scholarly journals Maximizing Throughput of The GEO Satellite At C/Ku Bands

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabir Hussain ◽  
Ghulam Jaffer
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Geo Satellite ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Ku Band

Abstract The need for broadband data has increased speedily but in underserved rural areas, the mobile connectivity of 3G and LTE is still a significant challenge. By looking at the historical trend, the data traffic and the internet are still expected to grow in these areas [1]. The next generation of satellites is trying to decrease the cost per MB having the advantage of higher throughput and availability. To maintain the performance of the link, choosing an appropriate frequency is evident. A multi-beam satellite system can fulfill the demand and performance over a coverage area. The high throughput satellites (HTS) fulfill this requirement using C and Ku bands. In this paper, we present the benefits of using Ku-band on the user site and the composite of C and Ku bands on the gateway site. This configuration has proved to be a cost-efficient solution with high performance over the traditional straight configuration. The data rate is improved five times both on upstream and downstream as compared to the existing available FSS system. Moreover, it has got an advantage to Ku-band user that they would enjoy the significant improvement in the performance without upgrading their systems.

scholarly journals Optimization in VHTS Satellite System Design with Irregular Beam Coverage for Non-Uniform Traffic Distribution

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 2642
Author(s):  
Flor G. Ortiz-Gomez ◽  
Miguel A. Salas-Natera ◽  
Ramón Martínez ◽  
Salvador Landeros-Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Satellite System ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Traffic Demand ◽  
Coverage Error ◽  
Traffic Distribution ◽  
Previous Algorithm ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Very High

Very High Throughput Satellites (VHTS) have a pivotal role in complementing terrestrial networks to increase traffic demand. VHTS systems currently assume a uniform distribution of traffic in the service area, but in a real system, traffic demands are not uniform and are dynamic. A possible solution is to use flexible payloads, but the cost of the design increases considerably. On the other hand, a fixed payload that uses irregular beam coverage depending on traffic demand allows maintaining the cost of a fixed payload while minimizing the error between offered and required capacity. This paper presents a proposal for optimizing irregular beams coverage and beam pattern, minimizing the costs per Gbps in orbit, the Normalized Coverage Error, and Offered Capacity Error per beam. We present the analysis and performance for the case study and compare it with a previous algorithm for a uniform coverage area.

Cost Breakdown of 2.5D and 3D Packaging

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 000324-000341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chet Palesko ◽  
Amy Palesko
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
High Price ◽  
Future Cost ◽  
The Future ◽  
3D Packaging ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Design Characteristics ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Cost

2.5D and 3D packaging can provide significant size and performance advantages over other packaging technologies. However, these advantages usually come at a high price. Since 2.5D and 3D packaging costs are significant, today they are only used if no other option can meet the product requirements, and most of these applications are relatively low volume. Products such as high end FPGAs, high performance GPUs, and high bandwidth memory are great applications but none have volume requirements close to mobile phones or tablets. Without the benefit of volume production, the cost of 2.5D and 3D packaging could stay high for a long time. In this paper, we will provide cost model results of a complete 2.5D and 3D manufacturing process. Each manufacturing activity will be included and the key cost drivers will be analyzed regarding future cost reductions. Expensive activities that are well down the learning curve (RDL creation, CMP, etc.) will probably not change much in the future. However, expensive activities that are new to this process (DRIE, temporary bond/debond, etc.) provide good opportunities for cost reduction. A variety of scenarios will be included to understand how design characteristics impact the cost. Understanding how and why the dominant cost components will change over time is critical to accurately predicting the future cost of 2.5D and 3D packaging.

scholarly journals Advantage of in Service Condition Based Assessment for Transformers in enhancing the maintenance strategy

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Al Balushi
Keyword(s):  
Asset Management ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Service Condition ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Unique Type ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

Controlling the maintenance OPEX is one of the major challenges that any utility faces. The challenges lie in how to optimize the three main factors: risk, performance, and cost. Besides, no utility can depend on a unique type of maintenance, there is always a combination of a different kind of maintenance such as breakdown, preventive, risk-based, conditionbased,..etc. So, what is the answer to this question: what type of maintenance needs to be followed to keep the transformer in service in with high performance? There is no specific answer to this question. Each type of maintenance can be applied based on the transformer`s operating environment. However, most of the utilities apply preventive and condition-based maintenance. To justify this answer, some data need to be analyzed to assess the maintenance performance and recommend what are enhancement need to be added. One of these approaches is to apply in service condition-based assessment to study the health of the assets based on the current maintenance practice. Furthermore, study both historical maintenance recordsand failure rates will help to understand the relationship between the effectiveness of maintenance and service efficiency.This relation can come in two shapes. One is to do the right things by developing a set of maintenance activities that need to be performed during the maintenance to ensure its effectiveness. Second, is to do things right by enhancing the maintenance crew capabilities and competencies to ensure high efficiency. After analyzing all these factors mentioned above, It has been noticed that in-service condition-based assessment of the transformer is a powerful tool that can be used to enhance and build an effective strategy. It will not only involve a set of activities during the maintenance, but it also covers the whole life cycle of the transformer. Besides, it highlights the gaps in the maintenance process and procedures, and provide indications where enhancement need to be applied based on international practice. These changes were observed on the cost and performance in the benchmarking study that was done through International Transmission Operation and Maintenance Study (ITOMS) which was a good indication of the effectiveness of strategy used for transformers. However, as part of the asset management approach, continuous improvement will continue to reach the vision that has been set in the maintenance optimization and to prepare for the future significant increase in transformer aging.

