scholarly journals Review And Assessment Of Malaria Epidemic Situation And Re-Transmission Risk In A Central City Of China, 1950-2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-ting ZHA ◽  
Guoqun LI ◽  
Ruihua FENG ◽  
Yu LIAO ◽  
Nan ZHOU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Imported Malaria ◽  
Central China ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
World Health ◽  
Local Case ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: With characteristics of fast transmission and widespread, malaria was the most deadly parasite disease. In China, 13 ministries and commissions jointly issued the Action Plan For Malaria Eradication, which was aimed to reach malaria elimination by 2020. Scientific analysis of the epidemic situation and assessment of re-transmission risk of malaria in Changsha, an important city of central China, are of certain reference value for China to pass the World Health Organization malaria control assessment in 2020.Method: The epidemic situation and control process of malaria in Changsha from 1950 to 2019 have been illustrated, and an adjusted assessment method was used to analyze the transmission risk index (MRI) of imported malaria in different districts of Changsha in recent years. All data were from Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Results: (1) From 1950 to 2019, there were 282,394 incidences and 39 deaths of malaria in Changsha, the incidence rate has been controlled below 10/1,000,000 after 1990; The fatality rate of malaria in Changsha has always been at a low level, but it reached 10.28/1000 after 2010; (2) Before the year 1978, tertian was the major type of malaria in Changsha, which accounted for 92.71%, but the proportion of pernicious malaria gradually increased after 2000, which accounted for 69.3% since 2010. (3) From 1950 to 2009, the percentage of imported malaria cases in Changsha was only 2.93%; In April 2010, the last local case of malaria was reported in Liuyang, Changsha; After 2011, all cases of malaria in Changsha were imported cases, which were mainly from Africa and Southeast Asia. (4) The re-transmission risk of imported malaria in Changsha from high to low were Liuyang City, Yuelu District, Tianxin District, Yuhua District, Ningxiang County, Furong district, Wangcheng District, Changsha County and Kaifu District. Conclusion: After 70 years, implemented three stages of prevention and control measures, Changsha has achieved the goal of malaria elimination. However, with the imported cases increased, the risk of re-transmission of malaria in Changsha still exists, especially in Liuyang and Yuelu district. Malaria control and prevention should still be taken seriously as an important preventive work in case of the secondary spread.

scholarly journals Implementation of a national electronic reporting system in Lithuania

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Domeika ◽  
G Kligys ◽  
O Ivanauskiene ◽  
J Mereckiene ◽  
V Bakasenas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reporting System ◽  
National Level ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Electronic Reporting ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Further Development

Electronic reporting systems improve the quality and timeliness of the surveillance of communicable diseases. The aim of this paper is to present the process of the implementation and introduction of an electronic reporting system for the surveillance of communicable diseases in Lithuania. The project which started in 2002 was performed in collaboration between Lithuania and Sweden and was facilitated by the parallel process of adapting the surveillance system to European Union (EU) standards. The Lotus-based software, SmittAdm, was acquired from the Department of Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention of Stockholm County in Sweden and adopted for Lithuania, resulting in the Lithuanian software, ULISAS. A major advantage of this program for Lithuania was the possibility to work offline. The project was initiated in the two largest counties in Lithuania where ULISAS had been installed and put in use by January 2005. The introduction was gradual, the national level was connected to the system during late 2005, and all remaining counties were included during 2006 and 2007. The reporting system remains to be evaluated concerning timeliness and completeness of the surveillance. Further development is needed, for example the inclusion of all physicians and laboratories and an alert system for outbreaks. The introduction of this case-based, timely electronic reporting system in Lithuania allows better reporting of data to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) compared to the former reporting system with paper-based, aggregated data.

scholarly journals Impacts of Ebola on Supply Chains in MRB Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-139
Author(s):  
Peter Davis Sumo
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this paper is to present a science-based narrative of the impact of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) on the supply chains of the major commodities of Liberia. Scientific literatures from appropriate journals, newspapers, trade data of applicable ministries and governmental agencies, data on Ebola from websites of World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Center for Disease and Control and Prevention (CDC), World Bank, the International Monetary Funds (IMF) and other relevant institutions are used extensively while also employing a market chain approach to represent the overall supply chains of these products. The review reveals, among others, the significant disruption to the flow of goods and the decrease in output of the main export commodities of Liberia. It also shows a fall in the real GDP growth rate of the Mano River Basin (MRB) countries during the Ebola years. The paper identifies that the specific mechanisms through which the supply chains were disrupted were as a result of fear and government’s regulation. Additionally, it provides a practical conduit for the diversification of the rubber industry. Given the complex web of supply chains of just a single product, this effort is in no way an exhaustive review on the impact of the EVD on supply chains of commodities dealt with herein, let alone the overall impact of EVD on the country as a whole. Obviously, this review is also limited in terms of scope and extent. This review is a useful introduction to investigators who might want to commit to research in this particular aspect of the impact of the EVD vis-a-vis its impact on supply chains in Liberia or on a broader level, the MRB Countries.

