. Overall, our study provides insights into the interaction networks, expression patterns, and functional analysis of PaAQP genes in P. armeniaca L. and contributes to the further functional characterization of PaAQPs.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic profiling of germinating seeds under cold stress and characterization of the cold-tolerant gene LTG5 in rice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
yinghua Pan ◽  
Haifu Liang ◽  
Lijun Gao ◽  
Gaoxing Dai ◽  
Weiwei Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Wild Rice ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Oryza Rufipogon ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Cold Sensitive

Abstract Background: Wild rice ( Oryza rufipogon Griff.) is an important germplasm resource for rice improvement. It has superior tolerance for many abiotic stresses including cold stress, but little is known about the mechanism underlying its resistance to cold. Low temperature is one of the most prevalent factors that limit rice productivity and geographical distribution.Results: This study aimed to elucidate the molecular genetic mechanisms of wild rice in tolerating low temperature. Comprehensive transcriptome profiles of two rice genotypes (cold-sensitive ce 253 and cold-tolerant Y12-4) at the germinating stage under cold stress were comparatively analyzed. A total of 42.44–68.71 million readings were obtained, resulting in the alignment of 29128 and 30131 genes in genotypes 253 and Y12-4, respectively. Many common and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed in cold-sensitive and cold-tolerant genotypes. Results showed more upregulated DEGs in cold-tolerant genotypes than in cold-sensitive genotypes at four stages under cold stress. Gene ontology enrichment analyses indicated more upregulated genes than downregulated ones in cold-tolerant genotypes based on cellular process, metabolic process, response stimulus, membrane part, and catalytic activity. To confirm the RNA Sequencing (RNA-seq) data, Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed on seven randomly selected DEGs. These genes showed similar expression patterns corresponding with the RNA-Seq method. We also explored a gene for cold tolerance LTG5 , encoding a UDP-glucosyltransferase. The overexpression of LTG5 gene conferred cold tolerance to indica rice.Conclusion: Overall, our results suggested that gene resources related to cold stress from wild rice can be valuable for improving the cold tolerance of crop plants.

scholarly journals New Insights into the Roles of Osmanthus Fragrans Heat-Shock Transcription Factors in Cold and Other Stress Responses

Horticulturae ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Jing Bin ◽  
Meilin Zhu ◽  
Huifen Ding ◽  
Zhouying Zai ◽  
Tingting Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Shock ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Gene ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Cold Response ◽  
Osmanthus Fragrans

Sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans) is an evergreen woody plant that emits a floral aroma and is widely used in the landscape and fragrance industries. However, its application and cultivation regions are limited by cold stress. Heat-shock transcription factor (HSF) family members are widely present in plants and participate in, and regulate, the defense processes of plants under various abiotic stress conditions, but now, the role of this family in the responses of O. fragrans to cold stress is still not clear. Here, 46 OfHSF members were identified in the O. fragrans genome and divided into three subfamilies on the basis of a phylogenetic analysis. The promoter regions of most OfHSFs contained many cis-acting elements involved in multiple hormonal and abiotic stresses. RNA-seq data revealed that most of OfHSF genes were differentially expressed in various tissues, and some OfHSF members were induced by cold stress. The qRT-PCR analysis identified four OfHSFs that were induced by both cold and heat stresses, in which OfHSF11 and OfHSF43 had contrary expression trends under cold stress conditions and their expression patterns both showed recovery tendencies after the cold stress. OfHSF11 and OfHSF43 localized to the nuclei and their expression patterns were also induced under multiple abiotic stresses and hormonal treatments, indicating that they play critical roles in responses to multiple stresses. Furthermore, after a cold treatment, transient expression revealed that the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of OfHSF11-transformed tobacco significantly increased, and the expression levels of cold-response regulatory gene NbDREB3, cold response gene NbLEA5 and ROS detoxification gene NbCAT were significantly inhibited, implying that OfHSF11 is a negative regulator of cold responses in O. fragrans. Our study contributes to the further functional characterization of OfHSFs and will be useful in developing improved cold-tolerant cultivars of O. fragrans.

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