The hazards of PM2.5 pollution: Empirical evidence from perinatal mortality in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
guangqin Li ◽  
Lingyu Li ◽  
Dan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Spatial Econometrics ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Variable Method ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
Instrument Variable ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract Background : Although the adverse effects of air pollution on health have aroused widespread concern in academia, there is little evidence about the impact of PM2.5 on perinatal mortality rates. Methods: Using the spatial analysis function of ArcGIS, we get the haze pollution data from the satellite remote sensing data. We adopt fixed effects model, spatial Durbin model (SDM) and the instrument variable method to investigate the causality between PM2.5 and perinatal mortality rates. Results: We find that PM2.5 has a significantly positive effect on perinatal mortality rates. A 1% increase of log-transformed average concentrations and maximum concentrations of PM2.5 result in 1.76‰ and 2.31‰ increase of perinatal mortality rates, respectively. In spatial econometrics analysis, we find PM2.5 has significant spatial autocorrelation characteristics. A 1% increase of concentrations of log-transformed average and maximum PM2.5 lead to a 2.49‰ and 2.19‰ increase of perinatal mortality rates, respectively. Using instrument variable method to deal with the endogeneity, the result is similar. The potential mechanism through which air pollution has an impact on perinatal mortality rates is infant weight. Conclusions: PM2.5 pollution has a significant and positive effect on perinatal mortality. The results show that environmental pollution control should be strengthened and the exposure of pregnant women in polluted air should be reduced.

scholarly journals Effect of PM2.5 pollution on perinatal mortality in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangqin Li ◽  
Lingyu Li ◽  
Dan Liu ◽  
Jiahong Qin ◽  
Hongjun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Spatial Econometrics ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Fine Particulate ◽  
Econometrics Analysis

AbstractUsing ArcGIS to analyze satellite derived PM2.5 estimates, this paper obtains the average concentration and maximum concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in China's 31 provinces from 2002 to 2015. We adopt fixed effects model and spatial Durbin model to investigate the association between PM2.5 and perinatal mortality rates. The results indicate that PM2.5 has a significantly positive association with perinatal mortality rates. A 1% increase of log-transformed average concentration and maximum concentrations of PM2.5 is associated with 1.76‰ and 2.31‰ increase of perinatal mortality rates, respectively. In spatial econometrics analysis, we find PM2.5 has significant spatial autocorrelation characteristics. The concentrations of log-transformed average and maximum PM2.5 increase 1% is associated with a 2.49% increase in a 2.49‰ and 2.19‰ increase of perinatal mortality rates, respectively. The potential mechanism is that air pollution has an impact on infant weight to impact perinatal mortality rates.

scholarly journals Dome effect of black carbon and its key influencing factors: A one-dimensional modelling study

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zilin Wang ◽  
Xin Huang ◽  
Aijun Ding
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) has been identified to play a critical role in aerosol-planet boundary layer (PBL) interaction and further deterioration of near-surface air pollution in megacities, which has been named as its dome effect. However, the impacts of key factors that influence this effect, such as the vertical distribution and aging processes of BC, and also the underlying land surface, have not been quantitatively explored yet. Here, based on available in-situ measurements of meteorology and atmospheric aerosols together with the meteorology-chemistry online coupled model, WRF-Chem, we conduct a set of parallel simulations to quantify the roles of these factors in influencing the BC's dome effect and surface haze pollution, and discuss the main implications of the results to air pollution mitigation in China. We found that the impact of BC on PBL is very sensitive to the altitude of aerosol layer. The upper level BC, especially those near the capping inversion, is more essential in suppressing the PBL height and weakening the turbulence mixing. The dome effect of BC tends to be significantly intensified as BC aerosol mixed with scattering aerosols during winter haze events, resulting in a decrease of PBL height by more than 25 %. In addition, the dome effect is more substantial (up to 15 %) in rural areas than that in the urban areas with the same BC loading, indicating an unexpected regional impact of such kind of effect to air quality in countryside. This study suggests that China's regional air pollution would greatly benefit from BC emission reductions, especially those from the elevated sources from the chimneys and also the domestic combustions in rural areas, through weakening the aerosol-boundary layer interactions that triggered by BC.