scholarly journals Clinical orthodontic management during the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunjay Suri ◽  
Yona R. Vandersluis ◽  
Anuraj S. Kochhar ◽  
Ritasha Bhasin ◽  
Mohamed-Nur Abdallah
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Contingency Management ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT Objectives To provide a comprehensive summary of the implications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on orthodontic treatment, contingency management, and provision of emergency orthodontic treatment, using currently available data and literature. Materials and Methods Orthodontically relevant sources of information were searched using electronic databases including PubMed and Google Scholar and current reports from major health bodies such as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization, National Institutes of Health, and major national orthodontic associations. Results Where available, peer-reviewed and more recent publications were given priority. Due to the rapidly evolving nature of COVID-19 and limitations in quality of evidence, a narrative synthesis was undertaken. Relevant to orthodontics, human-to human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurs predominantly through the respiratory tract via droplets, secretions (cough, sneeze), and or direct contact, where the virus enters the mucous membrane of the mouth, nose, and eyes. The virus can remain stable for days on plastic and stainless steel. Most infected persons experience a mild form of disease, but those with advanced age or underlying comorbidities may suffer severe respiratory and multiorgan complications. Conclusions During the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, elective orthodontic treatment should be suspended and resumed only when permitted by federal, provincial, and local health regulatory authorities. Emergency orthodontic treatment can be provided by following a contingency plan founded on effective communication and triage. Treatment advice should be delivered remotely first when possible, and where necessary, in-person treatment can be performed in a well-prepared operatory following the necessary precautions and infection prevention and control (IPAC) protocol.

scholarly journals Soap, water, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): an ancient handwashing strategy for preventing dissemination of a novel virus

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12041
Author(s):  
M. Khalid Ijaz ◽  
Raymond W. Nims ◽  
Sarah de Szalay ◽  
Joseph R. Rubino
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pathogen Inactivation ◽  
Public Health Agencies ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

Public Health Agencies worldwide (World Health Organization, United States Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, etc.) are recommending hand washing with soap and water for preventing the dissemination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. In this review, we have discussed the mechanisms of decontamination by soap and water (involving both removal and inactivation), described the contribution of the various components of formulated soaps to performance as cleansers and to pathogen inactivation, explained why adherence to recommended contact times is critical, evaluated the possible contribution of water temperature to inactivation, discussed the advantages of antimicrobial soaps vs. basic soaps, discussed the differences between use of soap and water vs. alcohol-based hand sanitizers for hand decontamination, and evaluated the limitations and advantages of different methods of drying hands following washing. While the paper emphasizes data applicable to SARS-CoV-2, the topics discussed are germane to most emerging and re-emerging enveloped and non-enveloped viruses and many other pathogen types.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Imported Malaria in Netrokona District of Bangladesh 2013-2018: Analysis of Surveillance Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Abdul Karim ◽  
M. Moktadir Kabir ◽  
Md Ashraf Siddiqui ◽  
Md Shahidul Islam Laskar ◽  
Anjan Saha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuation ◽  
Imported Malaria ◽  
Strategy Development ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Population Type ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
The Government

Introduction. Netrokona is one of the first phase malaria elimination targeted 8 districts of Bangladesh by 2021. The district constitutes only 7% of the population but contributes half of the malaria cases in that area. Most of the cases of that district are imported from Meghalaya State of India. The study was conducted to understand the epidemiology of these imported malaria cases for further strategy development to prevent both imported and introduced cases. Methodology. The study was retrospectively conducted on the malaria cases confirmed by microscopy and/or RDT by the government and/or NGO service providers between 2013 and 2018. The information of the cases was collected from the verbal “investigation” report of individual malaria confirmed cases. The respondents of the “investigation” were either the patients or their family members. Out of the 713 cases during the study period, descriptive analysis of 626 cases (based on the completeness of “investigation form”) of the district was done using MS Excel version 2016. Results. Proportion of imported malaria in Netrokona district increased from 60% in 2013 to 95% in 2018 which persists throughout the year with a little seasonal fluctuation. The overall contribution of these imported cases is 93% by cross-border workers by population type and 84%, 66%, and 95% by male, labour, and tribal population considering the factors of sex, occupation, and ethnicity, respectively. Population aged between 15 and 49 years contributed 82% of these imported cases. All of these cases occurred in the internationally bordering belt with Meghalaya State of India. Species-wise distribution revealed lower P. falciparum (63%) and higher mixed (28%) infection in imported cases compared to the 71% Pf and 20% mixed infection among the indigenous infections whereas P. vivax is similar in both cases. Conclusion. Imported malaria is an emerging issue that has a potential risk of increased local transmission which might be a challenge to malaria elimination in that area. Appropriate interventions targeting the cross-border workers are essential to prevent the introduced cases and subsequently avoid reestablishment when elimination of the disease is achieved.

