Do Health Sector Measures of Violence against Women at Different Levels of Severity Correlate? Evidence from Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Anne Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
National Level ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Death Registry ◽  
Underlying Processes ◽  
Municipal Level ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate if characteristics of reports of violence against women at different levels of severity are similar and to test if their prevalence is correlated at the municipal level. METHODS I use data from women ages 15-49 who were killed by homicide in Brazil’s national death registry (N=14,373), were hospitalized for aggression (N=14,701), or were included in the medical mandatory reports of incidents of violence against women (N=42,134) between 2011 and 2016 in select municipalities. I provide national level descriptive statistics from 2016 contrasting distributions of victims (age, education, and race) and distributions of the characteristics of the incidents (location and time of day). Then, for 63 municipalities with a high number of violent incidents, I calculate the correlation coefficients between measures of violence against women using quarterly data from 2011-2016. I use multiple regression of municipal characteristics at baseline to examine which factors (poverty, spending, health, and civic engagement) predict the correlation. RESULTS Victim characteristics and incident characteristics are similar across the measures of violence at the national level. Despite these aggregate similarities, correlations at the municipal level are quite varied, ranging from -0.69-0.83. I find no municipal characteristics that consistently predict these correlation coefficients.CONCLUSIONS Despite some similarities at an aggregate level, these measures of violence against women do not have consistent patterns of correlation at the municipality level. Measures of severe levels of violence against women are not good proxies for incidence of violence at less severe physical levels. Lack of correlations could be due to differences in reporting, but may also be due to differences in underlying processes that share similar victims and event characteristics.

Infrastructure Provisioning and Health Service Utilization in Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amm Quamruzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
Service Utilization ◽  
Health Service Utilization ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
National Level ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Local Health ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Different Levels

Although the positive developmental effects of infrastructure provisioning are well documented, research on the potential role of governance in the improvement of infrastructure performance and individual-level service utilization is lacking. I explore the effect of infrastructure provisioning on individual-level health service utilization, paying close attention to whether governance at different levels shapes people's access to health care. The different geographical levels of infrastructure provisioning, governance, and health service utilization require a multilevel analysis, which I perform using Afrobarometer Round 5 survey data on 34 African countries in a three-stage mixed-effects modeling. Results show that the presence of health infrastructure is crucial for enhancing people's health service utilization. However, people encounter certain problems when receiving services at their local health clinics or hospitals, and these problems are directly linked with governance in the health sector as well as overall governance at the country level. Improvements in people's health service utilization therefore require both better infrastructure provisioning and better governance at different levels, as the former does not guarantee the latter. Development scholars need to widen their focus beyond national-level governance and help policy makers identify at which level state interventions are most needed for removing barriers to development.

scholarly journals Rastreia Saúde: A Spatiotemporal Disease Tracking System through Open Unstructured Data and GIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 999-1016
Author(s):  
Luiz Henrique Anjos Cardim ◽  
Nádia Puchalski Kozievitch
Keyword(s):  
Tracking System ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The State ◽  
Unstructured Data ◽  
Municipal Level ◽  
Different Levels

Automated disease tracking has become an increasingly important tool today. This article describes the prototype of a disease tracking system for the Brazilian territory, preliminarily tested at the state level, in Paraná, and at the municipal level, in Curitiba. This study aims to extract and present relevant information in the health segment from unstructured data, extracted from news portals. The system generates data that allows analysis at different levels of granularity, from small municipalities to the national level. The results of the study shows the viability of the system and allows the authors to identify some patterns in the processed data.

