scholarly journals Growth studies in commercial broiler birds offered citric acid in formulated feed with low mineral density

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivani Katoch ◽  
Sumani Sharma ◽  
Varun Sankhyan ◽  
Daisy Wadhwa ◽  
Arun Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Low Calcium ◽  
Commercial Broiler ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus ◽  
Homeostatic Mechanisms

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate citric acid (CA) as an additive in poultry broiler diet with lower mineral density of calcium and phosphorus in commercial broiler poultry birds under complete randomized design. For this purpose, Vancobb-400 strain day old broiler chicks (n=320) were divided into 4 main treatment groups T0, T1, T2 and T3. Each treatment group was further divided into8 replicates with 10 chicks in each. T0 served as control diet and was given standard corn- soy flake based ration(Pre-starter%; CP;Ca;TP--23,1.00,0.70, Starter;22,1.10,0.72 and Finisher;20,0.99.70)and treatment T1 served as standard ration with added 0.5 per cent CA with no change in chemical composition (Pre-starter %; CP;Ca;TP23,1.00,0.70, Starter; 22,1.10,0.72 and Finisher;20,0.99.70). Treatment T2 was given standard cornsoy flake based ration containing 0.5 per cent CA with low calcium (Ca) and total phosphorus (TP) content (Pre-starter %; CP;Ca;TP --23,0.90,0.66,Starter; 22,0.99,0.71 and Finisher;20,0.90,0.69)whereas treatment T3 was given standard corn- soy flake based ration containing 0.5 per cent CA with moderately low calcium (Ca) and total phosphorus (TP) content(Pre-starter %;CP;Ca;TP--23,0.80,0.65,Starter;22,0.88,0.70 and Finisher;20,0.79,0.68)as per ICAR (2013) standards. Perusal of the results revealed that broiler birds offered moderately low Ca and TP exhibited higher growth performance (P<0.05) for gain in weight, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency and carcass traits viz. dressing percentage and forequarters weight. Addition of 0.5 per cent CA in low and moderately low Ca and TP offered diets conferred protection to birds by lowering mortality in birds through reduction in total microbial count in the lower gastro intestinal tract. Results of the experiment revealed activation of homeostatic mechanisms in birds offered moderately low Ca and TP with added 0.5% CA modulating enhanced availability of calcium and phosphorus as evident in metabolic trial, blood and tibiae bone studies but the homeostatic mechanism was less pronounced when Ca and TP density in diet was low. Overall economics exhibited lowest cost of producing, per kg live weight in broiler birds offered moderately low Ca and TP with added 0.5 % CA. In conclusion, birds offered corn soya based diet with moderately low mineral viz. calcium and total phosphorus as per ICAR 2013 standard with added 0.5 per cent citric acid can enhance the growth, improve carcass characteristics and improve the FCR of broilers though favourable environment in lower intestinal tract and activation of homeostatic mechanisms of calcium and phosphorus digestion and absorption, thus economizing the cost of production.

scholarly journals Icariin protects against cage layer osteoporosis by intervening in steroid biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengwang Yu ◽  
Jie Huang ◽  
Zhongxin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Chinese Herb ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Steroid Biosynthesis ◽  
Metabolic Pathway Analysis ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Calcium Diet ◽  
Low Calcium Diet ◽  
Low Calcium

