scholarly journals Nutritional Stimulation by In-ovo Feeding Modulates Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation in the Small Intestinal Epithelium of Chicks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naama Reicher ◽  
Tal Melkman-Zehavi ◽  
Jonathan Dayan ◽  
Eric A. Wong ◽  
Zehava Uni
Keyword(s):  
Goblet Cell ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Cell Densities ◽  
In Ovo Feeding ◽  
The Impact

Abstract BackgroundNutritional stimulation of the small intestine (SI) of chick embryos can be conducted by enriching the amniotic fluid with nutrients via the in-ovo feeding (IOF) methodology. The impact of IOF of specific nutrients on cellular proliferation and differentiation within the multipotent (MP) and differentiated cell niches of the developing SI have not yet been characterized. In the study, we examined the effects of IOF of 1% glutamine (IOF-Gln), 1% leucine (IOF-Leu) and 0.4% NaCl (IOF-NaCl), compared to non-injected controls, on the proportions and localizations of MP, progenitor and differentiated cells within the SI epithelium of peri-hatch chicks. MP, progenitor and differentiated cells were located and quantified in jejunum sections of all treatment groups at E17 and at E19, and post-hatch at days 0, 1, 3 and 7, by immunofluorescence of Sox9 and PCNA, in-situ hybridization of Lgr5 and PepT1 and histochemical goblet cell staining.ResultsAt E19, 48 h post IOF, the effects of IOF treatments, in comparison to Control embryos, were as follows: total cell counts increased by 40%, 33% and 19%, and MP cell counts increased by 52%, 50% and 38%, in IOF-Gln, IOF-Leu and IOF-NaCl embryos, respectively. Only IOF-Gln embryos exhibited a significant, 36% increase in progenitor cell counts. Lgr5+ stem cell localizations shifted to villus bottoms in IOF-treated embryos. The differentiated, PepT1+ region of the villi was 1.9 and 1.3-fold longer in IOF-Gln and IOF-Leu embryos, respectively, while goblet cell densities decreased by 20% in IOF-Gln embryos. Between hatch and D7, crypt and villi epithelial cell counts were significantly higher IOF-Gln chicks, compared to Control chicks (P<0.05).ConclusionsIOF promotes pre-hatch SI maturation through increased proportions and enhanced compartmentalization of the MP and differentiated cell niches. IOF of glutamine stimulates SI maturation to a greater extent than leucine and NaCl, and elicits further expansions of the crypt and villus epithelium during the first week post-hatch. These findings shed light on the link between primary nutritional stimulation and cellular maturation within the SI epithelium.

scholarly journals The Impact of Cellular Proliferation on the HIV-1 Reservoir

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Maria C. Virgilio ◽  
Kathleen L. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Integration Site ◽  
Infected Individual ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Viral Reservoir ◽  
Proliferative Potential ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Latently Infected ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
The Impact

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a chronic infection that destroys the immune system in infected individuals. Although antiretroviral therapy is effective at preventing infection of new cells, it is not curative. The inability to clear infection is due to the presence of a rare, but long-lasting latent cellular reservoir. These cells harboring silent integrated proviral genomes have the potential to become activated at any moment, making therapy necessary for life. Latently-infected cells can also proliferate and expand the viral reservoir through several methods including homeostatic proliferation and differentiation. The chromosomal location of HIV proviruses within cells influences the survival and proliferative potential of host cells. Proliferating, latently-infected cells can harbor proviruses that are both replication-competent and defective. Replication-competent proviral genomes contribute to viral rebound in an infected individual. The majority of available techniques can only assess the integration site or the proviral genome, but not both, preventing reliable evaluation of HIV reservoirs.

scholarly journals Ascorbic Acid, Inflammatory Cytokines (IL-1β/TNF-α/IFN-γ), or Their Combination’s Effect on Stemness, Proliferation, and Differentiation of Gingival Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Karim M. Fawzy El-Sayed ◽  
Nhung Nguyen ◽  
Christof E. Dörfer
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Basic Medium ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multilineage Differentiation ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
The Impact