Forms of Direct Linguistic Violence against Women in Secondary Schools in Tanzania: A Case of Dar Es Salaam Region

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Dr. Zelda Sam Elisifa
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Female Victims ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Descriptive Account ◽  
Continuous Use ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Excretory Organs

The present study sought to make a descriptive account of how forms language use is violence against young women. It specifically sought to identify various forms of linguistics violence against women and assess the diversity of such linguistics violence on the women’s self image. The study involved 107 students of different levels of secondary education out of whom 71 were females and 35 males. Data were gathered through questionnaire and observation. The findings revealed that linguistics violence is plural as it involved different forms and strategies which were captured under six themes: pejorizing, sexualizing, animalizing, feminizing, masculining and stupidizing. I was also noted that of the six forms of linguistics violence, pejorizing was the most prevalent and most diverse. However, it was sexualizing which was the most pervasive and the most offensive since the women’s sexual and excretory organs and processes are used as disgusting and sickening sight. Further, the continuous use of female-related body parts and psycho-sexual behaviors and processes has resulted in women being adversely affected so much that they are not only the source of linguistic repository from which insults are mined and served to male and female victims, but also the perpetrators of the same.

Legal and Institutional Functionality in the Protection of Women – Victims of Domestic Violence in the Republic of Macedonia – Present Situation and Future Perspectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Zorica Saltirovska Professor ◽  
Sunchica Dimitrijoska Professor
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Women Victims ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
National Level ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Gender Based

Gender-based violence is a form of discrimination that prevents women from enjoying the rights and liberties on an equal level with men. Inevitably, domestic violence shows the same trend of victimizing women to such a degree that the term “domestic violence” is increasingly becoming synonymous with “violence against women”. The Istanbul Convention defines domestic violence as "gender-based violence against women", or in other words "violence that is directed against a woman because she is a woman or that affects women disproportionately." The situation is similar in the Republic of Macedonia, where women are predominantly victims of domestic violence. However, the Macedonian legal framework does not define domestic violence as gender-based violence, and thus it does not define it as a specific form of discrimination against women. The national legislation stipulates that victims are to be protected in both a criminal and a civil procedure, and the Law on Prevention and Protection from Domestic Violence determines the actions of the institutions and civil organizations in the prevention of domestic violence and the protection of victims. The system for protection of victims of domestic violence closely supports the Law on Social Protection and the Law on Free Legal Aid, both of which include provisions on additional assistance for women victims of domestic violence. However, the existing legislation has multiple deficiencies and does not allow for a greater efficacy in implementing the prescribed measures for the protection of victims of domestic violence. For this reason, as well as due to the inconsistent implementation of legal solutions of this particular issue, the civil sector is constantly expressing their concern about the increasingly wider spread of domestic violence against women and about the protection capabilities at their disposal. The lack of recognition of all forms of gender-based violence, the trivial number of criminal sentences against persons who perform acts of domestic violence, the insufficient support offered to victims – including victim shelters, legal assistance, and counseling, and the lack of systematic databases on domestic violence cases on a national level, are a mere few of the many issues clearly pointing to the inevitable conclusion that the protection of women-victims of domestic violence is inadequate. Hence, the functionality and efficiency of both the existing legislation and the institutions in charge of protection and support of women – victims of domestic violence is being questioned, which is also the subject for analysis in this paper.

Turnout in Multi-Level Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sona N. Golder ◽  
Ignacio Lago ◽  
André Blais ◽  
Elisabeth Gidengil ◽  
Thomas Gschwend
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Political Community ◽  
The Political ◽  
European Level ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
European Elections ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Different Levels

Voters face different incentives to turn out to vote in one electoral arena versus another. Although turnout is lowest in European elections, it is found that the turnout is only slightly lower in regional than in national elections. Standard accounts suggest that the importance of an election, in terms of the policy-making power of the body to be elected, drives variation in turnout across elections at different levels. This chapter argues that this is only part of the story, and that voter attachment to a particular level also matters. Not all voters feel connected to each electoral arena in the same way. Although for some, their identity and the issues they most care about are linked to politics at the national level, for others, the regional or European level may offer the political community and political issues that most resonate with them.

scholarly journals The First National Survey of Cadmium in Cacao Farm Soil in Colombia

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 761
Author(s):  
Daniel Bravo ◽  
Clara Leon-Moreno ◽  
Carlos Alberto Martínez ◽  
Viviana Marcela Varón-Ramírez ◽  
Gustavo Alfonso Araujo-Carrillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Models ◽  
Partial Correlation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Cadmium Content ◽  
Soil Variables