AbstractCage layer osteoporosis (CLO) is a common bone metabolism disease in the breeding industry of China. However, effective prevention for CLO has not been developed. Icariin (ICA), the main bioactive component of the Chinese herb Epimedium, has been shown to have good therapeutic effects on bone-related diseases. In this study, the effects of ICA were further evaluated in a low-calcium diet-induced CLO, and a serum metabolomics assay was performed to understand the underlying mechanisms. A total of 144 31-wk-old Lohmann pink-shell laying hens were randomly allocated to 4 groups with 6 replicates of 6 hens per replicate. The 4 dietary treatment groups consisted of a basal diet (3.5% calcium), a low-calcium diet (2.0% calcium), and a low-calcium diet supplemented with 0.5 or 2.0 g/kg ICA. The results showed that ICA exerted good osteoprotective effects on low-calcium diet-induced CLO. ICA significantly increased femur bone mineral density, improved bone microstructure, decreased bone metabolic level, and upregulated mRNA expression of bone formation genes in femoral bone tissue. Serum untargeted metabolomics analysis showed that 8 metabolite levels were significantly changed after ICA treatment, including increased contents of 7-dehydrocholesterol, 7-oxocholesterol, desmosterol, PC (18:1(9Z)/18:1(9Z)), PS (18:0/18:1(9Z)), N,N-dimethylaniline and 2-hydroxy-butanoic acid and decreased N2,N2-dimethylguanosine. Metabolic pathway analysis based on the above 8 metabolites indicated that ICA mainly perturbed steroid biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism. These findings suggest that ICA can effectively prevent bone loss in low-calcium diet-induced CLO by mediating steroid biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism and provide new information for the regulation of bone metabolic diseases.

Calcium and Phosphorus Retention on Low-Calcium Diets

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-224
Author(s):  
Frances A. Johnston ◽  
Rebecca A. Folsom
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Retention ◽  
Low Calcium ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus

scholarly journals The digestion process of the sugar alcohol isomalt in the intestinal tract of the pig

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Van Weerden ◽  
J. Huisman
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Digestion Process ◽  
Potassium Magnesium

In a study with ten pigs of 60–70 kg live weight, provided with a re-entrant cannula at the end of the ileum, and sixteen intact, non-cannulated pigs, the digestion and absorption of a dietary dose of 100 g isomalt/kg, and isomalt given between the meals as a ‘sweet’on the basis of 50 and 100 g/kg feed consumption, were examined. In all three isomalt treatments slightly less than 0.40 of the isomalt consumed was digested in the small intestine when the calculations were based on ileal sugar passage. However, when basing the calculations on energy contents of ileal chyme, only approximately 0.10 was digested in the small intestine. The bacterial fermentation of the isomalt flowing into the large intestine was indicated by a decreased faecal energy digestibility and a slight reduction in faecal dry matter and nitrogen digestibility. The retention of the minerals sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and phosphorus was not influenced to any measurable extent when isomalt was fed.

scholarly journals 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, and Peripheral Bone Densitometry in Adults with Celiac Disease

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Ciacci ◽  
Giancarlo Bilancio ◽  
Ilaria Russo ◽  
Paola Iovino ◽  
Pierpaolo Cavallo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Calcium Supplementation ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Gluten Free Diet ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
High Fracture ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus

Background: Adults with celiac disease (CeD) show low bone mineral density (BMD) and high fracture risk. CeD guidelines suggest measurements of serum minerals and vitamin D. However, studies on vitamin levels in CeD patients are contradictory. Aim: To investigate in CeD, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D [25(OH)D], 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], and related analytes and to evaluate their relationships to peripheral BMD as assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Methods: Gluten-free diet (GFD)-treated, and untreated adult CeD patients naïve to vitamin D and calcium supplementation underwent measurements of serum 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), total calcium, phosphate, and of radius BMD by pQCT. Results: Complete data were collected in 105 patients for lab tests and 87 patients for BMD. For lab tests, untreated CeD differed from treated CeD for 22.0% lower serum 25(OH)D (p = 0.023), 42.5% higher serum PTH (p < 0.001), and 13.0% higher serum 1,25(OH)2D (p = 0.029) in the presence of similar serum calcium and phosphorus (p > 0.35). For BMD, untreated CeD differed from treated CeD for lower diaphyseal cortical BMD (1133 and 1157 mg/cm3, p = 0.004) but not for distal BMD (total, trabecular, and subcortical, p > 0.13). Independent correlates of diaphyseal cortical BMD were GFD treatment and body mass index (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Data indicated that, compared to CeD patients on a gluten-free diet, untreated adult CeD patients at diagnosis had lower 25(OH)D, higher PTH, and higher 1,25(OH)2D in the absence of difference in serum calcium and phosphorus. 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D, even below the normal range, were not associated with BMD. Our findings do not support the use of vitamin D supplementation for all CeD adults.

