scholarly journals Pleurotus Ostreatus β-glucan Alleviates Cyclophosphamide-induced Immunosuppression by Regulating Gut Microbiota in Mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yalu Shao ◽  
Hua Zhong ◽  
Alejandro Pérez-Ponce ◽  
Deli Chen ◽  
Lei Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation ◽  
Immunosuppressed Mice ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract BackgroundImmunosuppression has given a serious threat to human health and can induce gut microbial dysbiosis. Pleurotus ostreatus (P. ostreatus) β-glucan (POG) with an average molecular weight of 214.5 kDa, mainly consisting of 95.72 mol% glucose by β-(1→3) linkages, can probably act as promising probiotics to modulate gut microbiota for relieving immunosuppression.ResultsIn this study, based on a mouse model of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression, we found that high dose of POG (HPOG, 0.9 g/kg bodyweight) could stimulate immune response by increasing the concentrations of cytokines and immunoglobulins in serum. After administration of POG, the pathological damages to spleen and thymus were recovered in immunosuppressed mice, accompanied with an improved intestinal mucosal barrier maintained by tight junction proteins. Additionally, HPOG enriched short chain fatty acids and restored gut microbiota composition in immunosuppressed mice. Specifically, HPOG-mediated genera, including Intestinimonas (OTU185, OTU232), Bacteroides (OTU002, OTU034) and Barnesiella (OTU046), were found to have significant Spearman's correlation with the recovery of immune function and intestinal mucosal barrier.ConclusionsThese findings suggested that POG had the potential to protect mice from immunosuppression by “drugging the gut microbiota”.

scholarly journals Chicken-eaters and pork-eaters have different gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolites

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Shi ◽  
Di Zhao ◽  
Fan Zhao ◽  
Chong Wang ◽  
Galia Zamaratskaia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolites ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

AbstractThis study was aimed to evaluate the differences in the composition of gut microbiota, tryptophan metabolites and short-chain fatty acids in feces between volunteers who frequently ate chicken and who frequently ate pork. Twenty male chicken-eaters and 20 male pork-eaters of 18 and 30 years old were recruited to collect feces samples for analyses of gut microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan metabolites. Chicken-eaters had more diverse gut microbiota and higher abundance of Prevotella 9, Dialister, Faecalibacterium, Megamonas, and Prevotella 2. However, pork-eaters had higher relative abundance of Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Dialister, and Ruminococcus 2. In addition, chicken-eaters had high contents of skatole and indole in feces than pork-eaters, as well as higher contents of total short chain fatty acids, in particular for acetic acid, propionic acid, and branched chain fatty acids. The Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that the abundance of Prevotella 2 and Prevotella 9 was positively correlated with levels of fecal skatole, indole and short-chain fatty acids. Thus, intake of chicken diet may increase the risk of skatole- and indole-induced diseases by altering gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Glycerol Monocaprylate Modulates Gut Microbiota and Increases Short-Chain Fatty Acids Production without Adverse Effects on Metabolism and Inflammation

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1427
Author(s):  
Junhui Zhang ◽  
Fengqin Feng ◽  
Minjie Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Dose Treatment ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Glycerol monocaprylate (GMC) is a glycerol derivative of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and is widely used as a preservative in food processing. However, GMC and its hydrolytic acid (octylic acid) have antibacterial properties that may affect the physiology and intestinal microecology of the human body. Therefore, in this study, the effects of two different dosages of GMC (150 and 1600 mg kg−1) on glucose, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and intestinal microecology of normal diet-fed C57BL/6 mice were comprehensively investigated. The obtained results showed that the level of triglycerides (TGs) in the low-dose group down-regulated significantly, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) significantly increased, while the pro-inflammatory cytokines monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and interleukin 1beta (IL-1β) in the high-dose group were significantly decreased. Importantly, GMC promoted the α-diversity of gut microbiota in normal-diet-fed mice, regardless of dosages. Additionally, it was found that the low-dose treatment of GMC significantly increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, while the high-dose treatment of GMC significantly increased the abundance of SCFA-producers such as Clostridiales, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcus. Moreover, the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) was significantly increased by GMC supplementation. Thus, our research provides a novel insight into the effects of GMC on gut microbiota and physiological characteristics.

scholarly journals Effects of Rich in Β-Glucans Edible Mushrooms on Aging Gut Microbiota Characteristics: An In Vitro Study