New Isolation Technology of Rural Buildings

2013 ◽  
Vol 639-640 ◽  
pp. 825-831
Author(s):  
Shou Ping Shang ◽  
Bo Wen Zhu ◽  
Xue Zhang Wen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Shaking Table ◽  
Isolation Layer ◽  
Rural Buildings ◽  
Practical Engineering ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Constructional Column ◽  
Great Damage

China is a large agricultural nation where most of the population and national economy is concentrated in rural areas. At the meantime, our country is a seismic country where earthquakes frequently take place. The earthquake disaster of Wenchuan in 2008 seemed that it always cost a great damage in rural areas. According to the present situation, a new type of seismic practical technology called steel-asphalt composite isolation lay is put forward with the characteristics of economic, simple and reliable. In order to test the effect of the new isolation layer, we have built a new house in use of the isolation layer nearby the rural areas in Changsha, beside the shaking table experiment in laboratory. The practical engineering in masonry structure has three floors and a basement. After the structure of the house had been finished, we tested the isolation effectiveness of the house. The results showed that the isolation layer can decay the acceleration about 40% and the isolation effectiveness is very well. Therefore, the seismic grade of the super structure can be reduced. So we took use of the High Performance Ferrocement Laminate as the ring beam and constructional column instead of the reinforced concrete. The cost of the upper structure can be reduced. And the money can be taken used on the building of the isolation layer. Therefore the whole cost of the structure didn’t increased.

Kajian Penerapan Mekanisasi Pertanian Berbasis Usaha Pelayanan Jasa Alat dan Mesin Pertanian (UPJA) untuk Sistem Produksi Padi di Kabupaten Banyumas, Purbalingga dan Banjarnegara

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Aninda Ayu Arizka ◽  
Bambang Purwantana ◽  
Lilik Soetiarso
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
Minimum Area ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Service Business ◽  
Agricultural Equipment ◽  
Agricultural Mechanization ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Cost

<p><em>The use of agricultural equipment and machinery is one way to increase the productivity and efficiency of farming. In order to accelerate the adoption of agricultural equipment and machinery as part of the application of agricultural mechanization, one of which is through the agricultural equipment and machinery service business/usaha pelayanan jasa alat dan mesin pertanian (UPJA). This study aims to analyze the application of agricultural mechanization, especially related to the use of equipment and machinery by UPJA for the rice production system in Banyumas, Purbalingga and Banjarnegara Regencies. Data were obtained, including the ownership of the equipment and machinery, the extent of coverage carried out by the UPJA, the cost of renting the equipment and machinery determined by each UPJA, and the costs incurred for the operation of the equipment and machinery in each UPJA. The results of the calculation of the working capacity of the hand tractor obtained an average of 0.07 ha hour<sup>-1</sup>. The lack of ability of equipment and machinery operators as well as the topography of the area and soil conditions are factors that affect the working capacity of the hand tractor in this study. UPJA which has a coverage area of more than the Break Event Point (BEP) value means that the UPJA has met the minimum area that must be processed to break even. The results of the calculation of the B/C ratio are that 9 UPJAs are feasible because the B/C ratio &gt; 1 and 10 UPJAs are not feasible because of the B/C ratio &lt; 1. UPJA whose business is not feasible is expected to improve the managerial and performance of UPJA.</em></p>

ON THE PERFORMANCE AND COST OF SOME PRAM MODELS ON CMP HARDWARE

2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 387-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTTI FORSELL
Keyword(s):  
Random Access ◽  
Chip Multiprocessor ◽  
Pram Model ◽  
Vlsi Technology ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Performance Area ◽  
And Performance ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Parallel Random Access Machine ◽  
The Cost

The Parallel Random Access Machine is a very strong model of parallel computing that has resisted cost-efficient implementation attempts for decades. Recently, the development of VLSI technology has provided means for indirect on-chip implementation, but there are different variants of the PRAM model that provide different performance, area and power figures and it is not known how their implementations compare to each others. In this paper we measure the performance and estimate the cost of practical implementations of four PRAM models including EREW, Limited Arbitrary CRCW, Full Arbitrary CRCW, Full Arbitrary Multioperation CRCW on our Eclipse chip multiprocessor framework. Interestingly, the most powerful model shows the lowest simulation cost and highest performance/area and performance/power figures.

scholarly journals How Much Should We Pay to Deliver Comprehensive Mental and Social Health Services? Experiences from Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behzad Damari ◽  
Ahmad Hajebi ◽  
Masoud Abolhallaje ◽  
Behzad Najafi
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Social Health ◽  
Personal Cost ◽  
Services Delivery ◽  
Performance Reporting ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Cost