scholarly journals The digestion process of the sugar alcohol isomalt in the intestinal tract of the pig

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Van Weerden ◽  
J. Huisman
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Secondary Effect ◽  
Sugar Alcohol ◽  
Faecal Excretion ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Digestion Process

In a study with twelve pigs of 60–70 kg live weight provided with a re-entrant cannula at the end of the ileum, and twelve intact, non-cannulated pigs, the fate of dietary doses of 100 and 200 g isomalt/kg during gastrointestinal passage was examined. From sugar analyses in ileal chyme it was calculated that 0.43 and 0.30 of the isomalt consumed was digested in the small intestine with the 100 and 200 g/kg doses of isomalt respectively. From findings on ileal energy digestibility it was calculated that, because of a secondary effect of isomalt on the digestion of the basal diet, isomalt digestibility in the small intestine was distinctly lower. In faeces no sugars were found, so faecal digestibility of isomalt was 1.00 for both doses. The bacterial fermentation in the large intestine of the isomalt not digested in the small intestine caused an increase in the faecal excretion of nitrogen and energy. This increased faecal excretion was hardly (nitrogen) or not (energy) compensated by a decreased urinary excretion.

The dietary requirements of calcium and phosphorus for growing lambs

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wan Zahari ◽  
J. K. Thompson ◽  
D. Scott ◽  
W. Buchan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Technical Committee ◽  
Initial Composition ◽  
Close Match ◽  
Dietary Requirements ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus ◽  
Dietary Treatments

ABSTRACTGroups of wether lambs were fed on four concentrate diets, from a live weight (LW) of about 25 kg until they had grown to about 50 kg, when they were killed, minced and analysed. A fifth group was killed at the start of the trial to provide data on their initial composition. The dietary treatments were identical except in their concentrations of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) and supplied, with some approximations: (A) 0·75 times the requirements for Ca and P estimated according to the recommendations of the AFRC Technical Committee on Responses to Nutrients (TCORN, 1990); (B) a close match to the estimated requirements for both elements; (C) 1·5 times the estimated requirements for both elements; (D) 1·5 times the Ca requirement and 0·75 times the P requirement.The retentions of Ca and P in the lambs were closely similar with diets B and C (6·8 and 7·3 g Ca per kg LW and 4·1 and 4·5 g P per kg LW) and significantly lower with diet A (4·8 g Ca and 3·0 g P per kg LW) and diet D (5·0 g Ca and 2·7 g P per kg LW). Parallel differences in response to diet were evident in the composition of the metacarpi. Plasma Ca and P concentrations showed no significant differences between the dietary treatments A, B and C, but plasma P concentrations were markedly depressed with lambs on diet D and plasma Ca concentrations were elevated in this group. Rumen P concentrations were also markedly lower in lambs on diet D and their food intakes and growth rates were lower than in lambs in other groups. The results indicate that Ca and P retentions were not increased by feeding these elements in excess of their estimated requirements and were reduced when Ca and P or P alone was reduced proportionately to about 0·75 times requirement. The data are in accord with the TCORN recommendations and suggests that they provide a satisfactory basis for defining Ca and P requirements for growing lambs.

Calcium and phosphorus retention by the milk-fed lamb, with estimates of the endogenous losses

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Balance Method ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Low Calcium Diet ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus ◽  
Comparative Slaughter ◽  
Slaughter Method ◽  
P Retention

