scholarly journals Excess Vitamins or Imbalance of Folic Acid and Choline in the Gestational Diet Alter the Gut Microbiota and Obesogenic Effects in Wistar Rat Offspring

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4510
Author(s):  
Ulrik N. Mjaaseth ◽  
Jackson C. Norris ◽  
Niklas D. J. Aardema ◽  
Madison L. Bunnell ◽  
Robert E. Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Vitamin Intake ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Excess vitamin intake during pregnancy leads to obesogenic phenotypes, and folic acid accounts for many of these effects in male, but not in female, offspring. These outcomes may be modulated by another methyl nutrient choline and attributed to the gut microbiota. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed an AIN-93G diet with recommended vitamin (RV), high 10-fold multivitamin (HV), high 10-fold folic acid with recommended choline (HFol) or high 10-fold folic acid without choline (HFol-C) content. Male and female offspring were weaned to a high-fat RV diet for 12 weeks post-weaning. Removing choline from the HFol gestational diet resulted in obesogenic phenotypes that resembled more closely to HV in male and female offspring with higher body weight, food intake, glucose response to a glucose load and body fat percentage with altered activity, concentrations of short-chain fatty acids and gut microbiota composition. Gestational diet and sex of the offspring predicted the gut microbiota differences. Differentially abundant microbes may be important contributors to obesogenic outcomes across diet and sex. In conclusion, a gestational diet high in vitamins or imbalanced folic acid and choline content contributes to the gut microbiota alterations consistent with the obesogenic phenotypes of in male and female offspring.

scholarly journals Increased Vitamin Content or an Imbalance in Methyl Nutrients in the Gestational Diet Shifts the Gut Microbiota of the Offspring in a Sex-Dependent Manner

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 787-787
Author(s):  
Ulrik N Mjaaseth ◽  
Jackson Norris ◽  
Niklas DJ Aardema ◽  
Madison L Bunnell ◽  
Korry Hintze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Vitamin Content ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Objectives Excess gestational folic acid and insufficient choline intakes as observed in the North American populations may increase the risk of obesity in offspring. It is well-established that adverse health outcomes may arise due to shifts in the gut microbial communities, but whether high vitamin intakes or an imbalance between methyl nutrients contributes to gut microbiota alterations is unclear. The objective of this research was to determine the gut microbiota composition of male and female offspring in relation to the vitamin composition of the gestational diet. Methods Pregnant Wistar rats (n = 10/group) were fed the AIN-93G diet with either the recommended vitamin (RV), high multivitamin (HV), high folic acid (HFol) or high folic acid without choline (HFol-C) content. Male and female offspring were weaned to a high-fat control diet for 12 weeks. Fecal samples were collected from the colon upon termination for gut microbiota profiling by 16S rRNA sequencing and data analyses in QIIME2. Results The overall gut microbial communities as assessed by unweighted UniFrac distances differed among the gestational diet groups for male (PERMANOVA P = 0.04) and female (PERMANOVA P = 0.05) offspring. The covariates gestational diet and sex predicted the gut microbiota differences in the offspring (Q2 = 0.07 in Songbird) whereas diet alone resulted in overfitting of the multinomial regression model (Q2 < 0). High ranked features from the natural log-ratios of microbial abundance were Shigella, Clostridiales, Clostridiaceae for HV, and Odoribacter, Akkermansia muciniphila, Blautia for both HFol and HFol-C compared to RV. Low ranked features were Odoribacter for HV, Clostridiaceae and Clostridiales for HFol, and Bifidobacterium, Allobaculum, Lactobacillus vaginalis for HFol-C compared to RV. In male offspring, Lactobacillus vaginalis, Sutterella and Clostridiales were high ranked and Odoribacter was low ranked compared to female offspring. These differentially abundant microbes may be important contributors to obesity across diet and sex. Conclusions Increased vitamin content or an imbalance between folic acid and choline in the gestational diet leads to a shift in the gut microbiota composition in the offspring toward obesity. These effects differed by sex. Funding Sources Utah Agricultural Experiment Station and USU Research Catalyst. UNM supported by USU URCO.

scholarly journals The Influence of Diet and Sex on the Gut Microbiota of Lean and Obese JCR:LA-cp Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1037
Author(s):  
Craig Resch ◽  
Mihir Parikh ◽  
J. Alejandro Austria ◽  
Spencer D. Proctor ◽  
Thomas Netticadan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ground Flaxseed ◽  
The Impact