Objective. Ascorbic acid (AA) and controlled inflammatory stimuli are postulated to possess the ability to independently exert positive effects on a variety of proliferative, pluripotency, and differentiation attributes of gingival mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (G-MSCs). The current study’s objective was to explore and compare for the first time the impact of the major inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β/TNF-α/IFN-γ), AA, or their combination on multipotency/pluripotency, proliferative, and differentiation characteristics of G-MSCs. Design. Human G-MSCs (n=5) were isolated and cultured in basic medium (control group), in basic medium with major inflammatory cytokines; 1 ng/ml IL-1β, 10 ng/ml TNF-α, and 100 ng/ml IFN-γ (inflammatory group), in basic medium with 250 μmol/l AA (AA group) and in inflammatory medium supplemented by AA (inflammatory/AA group). All media were renewed three times per week. In stimulated G-MSCs intracellular β-catenin at 1 hour, pluripotency gene expression at 1, 3, and 5 days, as well as colony-forming units (CFUs) ability and cellular proliferation over 14 days were examined. Following a five-days stimulation in the designated groups, multilineage differentiation was assessed via qualitative and quantitative histochemistry as well as mRNA expression. Results. β-Catenin significantly decreased intracellularly in all experimental groups (p=0.002, Friedman). AA group exhibited significantly higher cellular counts on days 3, 6, 7, and 13 (p<0.05) and the highest CFUs at 14 days [median-CFUs (Q25/Q75); 40 (15/50), p=0.043]. Significantly higher Nanog expression was noted in AA group [median gene-copies/PGK1 (Q25/Q75); 0.0006 (0.0002/0.0007), p<0.01, Wilcoxon-signed-rank]. Significant multilineage differentiation abilities, especially into osteogenic and chondrogenic directions, were further evident in the AA group. Conclusions. AA stimulation enhances G-MSCs’ stemness, proliferation, and differentiation properties, effects which are associated with a Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activation. Apart from initially boosting cellular metabolism as well as Sox2 and Oct4A pluripotency marker expression, inflammation appeared to attenuate these AA-induced positive effects. Current results reveal that for AA to exert its beneficial effects on G-MSCs’ cellular attributes, it requires to act in an inflammation-free microenvironment.

scholarly journals Mad4 is regulated by a transcriptional repressor complex that contains Miz-1 and c-Myc

2003 ◽  
Vol 370 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise KIME ◽  
Stephanie C. WRIGHT
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Repression ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Core Promoter ◽  
Core Promoter Region ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Repressor Complex ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells ◽  
Novel Target

Myc and Mad family proteins are central regulators of cellular proliferation and differentiation. We show that various Mad family genes have distinct patterns of expression during the chemically induced differentiation of mouse erythroleukaemia (MEL) cells, suggesting that they each serve a different function. Mad4 RNA is highly induced and persists in terminally differentiated cells, in agreement with observations in other systems. Using reporter gene assays in stably transfected MEL cells, we show that induction of Mad4 is mediated by a 49nt core promoter region. We demonstrate that the initiator element is required for Mad4 activation, and show that induction is associated with the loss from the initiator of a complex that contains Miz-1 and c-Myc. Miz-1 activates the Mad4 promoter in transient transfection assays, and this effect is antagonized by c-Myc. We therefore identify Mad4 as a novel target of transcriptional repression by c-Myc. These data suggest that the expression of Mad4 in proliferating undifferentiated cells is suppressed by the binding of a c-Myc—Miz-1 repressor complex at the initiator, and that the activation of Mad4 during differentiation results, at least in part, from a decrease in c-Myc-mediated repression.

scholarly journals VTD in comparison with VCD does not affect stem cell yields with G-CSF only mobilization

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matevz Skerget ◽  
Barbara Skopec ◽  
Matjaz Sever
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
National Registry ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cell Harvest