SUMMARYThe total body content of calcium and phosphorus of twenty-seven male cross-bred lambs was determined, after the lambs had suckled ewes at pasture for between 2 and 5d. The relationships between empty body weight and Ca and P content were described by linear regression equations. The comparative slaughter method was used with thirty-seven lambs, and the balance method with twenty lambs, to determine the retention of Ca and P from cow's milk by lambs given intakes of milk ranging from maintenance (or below) toad lib. The availability of Ca, calculated as true digestibility, was 88–1 %, and for P, 98–2 %. Estimates of net availability, calculated from the slopes of the regressions relating mineral intake to mineral apparently absorbed, were somewhat higher and close to 100%. The net efficiencies of Ca and P retention, as estimated from the slopes of the regressions relating mineral intake to mineral retention, were also close to 100%. The balance method gave higher estimates of Ca and P retention than the comparative slaughter method. Multiple regression equations were used to describe the dependence of P retention on N and Ca retention. A low-calcium diet was given to two lambs for 20 d and the endogenous losses of Ca (and P) in the faeces and urine were determined. The total endogenous losses were 9–5 + 0–9 mg Ca (and 30–3 ± 1–4 mg P) per kg live weight d, of which the urinary losses were 0–5 mg Ca (and 27–9 mg P). Requirements for Ca, calculated for the milk-fed lamb at live weights of 5 and 10 kg, were somewhat lower than those recommended by the Agricultural Research Council (1965), but P requirements were in close agreement.

Accretion of total protein and individual amino acids by organs and tissues of growing lambs and the ability of nitrogen balance techniques to quantitate protein retention

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. MacRae ◽  
A. Walker ◽  
D. Brown ◽  
G. E. Lobley
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total N ◽  
Comparative Slaughter ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

AbstractTwelve Suffolk-Finn Dorset lambs were reared from 25 to 40 or 25 to 55 kg body weight on either pelleted dried grass or a ration of pelleted grass plus barley (ratio 1:1) in a comparative slaughter experiment designed to determine the amounts of total nitrogen and individual amino acids accreted in different body components during growth. Nitrogen (N) balance measurements were determined frequently during this growth phase and accumulated N retentions were compared with the total N accretion determined by comparative slaughter. Total N and individual amino acids accumulated in carcass, wool, skin, offal and blood, head and feet, gastro-intestinal tract and liver were linearly related to body weight in all cases other than for cysteine in carcass. At 25 kg live weight, proportionately 0·52 of total body N was in carcass components, 0·115 in wool, 0·08 in skin, 0·10 in offal and blood, 0·095 in head and feet, 0·06 in the gastro-intestinal tract and 0·02 in liver. However as the animals grew from 25 to 55 kg, 0·256 of the total N accretion was in wool, which was rich in cysteine (98 g/kg total amino acid). Carcass accretion represented only 0·449 of total body N accretion. The N balance technique overestimated net protein accretion by 0·24 (s.e. 0·036).

Citric acid and fumaric acid as food additives for early-weaned piglets

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Henry ◽  
D. W. Pickard ◽  
P. E. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Fumaric Acid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTThe effects of diet acidification on the growth performance of piglets were assessed in two experiments. In the first, 167 piglets were weaned at 10 days of age and penned in litter-mate groups (seven groups per treatment) which were allocated to one of three diets, with either citric acid (30 g/kg; C), fumaric acid (15 g/kg; F) or no additional organic acid (N); pigs were fed ad libitum for 25 days. The rate of live-weight gain was significantly higher for treatment C than for treatments F or N (216 (s.e. 10), 170 (s.e. 7) and 189 (s.e. 6) g/day respectively; P < 0·05). The voluntary food intake on treatment C also tended to be higher than on the other two diets (220 (s.e. 24), 182 (s.e. 18) and 189 (s.e. 7) g/day for treatments C, F and N respectively).In experiment 2, 30 crossbred piglets were penned in single-sex groups of three and weaned at 10 days of age. The same diets were used as in experiment 1 but all three diets were available ad libitum to each group of piglets for 25 days. When dietary choice was allowed, piglets consumed significantly greater quantities of the control diet than of the acidified diets (1381, 1422, 2972 (s.e. 132) g/day for diets C, F and N respectively; P < 0·01). When the relative intake of each diet was correlated with live-weight gain, only diet C showed a significant positive correlation (r = +0·74; P < 0·05). Correlations of F and N intakes with live-weight gain were negative. It is concluded that citric acid (30 g/kg) in the diet of early-weaned piglets promotes live-weight gain, although acidification of the diet may decrease palatability.

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