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evdokia K. Mitsou ◽  
Georgia Saxami ◽  
Emmanuela Stamoulou ◽  
Evangelia Kerezoudi ◽  
Eirini Terzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Edible Mushrooms ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Alterations of gut microbiota are evident during the aging process. Prebiotics may restore the gut microbial balance, with β-glucans emerging as prebiotic candidates. This study aimed to investigate the impact of edible mushrooms rich in β-glucans on the gut microbiota composition and metabolites by using in vitro static batch culture fermentations and fecal inocula from elderly donors (n = 8). Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, Hericium erinaceus and Cyclocybe cylindracea mushrooms derived from various substrates were examined. Gut microbiota composition (quantitative PCR (qPCR)) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs; gas chromatography (GC)) were determined during the 24-h fermentation. P. eryngii induced a strong lactogenic effect, while P. ostreatus and C. cylindracea induced a significant bifidogenic effect (p for all <0.05). Furthermore, P. eryngii produced on wheat straw and the prebiotic inulin had comparable Prebiotic Indexes, while P. eryngii produced on wheat straw/grape marc significantly increased the levels of tested butyrate producers. P. ostreatus, P. eryngii and C. cylindracea had similar trends in SCFA profile; H. erinaceus mushrooms were more diverse, especially in the production of propionate, butyrate and branched SCFAs. In conclusion, mushrooms rich in β-glucans may exert beneficial in vitro effects in gut microbiota and/or SCFAs production in elderly subjects.

scholarly journals Microbiome transfer between IL-1RI-/- and wild-type mice during high or low-fat feeding alters metabolic tissue functionality but not glucose homeostasis.

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica C. Ralston ◽  
Kathleen A.J. Mitchelson ◽  
Gina M. Lynch ◽  
Tam T.T. Tran ◽  
Conall R. Strain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Unifrac Distance ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

AbstractReduced inflammatory signaling (IL-1RI-/-) alters metabolic responses to dietary challenges (1). Inflammasome deficiency (e.g. IL-18-/-, Asc-/-) can modify gut microbiota concomitant with hepatosteatosis; an effect that was transferable to wild-type (WT) mice by co-housing (2). Taken together, this evidence suggests that links between diet, microbiota and IL-1RI-signaling can influence metabolic health. Our aim was to determine whether IL-1RI-mediated signaling interacted with the gut microbiome to impact metabolic tissue functionality in a diet-specific fashion. Male WT (C57BL/J6) and IL-1RI-/- mice were fed either high-fat diet (HFD; 45% kcal) or low-fat diet (LFD; 10% kcal) for 24 weeks and were housed i) separately by genotype or ii) with genotypes co-housed together (i.e. isolated vs shared microbial environment; n = 8–10 mice per group). Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion response (1.5 g/kg i.p.), gut microbiota composition and caecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were assessed. Liver and adipose tissue were harvested and examined for triacylglycerol (TAG) formation, cholesterol and metabolic markers (Fasn, Cpt1α, Pparg, Scd1, Dgat1/2), using histology, gas-chromatography and RT-PCR, respectively. Statistical analysis included 1-way or 2-way ANOVA, where appropriate, with Bonferroni post-hoc correction. Co-housing significantly affected gut microbiota composition, illustrated by clustering in PCoA (unweighted UniFrac distance) of co-housed mice but not their single-housed counterparts, on both HFD and LFD. The taxa driving these differences were primarily from Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families. Single-housed WT had lower hepatic weight, TAG, cholesterol levels and Fasn despite HFD, an effect lost in their co-housed counterparts, who aligned more to IL-1RI-/- hepatic lipid status. Hepatic Cpt1α was lowest in co-housed WT. Adipose from IL-1RI-/- groups on HFD displayed increased adipocyte size and reduced adipocyte number compared to WT groups, but greater lipogenic potential (Pparg, Scd1, Dgat2) alongside a blunted IL-6 response to pro-inflammatory stimuli (~32%, P = 0.025). Whilst caecal SCFA concentrations were not different between groups, single-housed IL-1RI-/- adipocytes showed greatest sensitivity to SCFA-induced lipogenesis. Interestingly, differences in tissue functionality and gut microbiome occurred despite unaltered glucose tolerance; although there was a trend for phenotypic transfer of body weight via co-housing. For all endpoints examined, similar genotype/co-housing effects were observed for both HFD and LFD with the greatest impacts seen in HFD-fed mice. In conclusion, while the gut microbiome may be an important consideration in dietary interventions, these results question the magnitude of its impact in relation to the IL-1RI-dependent immunometabolism-glucose homeostasis axis.

scholarly journals Excess Vitamins or Imbalance of Folic Acid and Choline in the Gestational Diet Alter the Gut Microbiota and Obesogenic Effects in Wistar Rat Offspring

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4510
Author(s):  
Ulrik N. Mjaaseth ◽  
Jackson C. Norris ◽  
Niklas D. J. Aardema ◽  
Madison L. Bunnell ◽  
Robert E. Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Vitamin Intake ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Excess vitamin intake during pregnancy leads to obesogenic phenotypes, and folic acid accounts for many of these effects in male, but not in female, offspring. These outcomes may be modulated by another methyl nutrient choline and attributed to the gut microbiota. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed an AIN-93G diet with recommended vitamin (RV), high 10-fold multivitamin (HV), high 10-fold folic acid with recommended choline (HFol) or high 10-fold folic acid without choline (HFol-C) content. Male and female offspring were weaned to a high-fat RV diet for 12 weeks post-weaning. Removing choline from the HFol gestational diet resulted in obesogenic phenotypes that resembled more closely to HV in male and female offspring with higher body weight, food intake, glucose response to a glucose load and body fat percentage with altered activity, concentrations of short-chain fatty acids and gut microbiota composition. Gestational diet and sex of the offspring predicted the gut microbiota differences. Differentially abundant microbes may be important contributors to obesogenic outcomes across diet and sex. In conclusion, a gestational diet high in vitamins or imbalanced folic acid and choline content contributes to the gut microbiota alterations consistent with the obesogenic phenotypes of in male and female offspring.