AbstractTriplet induction regimens are standard of care for newly diagnosed transplant eligible multiple myeloma patients. The combinations of bortezomib and dexamethasone with either cyclophosphamide (VCD) or thalidomide (VTD) are widely used. There are no data available on the impact of the two regimens on stem cell harvest by using G-CSF only mobilization. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed data from our national registry. The outcome measures were mobilization failure, CD34+ cell counts on collection day, number of apheresis procedures, and the number of collected cells. Overall, 72 patients were treated with either VCD or VTD. The mobilization failure rates were 7% and 9% (p = 0.771) and the total number of collected stem cells were 7.0 × 106 and 6.7 × 106 per kg body weight (p = 0.710) for VCD and VTD, respectively. We found no statistically significant difference between the treatment groups in the outcome measures. The addition of thalidomide to bortezomib and dexamethasone (VTD) does not adversely affect stem cell harvest in patients mobilized with G-CSF only.

Effect of In Ovo Ornithine-á-Ketoglutarate Feeding on Early Body Weight and Pectoral Muscle Development of Chicks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haonan FENG ◽  
Zhenyang LI ◽  
Cai QI ◽  
Xiaohong WANG ◽  
Bingke QIAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Pectoral Muscle ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
In Ovo Feeding

This study investigated the effects of in ovo ornithine-á-ketoglutarate feeding on body weight and pectoral muscle development of chicks. On day 18 of incubation, 198 hatching eggs were randomly divided into three treatment groups each with three replicates of 22 eggs each. The treatment groups consisted of a non-injected control group and two treatments with 1 ml of saline each, containing either 0.2% (treatment group I) or 0.4% ornithine-á-ketoglutarate (treatment group II). The chicks were fed after hatching for seven days. Hatchability was reduced due to in ovo feeding of 0.4% ornithine-á-ketoglutarate. However, in ovo feeding of different levels of ornithine-á-ketoglutarate increased the daily gain, the body weight, the diameter and cross-sectional area of the pectoral muscle fibers, the cross-sectional area of the pectoral muscle fiber bundles, the proportion of proliferating cells in the pectoral muscle. It is concluded that, in ovo ornithine-á-ketoglutarate feeding can promote early growth and development of pectoral muscles in chicks.

Epidermal cellular proliferation and differentiation in sexually mature male Salmo salar with androgen levels depressed by oil

1985 ◽  
Vol 225 (1238) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Goblet Cell ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Cell Concentration ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Ventral Skin ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Androgen Levels

Sexually mature male Salmo salar exhibit epidermal thickening and an increase in goblet cell concentration during the spawning season. The ventral skin, which is likely to experience most abrasive contact during the spawning period, has the thickest epidermis and the greatest goblet cell concentration. Following exposure to crude oil there is inhibition of cellular proliferation and elongation associated with epidermal thickening, and also inhibition of mucigenesis. Data on the androgen levels in these fish, and data from earlier studies involving treatment with hormones, indicate that oil-related epidermal effects during the spawning period are most likely systemic in origin, probably arising from reduced plasmatic androgen levels.

Histomorphometric analysis of the small intestine of broiler chick embryos injected in ovo with methionine

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Naser Nazem ◽  
Sayed Mohsen Sajjadian ◽  
Reza Kheirandish ◽  
Hamideh Mohammadrezaei
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Goblet Cell ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Treatment Groups

The present study evaluated the histomorphometric effect on the small intestine of the chicken embryo after in ovo methionine injection. On Day 4 of incubation, 50 fertile eggs were allocated into one of the following five groups: control (no treatment) and four treatment groups that received either 20, 30, 40 or 50 mg methionine via their yolk sac. All eggs were incubated until Day 19, at which point the embryos were terminated and 1-cm samples of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were taken for histology. Sections were stained by haematoxylin and eosin, Alcian blue and periodic acid Schiff methods separately. Morphometric analysis was performed to assess goblet cell number, enterocyte height, muscle-layer thickness as well as villus height, width, area and shape. The ratio of embryo bodyweight to egg weight in methionine treatment groups was more than in controls and this difference was greatest in the 40-mg methionine group. The results showed that villous height, width and area increased in treatment groups, as did enterocyte height, goblet cell number and muscle-layer thickness. The ratio and sequence of the villi was also changed in some treatments. Our results indicated that injecting methionine into the yolk sac can improve intestinal histomorphometrical parameters and that 40-mg methionine injection showed the greatest changes.