scholarly journals An Epidemiological Study of Cervical and Breast Screening in India: District-Level Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Monica ◽  
Raman Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Breast Screening ◽  
District Level ◽  
World Health ◽  
Spatial Error ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Specific Approach ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
And Control ◽  
First Time

Abstract Background: Breast cancer and cervical cancer, the most common forms of cancer in women worldwide, are on a fast and steady rise, accounting for more deaths in women than any other cancer in the developing world. Cancer screening tests are an important tool to combat cancer-related morbidity and mortality. The World Health Assembly, in its agenda for cancer prevention and control in the context of an integrated approach, urges governments and the WHO to accelerate action to achieve Goal 3.4 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3.4) in order to reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases including cancer by one-third by 2030 (WHO, 2016). Methods: Until recently, there was no evidence pertaining to screening for cervical and breast cancers at the national level. The National Family Health Survey, 2015-16 (NFHS-4), for the first time in the NFHS series, collected information on examination of the breast and the cervix from over 699,000 women in the age group 15-49 years. For the present study, the data was aggregated for all 640 districts in India. Moran’s Index was calculated to check for spatial autocorrelation. Univariate Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) maps were plotted to look for spatial dependence associated with the uptake of screening practices. The spatial error model was employed to check for spatial magnitude and direction.Results: The factors associated with uptake of cervical and breast screening at the district level were: belonging to a general caste, residing in rural areas, being currently married, and being well-off economically. The study provides spatial inference by showing geographical disparities in screening, this study highlights the importance of ensuring a region-specific and organ-specific approach toward control and prevention of cancer.Conclusions: As part of the National Health Mission, the Indian government for the first time has launched population-based prevention, screening, and control programs for cancers of the cervix and the breast. The spatial analysis presented here may add essential information in policy-making. By showing geographical disparities in screening, this study highlights the importance of ensuring a region-specific and organ specific approach toward control and prevention of cancer.

scholarly journals Cross-Border Malaria Drivers and Risk Factors on the Brazil-Venezuela Border Between 2016 and 2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinley Wangdi ◽  
Erica Wetzler ◽  
Paola Marchesini ◽  
Leopoldo Villegas ◽  
Sara Canavati
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Imported Malaria ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Imported Case ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression ◽  
Imported Cases

Abstract Background Globally, cross-border importation of malaria has become a challenge to malaria elimination. The border areas between Brazil and Venezuela have experienced high numbers of imported cases due to increased population movement and migration out of Venezuela. This study aimed to identify risk factors for imported malaria and delineate imported malaria hotspots in Roraima, Brazil and Bolivar, Venezuela between 2016 and 2018.MethodsData on malaria surveillance cases from Roraima, Brazil and Bolivar, Venezuela from 2016 to 2018 were obtained from national surveillance systems: the Brazilian Malaria Epidemiology Surveillance Information System (SIVEP-Malaria), the Venezuelan Ministry of Health and other non-government organizations. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the risk factors for imported malaria. Spatial autocorrelation in malaria incidence was explored using Getis-Ord (Gi*) statistics.ResultsDuring the study period, there were 11,270 (24.3%) and 4,072 (0.7%) imported malaria cases in Roraima, Brazil and Bolivar, Venezuela, respectively. In the multivariable logistic regression for Roraima, men were 28% less likely to be an imported case compared to women (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]= 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.665, 0.781). Ages 20-29 and 30-39 were 90% (AOR=1.90; 95% CI 1.649, 2.181) and 54% (AOR=1.54; 95% CI 1.331, 1.782) more likely to be an imported case compared to the 0-9 year age group, respectively. Imported cases were 197 times (AOR=197.03; 95% CI 175.094, 221.712) more likely to occur in miners than those working in agriculture and domestic work. In Bolivar, cases aged 10-19 (AOR=1.75; 95% CI 1.389, 2.192), 20-29 (AOR=2.48; 95% CI 1.957, 3.144), and 30-39 (AOR=2.29; 95% CI 1.803, 2.913) were at higher risk of being an imported case than those in the 0-9 year old group, with older age groups having a slightly higher risk compared to Roraima. Compared to agriculture and domestic workers, tourism, timber and fishing workers (AOR=6.38; 95% CI 4.393, 9.254) and miners (AOR=7.03; 95% CI 4.903, 10.092) were between six and seven times more likely to be an imported case. Spatial analysis showed the risk was higher along the international border in the municipalities of Roraima, Brazil.ConclusionTo achieve malaria elimination, cross-border populations in the hotspot municipalities will need targeted intervention strategies tailored to occupation, age and mobility status. Furthermore, all stakeholders, including implementers, policymakers, and donors, should support and explore the introduction of novel approaches to address these hard-to-reach populations with the most cost-effective interventions.

