scholarly journals Chirality Status Of Registered Medicines In Tanzania: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kissa Watson Mwamwitwa ◽  
Raphael M. Kaibere ◽  
Adam M. Fimbo ◽  
Wilber Sabitii ◽  
Nyanda E. Ntinginya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Regulatory Requirement ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Stereogenic Center

Abstract Background Medicines with a stereogenic center (asymmetric carbon) mainly presents as racemates with a mixture of equal amounts of enantiomers. One enantiomer may be active while the other inactive, alternatively one may produce side-effects and even toxicity. Worldwide there is no mandatory regulatory requirement to enforce the development of new chiral medicines as exclusively pure active single enantiomers. This has contributed to the existence of both single enantiomers and racemates on the market. Moreover, literature shows the tendency of regulatory approval of medicines towards the development of pure single enantiomers 60%, only 5–10% racemates and 30–35% as achiral. This status has not been established particularly in African countries including Tanzania. Therefore, we aimed to establish the chirality status of registered medicines in Tanzania. Methodology: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing all human medicines registered in Tanzania for the past 15 years from 2003 to 2018. Data were extracted from TMDA-IMIS database to Microsoft excel for analysis. Medicines were assessed to determine if they were chiral (racemates or single enantiomers) or achiral. Results A total of 3,573 human medicines had valid registration. Most of these medicines 2,150 (60%) are chiral and 1,423 (40%) are achiral. Out of the chiral medicines, 1,591 (74%) and 559 (26%) were racemates and single enantiomers, respectively. The percentage of chiral medicines for anti-infective (35%) was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than other pharmacological groups. A high proportion of chiral medicines within pharmacological groups were observed in systemic hormonal preparations (excluding reproductive hormones and insulin) 97.3% (36/37) and anti-infectives 80% (753/941). Conclusion The study revealed the existence of both chiral and achiral registered human medicines with chiral medicines predominating. The proportion of racemates within chiral medicines was significantly higher than that of single enantiomer medicines. The use of these racemates may cause harm to the public and may also contribute to antimicrobial resistance due to the potential existence of inactive and toxic enantiomers. In order to protect public health, regulatory bodies need to strengthen the control of chiral medicines by including an analysis of enantiomeric impurity.

scholarly journals A retrospective cross-sectional study to determine chirality status of registered medicines in Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kissa W. Mwamwitwa ◽  
Raphael M. Kaibere ◽  
Adam M. Fimbo ◽  
Wilber Sabitii ◽  
Nyanda E. Ntinginya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Stereogenic Center

Abstract Medicines with a stereogenic center (asymmetric carbon) are mainly present as racemates with a mixture of equal amounts of enantiomers. One enantiomer may be active while the other inactive, alternatively one may produce side-effects and even toxicity. However, there is lack of information on the chirality status (either racemates, single active enantiomer or achiral) of medicines circulated on the market particularly in African countries. We established the chirality status of registered medicines in Tanzania by conducting a retrospective cross-sectional study. Registration data for the past 15 years from 2003 to 2018 were extracted from TMDA-IMIS database to Microsoft excel for review and analysis. A total of 3,573 human medicines had valid registration. Out of which 2,150 (60%) were chiral and 1,423 (40%) achiral. Out of the chiral medicines, 1,591 (74%) and 559 (26%) were racemates and single active enantiomers, respectively. The proportion of racemates within chiral medicines was considerably higher than single enantiomer medicines. The use of racemates may cause harm to the public and may contribute to antimicrobial resistance due to potential existence of inactive and toxic enantiomers. In order to protect public health, regulatory bodies need to strengthen control of chiral medicines by conducting analysis of enantiomeric impurity.