Reducing future air pollution-related premature mortality over Europe by mitigating emissions: assessing an 80 % renewable energies scenario

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Tarín-Carrasco ◽  
Ulas Im ◽  
Camilla Geels ◽  
Laura Palacios-Peña ◽  
Pedro Jiménez-Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
European Population ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
Mitigation Scenario ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Worldwide air quality has worsened in the last decades as a consequence of increased anthropogenic emissions, in particular from the sector of power generation. The evidence of the effects of atmospheric pollution (and particularly fine particulate matter, PM2.5) on human health is unquestionable nowadays, producing mainly cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, morbidity and even mortality. These effects can even enhance in the future as a consequence of climate penalties and future changes in the population projected. Because of all these reasons, the main objective of this contribution is the estimation of annual excess premature deaths (PD) associated to PM2.5 on present (1991–2010) and future (2031–2050) European population by using non-linear exposure-response functions. The endpoints included are Lung Cancer (LC), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Low Respiratory Infections (LRI), Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (CEV) and other Non-Communicable Diseases (other NCD). PM2.5 concentrations come from coupled chemistry-climate regional simulations under present and RCP8.5 future scenarios. The cases assessed include the estimation of the present incidence of PD (PRE-P2010), the quantification of the role of a changing climate on PD (FUT-P2010) and the importance of changes in the population projected for the year 2050 on the incidence of excess PD (FUT-P2050). Two additional cases (REN80-P2010 and REN80-P2050) evaluate the impact on premature mortality rates of a mitigation scenario in which the 80 % of European energy production comes from renewables sources. The results indicate that PM2.5 accounts for nearly 895,000 [95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) 725,000-1,056,000] annual excess PD over Europe, with IHD being the largest contributor to premature mortality associated to fine particles in both present and future scenarios. The case isolating the effects of climate penalty (FUT-P2010) estimates a variation +0.2 % on mortality rates over the whole domain. However, under this scenario the incidence of PD over central Europe will benefit from a decrease of PM2.5 (−2.2 PD/100,000 h.) while in eastern (+1.3 PD/100,000 h.) and western (+0.4 PD/100,000 h.) Europe PD will increase due to increased PM2.5 levels. The changes in the projected population (FUT-P2050) will lead to a large increase of annual excess PD (1,540,000, 95 % CI 1,247,000-1,818,000), +71.96 % with respect to PRE-P2010 and +71.67 % to FUT-P2010) due to the aging of the European population. Last, the mitigation scenario (REN80-P2050) demonstrates that the effects of a mitigation policy increasing the ratio of renewable sources in the energy mix energy could lead to a decrease of over 60,000 (95 % CI 48,500-70,900) annual PD for the year 2050 (a decrease of −4 % in comparison with the no-mitigation scenario, FUT-P2050). In spite of the uncertainties inherent to future estimations, this contribution reveals the need of the governments and public entities to take action and bet for air pollution mitigation policies.

Transboundary air pollution and respiratory disease mortality: evidence from European countries

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Spiteri ◽  
Philip von Brockdorff
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Transboundary Air Pollution ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to quantify the impact of transboundary air pollutants, particularly those related to urban traffic, on health outcomes. The importance of focusing on the health implications of transboundary pollution is due to the fact that these emissions originate from another jurisdiction, thus constituting international negative externalities. Thus, by isolating and quantifying the impact of these transboundary air pollutants on domestic health outcomes, the authors can understand more clearly the extent of these externalities, identify their ramifications for health and emphasise the importance of cross-country cooperation in the fight against air pollution.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ panel data regression analysis to look at the relationship between emissions of transboundary air pollution and mortality rates from various respiratory diseases among a sample of 40 European countries, over the period 2003–2014. In turn, the authors use annual data on transboundary emissions of sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), together with detailed data on the per capita incidence of various respiratory diseases, including lung cancer, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The authors consider a number of different regression equation specifications and control for potential confounders like the quality of healthcare and economic prosperity within each country.FindingsThe results show that transboundary emissions of PM2.5 are positively and significantly related to mortality rates from asthma in our sample of countries. Quantitatively, a 10% increase in PM2.5 transboundary emissions per capita from neighbouring countries is associated with a 1.4% increase in the asthma mortality rate within the recipient country or roughly 200 deaths by asthma per year across our sample.Originality/valueThese findings have important policy implications for cross-country cooperation and regulation in the field of pollution abatement and control, particularly since all the countries under consideration form a part of the UN's Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), a transnational cooperative agreement aimed at curtailing such pollutants on an international level.