There is an increased interest in the gut microbiota as it relates to health and obesity. The impact of diet and sex on the gut microbiota in conjunction with obesity also demands extensive systemic investigation. Thus, the influence of sex, diet, and flaxseed supplementation on the gut microbiota was examined in the JCR:LA-cp rat model of genetic obesity. Male and female obese rats were randomized into four groups (n = 8) to receive, for 12 weeks, either (a) control diet (Con), (b) control diet supplemented with 10% ground flaxseed (CFlax), (c) a high-fat, high sucrose (HFHS) diet, or (d) HFHS supplemented with 10% ground flaxseed (HFlax). Male and female JCR:LA-cp lean rats served as genetic controls and received similar dietary interventions. Illumine MiSeq sequencing revealed a richer microbiota in rats fed control diets rather than HFHS diets. Obese female rats had lower alpha-diversity than lean female; however, both sexes of obese and lean JCR rats differed significantly in β-diversity, as their gut microbiota was composed of different abundances of bacterial types. The feeding of an HFHS diet affected the diversity by increasing the phylum Bacteroidetes and reducing bacterial species from phylum Firmicutes. Fecal short-chain fatty acids such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate-producing bacterial species were correspondingly impacted by the HFHS diet. Flax supplementation improved the gut microbiota by decreasing the abundance of Blautia and Eubacterium dolichum. Collectively, our data show that an HFHS diet results in gut microbiota dysbiosis in a sex-dependent manner. Flaxseed supplementation to the diet had a significant impact on gut microbiota diversity under both flax control and HFHS dietary conditions.

scholarly journals Chicken-eaters and pork-eaters have different gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolites

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Shi ◽  
Di Zhao ◽  
Fan Zhao ◽  
Chong Wang ◽  
Galia Zamaratskaia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Branched Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Tryptophan Metabolites ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Spearman’S Correlation ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

AbstractThis study was aimed to evaluate the differences in the composition of gut microbiota, tryptophan metabolites and short-chain fatty acids in feces between volunteers who frequently ate chicken and who frequently ate pork. Twenty male chicken-eaters and 20 male pork-eaters of 18 and 30 years old were recruited to collect feces samples for analyses of gut microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan metabolites. Chicken-eaters had more diverse gut microbiota and higher abundance of Prevotella 9, Dialister, Faecalibacterium, Megamonas, and Prevotella 2. However, pork-eaters had higher relative abundance of Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Dialister, and Ruminococcus 2. In addition, chicken-eaters had high contents of skatole and indole in feces than pork-eaters, as well as higher contents of total short chain fatty acids, in particular for acetic acid, propionic acid, and branched chain fatty acids. The Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that the abundance of Prevotella 2 and Prevotella 9 was positively correlated with levels of fecal skatole, indole and short-chain fatty acids. Thus, intake of chicken diet may increase the risk of skatole- and indole-induced diseases by altering gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Dynamic alteration in the gut microbiota and metabolome during the pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peifeng Xie ◽  
Chengjun Hu ◽  
Qinghua He ◽  
Qian Zhu ◽  
Xiangfeng Kong
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Metabolite Profile ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Glutamate Metabolism ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Dynamic Alteration ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Background Gut microbiota and their metabolites were associated with obesity. Our previous study showed that maternal body fat percentage increased from days 45 to 110 of gestation in a Huanjiang mini-pig model. Thus, 16S rRNA sequencing and metabonomic techniques were used to investigate the changes of maternal gut microbiota composition and microbial metabolite profile from days 45 to 110 of gestation. Results The abundances of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Romboutsia, Turicibacter, and Streptococcus in jejunum contents were higher in day 110 than those in day 45 or 75 of gestation. In ileum, the abundance of Streptococcus was the highest (P < 0.05) at day 110 of gestation, as well as the metabolism function of jejunal and ileal microbiota. The ileal butyrate and acetate concentrations were the highest at day 45 and day 110 of gestation, respectively. In colon, the concentrations of cadaverine and spermine were the highest (P < 0.05) at days 45 and 110 of gestation, respectively. Metabonomic analysis demonstrated that metabolic pathways including glutamine and glutamate metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism changed during gestation. Conclusions Microbiota composition and metabolites changed dramatically from the early to the late pregnancy, which might be associated with the maternal fat accumulation.