scholarly journals Soap, Water, and SARS-CoV-2: An Ancient Handwashing Strategy for Preventing Dissemination of a New Virus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Khalid Ijaz ◽  
Raymond Nims ◽  
Sarah de Szalay ◽  
Joseph R. Rubino
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pathogen Inactivation ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Public Health Agencies ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

Public Health Agencies worldwide (World Health Organization, U.S. Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, etc.) are recommending hand washing with soap and water for preventing the dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 infections. In this review, we have discussed the mechanism of decontamination by soap and water (involving both removal and inactivation), described the contribution of the various components of formulated soaps to performance as cleansers and to pathogen inactivation, explained why adherence to recommended contact times is critical, evaluated the possible contribution of water temperature to inactivation, discussed the advantages of antimicrobial soaps versus basic soaps, discussed the differences between use of soap and water versus alcohol-based hand sanitizers for hand decontamination, and evaluated the limitations and advantages of different methods of drying hands following washing. While the paper emphasizes data applicable to SARS-CoV-2, the topics discussed are germane to most emerging and re-emerging enveloped and non-enveloped viruses and other pathogens.

Face Mask as a Tool to Prevent the Coronavirus Disease 2019: The Importance and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzaneh Barati ◽  
Fakhrisadat Hosseini ◽  
Faezeh Habibi Moghadam ◽  
Samin Abbasi Dezfouli
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Approved Drugs ◽  
And Control

Context: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in China in December 2019 and rapidly became a global epidemic. Respiratory droplets are the main transmission route, and no approved drugs or vaccines have been reported so far. Therefore, prevention is considered essential to the control of this pandemic. Masks are personal protective equipment, which play a key role in the prevention process. The World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) have emphasized on the use of masks by healthcare providers, patients, and caregivers. Evidence Acquisition: This review study was conducted by searching in Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and WHO library databases using specific search terms. Only the articles and other secondary sources published in English were selected and reviewed. Results: 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is smaller than the pore size of all types of available masks. In addition, the issue of limited hospital resources (e.g., masks during pandemics) requires special attention, while the produced mask garbage during the pandemic is another crucial issue. Efforts have been made to address these three critical challenges. Conclusions: We reviewed various types of masks and investigated the ability of each to prevent COVID-19, as well as the solutions for the issues associated with using the masks that provide insufficient protection against the 2019-nCoV, mask shortage, and mask garbage. Despite the deficient protective power of the available masks, these tools could delay the progression of COVID-19 effectively owing to mask flow resistance and virus spread via droplets.

scholarly journals Should we keep hope? Key 8 weeks - Spatiotemporal epidemic characteristics of COVID-19 in Sichuan Province and its comparative analysis with other provinces in China and global epidemic trend

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyin Xu ◽  
Jing Zeng ◽  
Runyou Liu ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Xiaobo Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Sichuan Province ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
First Case ◽  
Local Case ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background: To compare the epidemiological characteristics of Sichuan Province, other provinces in China and the world epidemic trends by analyzing the prevalence and length of epidemic time. in order to provide a basis for responding to imported cases abroad and to formulate prevention and control strategies in areas that are still rapidly circulating.Methods: The number of confirmed cases, daily growth, incidence and the length of time from the first reported case to the end of local case(non-overseas imported cases) were compared by spatial and temporal (geographical, temporal) classification. Visualizing the development and changes of epidemic situation by layer through maps.Results: In the first wave, total of 539 cases were reported in Sichuan Province, with the incidence rate of 0.6462 / 100,000. The closer to Hubei, the heavier the epidemic. The peak of Sichuan Province came earlier and the value was lower. Eight weeks after Wuhan lockdown, all became better. The longest epidemic length in city level of China was 53 days, median 23 days. It was released quickly in the 1st month, and accelerated in the 2ed month (three times of 1st month). Most countries outside China began to rise rapidly 4 weeks after their first case. Some European countries was earlier than USA. Germany, Spain, Italy, and China cost 28, 29, 34, and 18 days to reached the peak of daily increment, after their daily increase up to 20 cases. Countries in African Region and South-East Asia Region were at the early stage, in Eastern Mediterranean Region and Region of the Americas were at rapid growth phase,in European presented an inflection point or at a plateau period but falling slowly.Conclusions: Adopting appropriate isolation and control measures is necessary to actively respond to the epidemic situation. If effective measures were implemented at the 8 key weeks, the peak value of the confirmed cases will be lower and decrease quickly. Some countries with improved epidemic situations also need to develop a continuous "local strategy at entry checkpoints" to respond to a possible second local epidemic.

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