scholarly journals Chronic Hypertension, Perinatal Mortality, and the Impact of Preterm Delivery: A Population-Based Study in the United States, 2015-2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonal Grover ◽  
Justin Brandt ◽  
Uma Reddy ◽  
Cande Ananth (STATS CONSULTS ONLY)
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Preterm Delivery ◽  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Chronic Hypertension ◽  
Unmeasured Confounding ◽  
Early Term ◽  
Term Delivery ◽  
Causal Mediation Analysis ◽  
The Impact

Objective: To estimate the association between chronic hypertension and perinatal mortality and evaluate the extent to which this risk is impacted by preterm delivery. Design: Cross-sectional analysis. Setting: US, 2015-2018. Population: Singleton births from 20-44 weeks’ gestation. Main outcomes and measures: We derived the risk of perinatal mortality in relation to chronic hypertension from fitting log-linear Poisson models with robust variance. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated after adjusting for confounders. The impact of misclassifications and unmeasured confounding biases were assessed. Causal mediation analysis was performed to quantify the impact of preterm delivery on the association. Results: Of the 15,090,678 singleton births, perinatal mortality was 22.5 per 1000 births in chronic hypertensive pregnancies compared to 8.2 per 1000 births in normotensive pregnancies (adjusted RR 2.05, 95% CI 2.00, 2.10). Corrections for exposure misclassification and unmeasured confounding biases substantially increased the risk estimate. Although, causal mediation analysis revealed that most of the effect of chronic hypertension on perinatal mortality was mediated through preterm delivery, the perinatal mortality rates were highest at early term, term, and late term gestations, suggesting that a planned early term delivery at 37-386/7 weeks may optimally balance risk in these pregnancies. Additionally, 87% (95% CI 84, 90) of perinatal deaths could be eliminated if preterm deliveries, as a result of chronic hypertension were prevented. Conclusions: Chronic hypertensive pregnancies are associated with increased risk for perinatal mortality. Planned early term delivery and targeting modifiable risk factors for chronic hypertension may reduce perinatal mortality rates.

scholarly journals The Impact of Air Pollution on the Development of Inbound Tourism in Chinese Megacities: The Case Study of Beijing, Guangzhou and Chongqing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nianlin Zhou ◽  
Yeli Gu ◽  
Manyuan Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Fixed Investment ◽  
Inbound Tourism ◽  
New Business ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Impact

The existing studies pay more attention to the impact of public transport and other public service facilities on urban air pollution and tourism, but less on the negative effect of air pollution caused by carbon emissions of business fixed investment on inbound tourism. This article attempts to make a supplementary analysis about the above point through examining the correlation between air pollution associate with business fixed investment and the size of inbound tourism based on panel data of three megacities (Beijing, Guangzhou and Chongqing) in China over the period from 2015 to 2019. The findings of this paper show that the effects of air pollution linked with carbon emissions from business fixed investment on the number of inbound tourists (NIT) is a negative correlation, while the influence of GDP per capita and tourism revenue on NIT reveal a positive relationship by applying fixed effects model for benchmark regression and the system-GMM estimator for robustness check. Moreover, the negative influence of PM 10 on sample cities is more than PM2.5. Some different results of core variables between benchmark and sub-sample regressions don’t imply the above conclusion to be substantively changed because of different distribution and concentration of nominal inbound tourists in specific sample megacities. In order to fundamentally improve air quality and to stimulate the development of inbound tourism, the suggestion of this study is to promote new business fixed investment with clean energy of renewable and low carbon.