scholarly journals Effects of Rich in Β-Glucans Edible Mushrooms on Aging Gut Microbiota Characteristics: An In Vitro Study

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evdokia K. Mitsou ◽  
Georgia Saxami ◽  
Emmanuela Stamoulou ◽  
Evangelia Kerezoudi ◽  
Eirini Terzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Edible Mushrooms ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Alterations of gut microbiota are evident during the aging process. Prebiotics may restore the gut microbial balance, with β-glucans emerging as prebiotic candidates. This study aimed to investigate the impact of edible mushrooms rich in β-glucans on the gut microbiota composition and metabolites by using in vitro static batch culture fermentations and fecal inocula from elderly donors (n = 8). Pleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, Hericium erinaceus and Cyclocybe cylindracea mushrooms derived from various substrates were examined. Gut microbiota composition (quantitative PCR (qPCR)) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs; gas chromatography (GC)) were determined during the 24-h fermentation. P. eryngii induced a strong lactogenic effect, while P. ostreatus and C. cylindracea induced a significant bifidogenic effect (p for all <0.05). Furthermore, P. eryngii produced on wheat straw and the prebiotic inulin had comparable Prebiotic Indexes, while P. eryngii produced on wheat straw/grape marc significantly increased the levels of tested butyrate producers. P. ostreatus, P. eryngii and C. cylindracea had similar trends in SCFA profile; H. erinaceus mushrooms were more diverse, especially in the production of propionate, butyrate and branched SCFAs. In conclusion, mushrooms rich in β-glucans may exert beneficial in vitro effects in gut microbiota and/or SCFAs production in elderly subjects.

scholarly journals Microbiome transfer between IL-1RI-/- and wild-type mice during high or low-fat feeding alters metabolic tissue functionality but not glucose homeostasis.

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica C. Ralston ◽  
Kathleen A.J. Mitchelson ◽  
Gina M. Lynch ◽  
Tam T.T. Tran ◽  
Conall R. Strain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Unifrac Distance ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

AbstractReduced inflammatory signaling (IL-1RI-/-) alters metabolic responses to dietary challenges (1). Inflammasome deficiency (e.g. IL-18-/-, Asc-/-) can modify gut microbiota concomitant with hepatosteatosis; an effect that was transferable to wild-type (WT) mice by co-housing (2). Taken together, this evidence suggests that links between diet, microbiota and IL-1RI-signaling can influence metabolic health. Our aim was to determine whether IL-1RI-mediated signaling interacted with the gut microbiome to impact metabolic tissue functionality in a diet-specific fashion. Male WT (C57BL/J6) and IL-1RI-/- mice were fed either high-fat diet (HFD; 45% kcal) or low-fat diet (LFD; 10% kcal) for 24 weeks and were housed i) separately by genotype or ii) with genotypes co-housed together (i.e. isolated vs shared microbial environment; n = 8–10 mice per group). Glucose tolerance and insulin secretion response (1.5 g/kg i.p.), gut microbiota composition and caecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were assessed. Liver and adipose tissue were harvested and examined for triacylglycerol (TAG) formation, cholesterol and metabolic markers (Fasn, Cpt1α, Pparg, Scd1, Dgat1/2), using histology, gas-chromatography and RT-PCR, respectively. Statistical analysis included 1-way or 2-way ANOVA, where appropriate, with Bonferroni post-hoc correction. Co-housing significantly affected gut microbiota composition, illustrated by clustering in PCoA (unweighted UniFrac distance) of co-housed mice but not their single-housed counterparts, on both HFD and LFD. The taxa driving these differences were primarily from Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families. Single-housed WT had lower hepatic weight, TAG, cholesterol levels and Fasn despite HFD, an effect lost in their co-housed counterparts, who aligned more to IL-1RI-/- hepatic lipid status. Hepatic Cpt1α was lowest in co-housed WT. Adipose from IL-1RI-/- groups on HFD displayed increased adipocyte size and reduced adipocyte number compared to WT groups, but greater lipogenic potential (Pparg, Scd1, Dgat2) alongside a blunted IL-6 response to pro-inflammatory stimuli (~32%, P = 0.025). Whilst caecal SCFA concentrations were not different between groups, single-housed IL-1RI-/- adipocytes showed greatest sensitivity to SCFA-induced lipogenesis. Interestingly, differences in tissue functionality and gut microbiome occurred despite unaltered glucose tolerance; although there was a trend for phenotypic transfer of body weight via co-housing. For all endpoints examined, similar genotype/co-housing effects were observed for both HFD and LFD with the greatest impacts seen in HFD-fed mice. In conclusion, while the gut microbiome may be an important consideration in dietary interventions, these results question the magnitude of its impact in relation to the IL-1RI-dependent immunometabolism-glucose homeostasis axis.