CHILDREN'S AWARENESS OF MEDICINES, DRUG COMPLIANCE AND HEALTH PROTECTION DURING COVID 19 PANDEMIC: A DETAILED CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Radhika Vijay
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Great Role ◽  
Drug Compliance ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North West ◽  
Adult Lives ◽  
Prevention Of Infections

OBJECTIVES: Nobody is refrained from the use of medications in today's times, not even kids,The objective of this study is to focus on the knowledge and awareness level, perception, of children of primary and secondary grade towards medicines , prevention of Infections and Diseases and drug compliance. This descriptive, cross sectional observational study was done METHODS: amongst the kids of North West Rajasthan ,India from August 2020 to October 2020 via an online questionnaire . A sample size of 100 kids , 50 each from Primary and Secondary grade was chosen for the study. The data was entered in Microsoft Excel and was statistically analysed. Results are outcomes of various RESULTS: questions put up to conduct detailed analysis of kids' awareness and medicinal knowledge, drug preferences, factors inuencing and attitude related to hygiene, safety and protection from Covid 19 infection. Kids are the young budding phys CONCLUSION: icians and their childhood beliefs and perceptions might affect their behaviour and decisions in adult lives. Parents and schools can play a great role through educational programs . It's well said, “Children are like wet cement, whatever falls on them, leaves an impression.”

scholarly journals Judicial demand of medications through the Federal Justice of the State of Paraná

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Mitsunori Nisihara ◽  
Ana Carolina Possebom ◽  
Luiza de Martino Cruvinel Borges ◽  
Ana Claudia Athanasio Shwetz ◽  
Fernanda Francis Benevides Bettes
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The State ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Online System ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the profile of lawsuits related to drug requests filled at the Federal Justice of the State of Paraná. Methods A cross-sectional study, and the data were obtained through consulting the lawsuits at the online system of the Federal Justice of Paraná. Results Out of 347 lawsuits included in the study, 55% of plaintiffs were women, with a median age of 56 years. Oncology was the field with more requests (23.6%), and the highest mean costs. A wide variety of diseases and broad variety of requested drugs were found in the lawsuits. Approximately two-thirds of them were requested by the brand name, and the most often requested drugs were palivizumab and tiotropium bromide. Only 14.5% of the requested medicines were registered in the National Medication Register. The Public Defender’s Office filled actions in 89.6% of cases and all lawsuits had an interim relief. The mean time for approval was 35 days and 70% of requests were granted. Conclusion Oncology was the field with the highest demand for medicines at the Federal Justice of Paraná in 2014. A great variety of medications was requested. The Public Defender´s Office represented most lawsuits. All demands had an interim relief, and the majority of requests were granted, within an average of 35 days.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study on dental surgeons’ immune status against hepatitis B virus in the Public Health System

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clea Adas Saliba Garbin ◽  
Bruno Wakayama ◽  
Tânia Adas Saliba ◽  
Orlando Adas Saliba Junior ◽  
Artênio José Ísper Garbin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Public Health System ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
B Virus

scholarly journals Analysis of Lifestyle, Advertising Effectiveness, and Instant Coffee Consumption among Peri-Urban Farmers

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-182
Author(s):  
Moh. Djemdjem Djamaludin ◽  
Dewi Mutia Silmie
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Coffee Consumption ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Advertising Effectiveness ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Instant Coffee ◽  
The Public

Coffee consumption is increasing because many types of coffee are circulating, such as instant coffee among the public. The instant coffee studied in this study is the Iwan Fals edition of instant coffee. This study aimed to analyse the lifestyle and effectiveness of instant coffee advertising on instant coffee consumption among peri-urban farmers in Bogor Regency. This study used a cross-sectional study design located in Cibungbulang District, Bogor Regency. The location was chosen purposive because it is a peri-urban area that has more than 20% of agricultural land. A total of 100 respondents in this study were selected using a purposive sampling method with the criteria of a farmer and in the last 12 months consuming and viewing Iwan Fals edition coffee advertisements. The results of this study found that the maker's lifestyle is the most (32%) owned by the respondents. The effectiveness of instant coffee advertising in this study is included in the effective category (3.54). The results showed a relationship between gender, believing lifestyle, trying hard lifestyle with instant coffee consumption. The influence test results found an influence of male gender and lifestyle beliefs on instant coffee consumption. In general, respondents are classified as effective in consuming coffee because of their lifestyle and increase energy.