This study represents the first nationwide survey regarding the distribution of Cd content in cacao-growing soils in Colombia. The soil Cd distribution was analyzed using a cold/hotspots model. Moreover, both descriptive and predictive analytical tools were used to assess the key factors regulating the Cd concentration, considering Cd content and eight soil variables in the cacao systems. A critical discussion was performed in four main cacao-growing districts. Our results suggest that the performance of a model using all the variables will always be superior to the one using Zn alone. The analyzed variables featured an appropriate predictive performance, nonetheless, that performance has to be improved to develop a prediction method that might be used nationwide. Results from the fitted graphical models showed that the largest associations (as measured by the partial correlation coefficients) were those between Cd and Zn. Ca had the second-largest partial correlation with Cd and its predictive performance ranked second. Interestingly, it was found that there was a high variability in the factors correlated with Cd in cacao growing soils at a national level. Therefore, this study constitutes a baseline for the forthcoming studies in the country and should be reinforced with an analysis of cadmium content in cacao beans.

scholarly journals Standing crops of dominant combretum species at three browsing levels in the Kruger National Park

Koedoe ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B.R. Dayton
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Kruger National Park ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Combretum Apiculatum ◽  
Different Levels

In red bushwillow veld near the Sand River in the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa, a determination was made of the standing crops of Combretum apiculatum and C. zeyheri at browsing levels delineated by the maximum feeding heights of impala (1,5 m), kudu (2,5 m) and giraffe (5,5 m). Using harvested sample trees, logarithmic or linear regression equations were generated which related basal diameter or stem height to biomass or percentage of total biomass at the different levels. Biomass was divided into two components: current shoots and wood plus bark. Regression forms and variables which produced the highest correlation coefficients changed with changes in species or browsing level, however, most equations were logarithmic with basal diameter as the independent variable.

scholarly journals Density functional studies of the dipole polarizabilities of the linear polyacenes benzene through nonacene

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Hinchliffe ◽  
Beatrice Nikolaidi ◽  
Humberto Soscún Machado
Keyword(s):  
Ab Initio ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Tensor Component ◽  
Dipole Polarizability ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Absolute Agreement ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Dipole Polarizabilities

AbstractWe report Ab Initio studies of the electric dipole polarizability of the linear polyacene series benzene through nonacene. A number of Ab Initio studies were done at different levels of theory for benzene, with all remaining Ab Initio calculations being at the B3LYP/6-311G(2d, 1p)//B3LYP/6-311+G(2d, 1p) level of theory. We find that the NN tensor component shows a constant increment of 20 atomic units per ring. AM1 and QSAR-quality empirical calculations show poor absolute agreement with the Ab Initio results but given excellent statistical correlation coefficients with the Ab Initio values. This implies that the results of such cheaper calculations can be suitably scaled for predictive purposes.

scholarly journals Investigation of monthly variations in the efficiencies of photovoltaics due to sunrise and sunset times

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 310
Author(s):  
Armstrong O. Njok ◽  
Julie C. Ogbulezie ◽  
Manoj Kumar Panjwani ◽  
Raja Masood Larik
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Peak Efficiency ◽  
Pv Module ◽  
Average Relative Humidity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Monthly Variations ◽  
Different Levels

<p>The effect of time of day and month on the efficient conversion of solar energy to electrical energy using a polycrystalline (PV) module in calabar was studied. A KT-908 precision digital hygrometer and thermometer, and a M890C+ digital multimeter were used in the process. Results obtained shows that photovoltaic produce different levels of peak efficiencies at different times of the day for different months due to the difference in sunrise and sunset times for the months. The results also indicated that photovoltaics will be more efficient in months with low average relative humidity couple with low panel temperature. A peak efficiency of 77% at 12:30 in the month of April was observed before dropping to 73% at 12:00 in the month of May, indicating that there might be further drop in efficiency as we proceed further into the year. Results also show that photovoltaics are more efficient before noon in the month of May than in April while the reverse will be observed in the afternoon. </p>

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