scholarly journals PC12 and THP-1 Cell Lines as Neuronal and Microglia Model in Neurobiological Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3729
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Balon ◽  
Benita Wiatrak
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Inflammatory Factor ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells ◽  
Primary Cell Lines ◽  
Neurobiological Research ◽  
The Impact

Models based on cell cultures have become a useful tool in modern scientific research. Since primary cell lines are difficult to obtain and handle, neoplasm-derived lines like PC12 and THP-1 offer a cheap and flexible solution for neurobiological studies but require prior differentiation to serve as a neuronal or microglia model. PC12 cells constitute a suitable research model only after differentiation by incubation with nerve growth factor (NGF) and THP-1 cells after administering a differentiation factor such as phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Still, quite often, studies are performed on these cancer cells without differentiation. The study aimed to assess the impact of PC12 or THP-1 cell differentiation on sensitivity to harmful factors such as Aβ25-35 (0.001–5 µM) (considered as one of the major detrimental factors in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease) or lipopolysaccharide (1–100 µM) (LPS; a pro-inflammatory factor of bacterial origin). Results showed that in most of the tests performed, the response of PC12 and THP-1 cells induced to differentiation varied significantly from the effect in undifferentiated cells. In general, differentiated cells showed greater sensitivity to harmful factors in terms of metabolic activity and DNA damage, while in the case of the free radicals, the results were heterogeneous. Obtained data emphasize the importance of proper differentiation of cell lines of neoplastic origin in neurobiological research and standardization of cell culture handling protocols to ensure reliable results.

scholarly journals 231 Impact of Brachyspira hyodysentariae on intestinal function and integrity

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 116-116
Author(s):  
Emma T Helm ◽  
Susanne J Lin ◽  
Nicholas Gabler ◽  
Eric R Burrough
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Intestinal Function ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Intestinal Integrity ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Swine dysentery (SD) induced by Brachyspira hyodysentariae (Bhyo) causes colitis and mucohemorrhagic diarrhea in grow-finish pigs, however little is known about the physiological changes that occur to the gastrointestinal tract during Bhyo infection. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a Bhyo challenge on intestinal function and integrity of pigs fed two divergent diets. A total of 36 Bhyo negative gilts (24.3 ± 3.6 kg BW) were selected and assigned to one of three treatment groups (n=12 pigs/trt): 1) Bhyo negative, 20% DDGS diet (CON), 2) Bhyo challenged, 20% DDGS diet (DDGS), and 3) Bhyo challenged, 10% DDGS, 5% beet pulp and 5% resistant potato starch diet (RS). Pigs were fed diets 21 days prior to challenge and on days post inoculation (dpi) 0 and 1, pigs were inoculated with Bhyo or sham. Fecal samples were collected for ATTD and pigs were euthanized for colon collection within 72 hours of initial observation of clinical SD, or at the end of the study (dpi 10-16). Tissues were assessed for ex vivo measures of intestinal integrity and mitochondrial function. The challenge resulted in high morbidity, with 88% of DDGS and RS pigs developing clinical SD. Colon transepithelial resistance was increased in DDGS pigs compared with CON and RS pigs (P=0.005), and colon macromolecule permeability was reduced in both DDGS and RS pigs compared with CON pigs (P=0.006), likely due to mucoid discharge. Colonic mitochondrial oxygen consumption was not impacted by treatment (P &gt;0.10). Further, ATTD of DM, OM, N, and GE were reduced in DDGS pigs compared with CON pigs (P&lt; 0.001), whilst nutrient digestibility was not reduced in RS pigs. Taken together, these data show Bhyo does not appear to reduce ex vivo colonic integrity. Further, the RS diet may reduce severity of a Bhyo challenge.

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