scholarly journals Prevalence of obesity amongst bank employees in Latur city of Maharashtra, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 3685
Author(s):  
Pramod P. Kulkarni ◽  
Bhaskar S. Gaikawad ◽  
Anant A. Takalkar ◽  
Mukund D. Bhise
Keyword(s):  
Who Classification ◽  
Sedentary Lifestyle ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Bank Employees ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background: India is currently experiencing rapid epidemiological transition with rising prevalence of obesity which may be due to sedentary lifestyle and changing dietary pattern. Certain occupations like the job of bank employees are sedentary which predispose individuals to obesity. Hence the present study was carried out to study the prevalence of obesity in bank employees in Latur city of Maharashtra.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out amongst 400 bank employees of Latur city. Banks were listed according to sectors i.e. government, co-operative and private. The study subjects were interviewed by predesigned and pretested proforma including bio-social characteristics like age, gender, height, weight etc. The anthropometric measurements were taken like height, weight etc. Data was entered in Microsoft Excel and analysed by using appropriate test whenever necessary.Results: According to body mass index (BMI) classification by WHO classification 34.5% subjects were overweight and obese and 25.75% of bank employees had obesity by waist-hip ratio as per WHO classification and 18.5% of bank employees had isolated abdominal obesity.Conclusions: The prevalence of generalized as well as abdominal obesity by WHO classification was more in bank employees. The associated risk factors like age, gender and designation was found to be significant.

scholarly journals Factors associated with COVID-19 infections and mortality in Africa: a cross-sectional study using publicly available data

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. e042750
Author(s):  
Charles Okeahalam ◽  
Victor Williams ◽  
Kennedy Otwombe
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Services Delivery

IntroductionThe current COVID-19 pandemic is a global threat. This elicits questions on the level of preparedness and capacity of health systems to respond to emergencies relative to other parts of the world.MethodsThis cross-sectional study uses publicly available core health data for 53 African countries to determine risk factors for cumulative COVID-19 deaths and cases per million in all countries in the continent. Descriptive statistics were determined for the indicators, and a negative binomial regression was used for modelling the risk factors.ResultsIn sub-Saharan Africa, an increase in the number of nursing and midwifery personnel decreased the risk of COVID-19 deaths (p=0.0178), while a unit increase in universal healthcare (UHC) index of service coverage and prevalence of insufficient physical activity among adults increased the risk of COVID-19 deaths (p=0.0432 and p=0.0127). An increase in the proportion of infants initiating breast feeding reduced the number of cases per million (p<0.0001), while an increase in higher healthy life expectancy at birth increased the number of cases per million (p=0.0340).ConclusionDespite its limited resources, Africa’s preparedness and response to the COVID-19 pandemic can be improved by identifying and addressing specific gaps in the funding of health services delivery. These gaps impact negatively on service delivery in Africa, which requires more nursing personnel and increased UHC coverage to mitigate the effects of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Legionellosis linked with a hotel car park – how many were infected?

1996 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Bell ◽  
L. R. Jorm ◽  
M. Williamson ◽  
N. H. Shaw ◽  
D. L. J. Kazandjian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Car Park ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Sydney Australia

SUMMARYAn outbreak of legionellosis associated with a hotel in Sydney, Australia, and the subsequent epidemiological and environmental investigations are described. Four cases of Legionnaires' disease were notified to the Public Health Unit. A cross-sectional study of 184 people who attended a seminar at the hotel was carried out. Serological and questionnaire data were obtained for 152 (83%) of these. Twenty-eight (18%) respondents reported symptoms compatible with legionellosis. Thirty-three subjects (22%) had indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) titres toLegionella pneumophilaserogroup 1 (Lp-1) of 128 or higher. The only site which those with symptoms of legionellosis and IFA titre ≥128 were more likely to have visited than controls was the hotel car park (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 14·7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1·8–123·1). Those with symptoms compatible with legionellosis, but whose IFA titres were < 128 were also more likely to have visited the hotel car park (adjusted OR 4·4, 95% CI: 1·5–12·9). Seroprevalence of Lp-1 antibodies was higher in those who attended the seminar than in a population sample of similar age. Findings suggested that the 4 cases represented a small fraction of all those infected, and highlighted difficulties in defining illness caused by Lp-1 and in interpreting serology.

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