scholarly journals Implications of Gut-Brain axis in the pathogenesis of Psychiatric disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-256
Author(s):  
Kurumi Taniguchi ◽  
◽  
Yuka Ikeda ◽  
Nozomi Nagase ◽  
Ai Tsuji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Epigenetic Alterations ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

<abstract> <p>Psychiatric disorders may extremely impair the quality of life with patients and are important reasons of social disability. Several data have shown that psychiatric disorders are associated with an altered composition of gut microbiota. Dietary intake could determine the microbiota, which contribute to produce various metabolites of fermentation such as short chain fatty acids. Some of the metabolites could result in epigenetic alterations leading to the disease susceptibility. Epigenetic dysfunction is in fact implicated in various psychiatric and neurologic disorders. For example, it has been shown that neuroepigenetic dysregulation occurs in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. Several studies have demonstrated that the intestinal microbiome may influence the function of central nervous system. Furthermore, it has been proved that the alterations in the gut microbiota-composition might affect in the bidirectional communication between gut and brain. Similarly, evidences demonstrating the association between psychiatric disorders and the gut microbiota have come from preclinical studies. It is clear that an intricate symbiotic relationship might exist between host and microbe, although the practical significance of the gut microbiota has not yet to be determined. In this review, we have summarized the function of gut microbiota in main psychiatric disorders with respect to the mental health. In addition, we would like to discuss the potential mechanisms of the disorders for the practical diagnosis and future treatment by using bioengineering of microbiota and their metabolites.</p> </abstract>

scholarly journals The Effects of Non-Nutritive Artificial Sweeteners, Aspartame and Sucralose, on the Gut Microbiome in Healthy Adults: Secondary Outcomes of a Randomized Double-Blinded Crossover Clinical Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3408
Author(s):  
Samar Y. Ahmad ◽  
James Friel ◽  
Dylan Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Artificial Sweeteners ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Non-nutritive artificial sweeteners (NNSs) may have the ability to change the gut microbiota, which could potentially alter glucose metabolism. This study aimed to determine the effect of sucralose and aspartame consumption on gut microbiota composition using realistic doses of NNSs. Seventeen healthy participants between the ages of 18 and 45 years who had a body mass index (BMI) of 20–25 were selected. They undertook two 14-day treatment periods separated by a four-week washout period. The sweeteners consumed by each participant consisted of a standardized dose of 14% (0.425 g) of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for aspartame and 20% (0.136 g) of the ADI for sucralose. Faecal samples collected before and after treatments were analysed for microbiome and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). There were no differences in the median relative proportions of the most abundant bacterial taxa (family and genus) before and after treatments with both NNSs. The microbiota community structure also did not show any obvious differences. There were no differences in faecal SCFAs following the consumption of the NNSs. These findings suggest that daily repeated consumption of pure aspartame or sucralose in doses reflective of typical high consumption have minimal effect on gut microbiota composition or SCFA production.

scholarly journals Soy Protein Alleviates Malnutrition in Weaning Rats by Regulating Gut Microbiota Composition and Serum Metabolites

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuchen Wei ◽  
Nong Zhou ◽  
Liang Zou ◽  
Zhenxing Shi ◽  
Baoqing Dun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Protein Group ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Dietary intervention with plant protein is one of the main methods that is used to lessen the symptoms of malnutrition. Supplementary soy protein to undernourished weaning rats for 6 weeks significantly increased their body weight gain. After the intervention, the level of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) was restored to 1,512.7 μg/g, while the level was only 637.1 μg/g in the 7% protein group. The amino acids (valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan) increased in the colon, and vitamin B6 metabolism was significantly influenced in undernourished rats. The tryptophan and glycine-serine-threonine pathways were elevated, leading to an increase in the level of tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in the serum. In addition, the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Lactobacillus increased, while Enterococcus and Streptococcus decreased compared to undernourished rats. Overall, soy protein improved the growth of rats with malnutrition in early life by regulating gut microbiota and metabolites in the colon and serum.

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