scholarly journals DOES PUBLIC DEBT HAMPER ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPEAN TRANSITIONAL COUNTRIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1223-1228
Author(s):  
Liza Alili Sulejmani ◽  
Armend Ademi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Transition Economies ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Fixed Capital Formation ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Lately, there has been an increased interest among policy makers and scholars regarding the nexus between public debt and economic growth, with emphasizes on its effects on transition economies, particularly after the last global financial crisis. This paper tries to investigate the impact of public debt on economic growth in the European transition economies, for the time spin 2000-2016, by using Pooled OLS, Fixed effects, Random effects and Hausman – Taylor Instrumental variable (IV). In addition, results reveal that public debt although has positive effect on per capita growth still is statistically insignificant, whereas debt square has negative effect on per capita GDP growth. Further, gross savings, final consumption and fixed capital formation have positive effect on per capita growth, while government expenditures do not show significant impact. Moreover, such results highlight important implications for fiscal policymakers in these countries in order to foster the economic growth in the context of public debt level.

scholarly journals Impact of federal transfers upon US infant mortality rates: a secondary analysis using a fixed effects regression approach

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. e021533
Author(s):  
Michael McLaughlin ◽  
Mark R Rank
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
State Level ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Postneonatal Mortality ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
The Impact

ObjectivesIn order to improve health outcomes, the federal government allocates hundreds of billions of annual dollars to individual states in order to further the well-being of its citizens. This study examines the impact of such federal intergovernmental transfers on reducing state-level infant mortality rates.SettingAnnual data are collected from all 50 US states between 2004 and 2013.ParticipantsEntire US population under the age of 1 year between 2004 and 2013.Primary and secondary outcome measuresState-level infant mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate and postneonatal mortality rate.ResultsUsing a fixed effects regression model to control for unmeasurable differences between states, the impact of federal transfers on state-level infant mortality rates is estimated. After controlling for differences across states, increases in per capita federal transfers are significantly associated with lower infant, neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates. Holding all other variables constant, a $200 increase in the amount of federal transfers per capita would save one child’s life for every 10 000 live births.ConclusionsConsiderable debate exists regarding the role of federal transfers in improving the well-being of children and families. These findings indicate that increases in federal transfers are strongly associated with reductions in infant mortality rates. Such benefits should be carefully considered when state officials are deciding whether to accept or reject federal funds.

Perinatal Statistics

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-302
Author(s):  
JOHN SOFATZIS ◽  
VASSO IOAKIMIDOU
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Birth Weight Distribution ◽  
Good Medical Care ◽  
Over Time

To the Editor.— Evaluation of the effect of good medical care of pregnant women and newborn infants and/or the impact of birth weight distribution on crude perinatal mortality rates is based upon the use of birth weight-specific mortality rates and standardized perinatal mortality rates.1-4 We agree with the suggestion made by Hermansen and Hasan5 that all future reports on perinatal statistics should comply with the recommendations made by WHO. Moreover, meaningful comparisons of standardized perinatal mortality rates over time and place require the use of a standard birth weight distribution.

scholarly journals The Impact of Leverage on Firm Growth. Empirical Evidence from Romanian Listed Firms

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorin Gabriel Anton
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Firm Growth ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Sales Growth ◽  
Economic Uncertainty ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Alternative Measures ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to assess the impact of leverage on firm growth in periods of economic growth and economic uncertainty. We employ a sample of Romanian listed firms over the period 2001-2011 and several alternative measures for firm growth (i.e. sales growth, assets growth, and employment growth). The results of fixed effects regression model show that the leverage has a positive effect on firm growth. Furthermore, profitability was found to positively influence the firm growth, while older firms saw a faster increase in assets and sales. Within this particular sample, firm size appears to constrain growth.

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