scholarly journals Implications of Gut-Brain axis in the pathogenesis of Psychiatric disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-256
Author(s):  
Kurumi Taniguchi ◽  
◽  
Yuka Ikeda ◽  
Nozomi Nagase ◽  
Ai Tsuji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Epigenetic Alterations ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

<abstract> <p>Psychiatric disorders may extremely impair the quality of life with patients and are important reasons of social disability. Several data have shown that psychiatric disorders are associated with an altered composition of gut microbiota. Dietary intake could determine the microbiota, which contribute to produce various metabolites of fermentation such as short chain fatty acids. Some of the metabolites could result in epigenetic alterations leading to the disease susceptibility. Epigenetic dysfunction is in fact implicated in various psychiatric and neurologic disorders. For example, it has been shown that neuroepigenetic dysregulation occurs in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Several studies have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiome may influence the function of central nervous system. Furthermore, it has been proved that the alterations in the gut microbiota-composition might affect in the bidirectional communication between gut and brain. Similarly, evidences demonstrating the association between psychiatric disorders and the gut microbiota have come from preclinical studies. It is clear that an intricate symbiotic relationship might exist between host and microbe, although the practical significance of the gut microbiota has not yet to be determined. In this review, we have summarized the function of gut microbiota in main psychiatric disorders with respect to the mental health. In addition, we would like to discuss the potential mechanisms of the disorders for the practical diagnosis and future treatment by using bioengineering of microbiota and their metabolites.</p> </abstract>

scholarly journals The Effects of Non-Nutritive Artificial Sweeteners, Aspartame and Sucralose, on the Gut Microbiome in Healthy Adults: Secondary Outcomes of a Randomized Double-Blinded Crossover Clinical Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3408
Author(s):  
Samar Y. Ahmad ◽  
James Friel ◽  
Dylan Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Artificial Sweeteners ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Non-nutritive artificial sweeteners (NNSs) may have the ability to change the gut microbiota, which could potentially alter glucose metabolism. This study aimed to determine the effect of sucralose and aspartame consumption on gut microbiota composition using realistic doses of NNSs. Seventeen healthy participants between the ages of 18 and 45 years who had a body mass index (BMI) of 20–25 were selected. They undertook two 14-day treatment periods separated by a four-week washout period. The sweeteners consumed by each participant consisted of a standardized dose of 14% (0.425 g) of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for aspartame and 20% (0.136 g) of the ADI for sucralose. Faecal samples collected before and after treatments were analysed for microbiome and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). There were no differences in the median relative proportions of the most abundant bacterial taxa (family and genus) before and after treatments with both NNSs. The microbiota community structure also did not show any obvious differences. There were no differences in faecal SCFAs following the consumption of the NNSs. These findings suggest that daily repeated consumption of pure aspartame or sucralose in doses reflective of typical high consumption have minimal effect on gut microbiota composition or SCFA production.

scholarly journals 2′-Fucosyllactose Ameliorates Oxidative Stress Damage in d-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice by Regulating Gut Microbiota and AMPK/SIRT1/FOXO1 Pathway

Foods ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Jin Wang ◽  
Jia-Qiang Hu ◽  
Yu-Jie Song ◽  
Jia Yin ◽  
Yuan-Yi-Fei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Mucosal Barrier Function ◽  
Gut Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Stress Damage

The imbalance of reactive oxygen species is the main cause in aging, accompanied by oxidative stress. As the most abundant in human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), 2′-Fucosyllactose (2′-FL) has been confirmed to have great properties in immunity regulation and anti-inflammatory. The research on 2′-FL is focused on infants currently, while there is no related report of 2′-FL for the elderly. A d-galactose-induced accelerated aging model was established to explore the protective effect of 2′-FL on the intestines and brain in mice. In this study, 2′-FL significantly reduced oxidative stress damage and inflammation in the intestines of aging mice, potentially by regulating the sirtuin1 (SIRT1)-related and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways. In addition, 2′-FL significantly improved the gut mucosal barrier function and increased the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the intestine. The gut microbiota analysis indicated that 2′-FL mainly increased the abundance of probiotics like Akkermansia in aging mice. Moreover, 2′-FL significantly inhibited apoptosis in the brains of aging mice, also increasing the expression of SIRT1. These findings provided a basis for learning the benefits of 2′-FL in the aging process.

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