Objective: Comprehensive mental and social health services is the new benefit package which had been aimed to provide mental health services to people who suffer from mental disorders. The aim of this study was to estimate the cost of plan and its drivers to provide evidence for decision-making by national policymakers. Method: We used the bottom-up costing approach to estimate the cost of plan. We identified the cost centers, services delivery process, and facilities. Data were collected via different sources and tools such as the new financial system, registration forms, and performance reporting forms. We categorized the cost into 4 groups and selected appropriate measures to estimate the cost. We estimate the total and unit cost for 3 levels in 2 scenarios by considering the 2017 prices. Results: Screening resulted in 8.9% new detection with a different incidence in urban and rural areas (urban: 16.5%; rural: 2.7%). Also, 61 842 million IRR was spent for the screening, diagnose, treatment, and rehabilitation of detected people in 2017. Personal cost is responsible for 90.6% and primary screening for 66.4% of the total cost. Conclusion: For the development of the program (from screening to rehabilitation) 530 513 IRR should be spent per capita. The cost of detection per client can vary due to differences in disease prevalence, especially treatment and rehabilitation costs. It is suggested to consider the variation of the prevalence in expanding the plan to the whole country. Integrating the services in primary health care lead to huge cost saving.

Development and Performance Evaluation of a Manually Operated Cowpea Thresher

2009 ◽  
Vol 62-64 ◽  
pp. 239-246
Author(s):  
V.I. Umogbai ◽  
A. Shehu
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Feed Rate ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
Optimum Performance ◽  
Nutritional Importance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The University

Threshing is one of the major problems associated with cowpea production in Nigeria. In spite of the food and nutritional importance of the crop to human diet, its threshing has been and remains a serious problem to the farmers. The techniques for threshing cowpea in most rural areas are still the traditional methods of seed separation which are uneconomical, labourous and time consuming. A manually operated cowpea thresher to stimulate manual threshing has been designed, fabricated and tested. The thresher was fabricated using locally available materials at the engineering workshop of the University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Two varieties of cowpea (B301 and C70) were tested on the thresher for performance evaluation in terms of thresher efficiency and mechanical (visible) damage. The test results revealed that for optimum performance, the thresher should operate at a cylinder speed of between 60-75rpm at a feed rate of 24kg/hr.94%-97% threshing efficiency was achieved for the two varieties of cowpea. The cost of production is N15,686:00

scholarly journals An Improved PBMM Algorithm by Reduce Cloud Data Traffic and Transfer Costs in Cloud of Things

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2688-2699
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Link Capacity ◽  
Cloud Data ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Priority Levels

Cloud computing has been widely studied over the recent years. Researchers have developed different algorithms for improving the performance and minimizing the cost. This paper proposes a new algorithm to improve and enhance the PBMM algorithm (Priority Based on Min-Min Algorithm). The proposed algorithm works with the aid of one of the Cloud of Things (CoT) services; this service is Sensing and Actuation as a Service (SAaaS). The proposed Algorithm works on third-party broker. However, it has two-phase: the first phase is Sensing: in this phase, the sensor observes the throughput for all tasks and compares it with the link capacity. The Second phase is Actuation: depending on the comparison in the first phase, the priority of all the takes will change depending on the link capacity, all tasks will have the same priority if the throughput is low (Green throughput). All tasks will have two priority levels (high, low) if the throughput medium (Yellow throughput), and finally, if the throughput is high (red throughput) all tasks will have a default priority which assigned to them when they are created. However, the efficiency and performance of the IPBMM algorithm depend on the capacity of the link. If capacity is high (traffic in the network is high), the performance is very good and the costly, but if the capacity is medium (traffic in the network is medium), the performance is good as well as the cost. While if the capacity is low (traffic in the network is low), the performance is good and the cost is free. Therefore, the outcomes of the proposed algorithm experiment given 30% better results than the PBMM algorithm and other state-of-the-art algorithms

Improving the antenna performance for Zenith Tropospheric Delay estimations with consumer-grade antennas and a low-cost dual-frequency receiver

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Krietemeyer ◽  
Hans van der Marel ◽  
Marie-claire ten Veldhuis ◽  
Nick van de Giesen
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Efficient Estimation ◽  
Tropospheric Delay ◽  
Dual Frequency ◽  
Antenna Performance ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mean Square Errors

&lt;p&gt;The recent release of mass-marked dual-frequency receivers opens up the opportunity to facilitate the cost-efficient estimation of Zenith Tropospheric Delays (ZTDs) from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations. We present results of ZTD estimations from a low-cost dual-frequency GNSS receiver (U-blox ZED-F9) equipped with a range of different quality and priced antennas. It is demonstrated that the receiver itself is able to produce high quality ZTD estimations with higher grade antennas. However, the noise introduced by applying the ionosphere-free linear combination in Precise Point Positioning (PPP), makes the low-cost antenna performance initially a major challenge. With Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) between 15 mm and 24 mm for low-cost antennas the results were at first not adequate for meteorological purposes. We demonstrate an easy-to-apply relative antenna calibration that increased the ZTD accuracy significantly for the tested low-cost antennas. After applying antenna corrections the error is reduced to a level that is adequate for meteorological applications (RMSE ~4 mm).&lt;/p&gt;

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