Pattern of Prescription Practices in Acute Respiratory Infection and Diarrhoea Cases in Out Patient Department of Tertiary Care Hospitals in West Bengal, India; A Cross Sectional Analysis through Rational Use of Medicine Consensus Approach

Abstract Background: Evaluation of prescription patterns would determine the drug utilization with main emphasis on rational use of medicine. The problem of irrational use of drugs is rampant particularly in developing nations. The present study was undertaken for evaluating the prevailed prescription patterns in tertiary hospitals with diarrhoea and/or Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) to address specific areas of deficiencies and deviation from the available guidelines. Method: We conducted this observational cross-sectional study from August 2019 to December 2020 in Medicine & Paediatrics outpatient departments and Urban Health Training Centre in two Government teaching hospitals in West Bengal, India. We included 630 prescriptions (511 – ARI, 119- diarrhoea) and evaluated in terms of disease and medicine prescribed including antibiotic related indicators. We compared prescription patterns across different age groups, different strata of prescribers and compared against WHO standards. A Rational Use of Medicine Consensus (RUMC) committee was formed and the prescriptions were assessed for appropriateness independently by a pharmacologist and clinician. Deviations, if any, were ascertained from the available guidelines and the acceptability of the deviations were determined by consensusResult: Age and sex were mentioned in all prescriptions however signs & symptoms, provisional diagnosis and follow up visit were mentioned in 90.3%, 4.9% and 67.9% prescriptions respectively. Body weight was mentioned in 88.5% of prescription of children (< 18 years). Higher rates of Fixed Dose Combination (51%), lower proportion of generic drug (23.3%) and adherence to hospital formulatory (36.5%) were some the major concerns identified. Antibiotics prescription rate (APR) and multiple antibiotic prescription rate (MPR) were respectively 57% and 10%; both found significantly higher for diarrhoea than ARI. Deviations from Standard Treatment Guidelines were found in 98.9% prescriptions and 90.4% of which were unacceptable. Agreement between clinician and pharmacologist was observed in 90% prescriptions (Kappa -0.114). Deviations were most commonly observed with prescriptions by interns and house-staff (99.6%), whereas acceptable deviations were more frequent among the residents (15%).Conclusion: We conclude that in light of identified irrational prescription patterns, development of level specific treatment protocol coupled with periodic training of physician including junior doctors is required to ensure rational medicine practice.

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IDENTIFIKASI DRPs (DRUG RELATED PROBLEMs) PENDERITA ISPA PASIEN PEDIATRIK DI INSTALASI FARMASI RUMAH SAKIT

WARTA FARMASI ◽

10.46356/wfarmasi.v6i1.70 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 37-49

Author(s):

Musdalipah Musdalipah ◽

Eny Nurhikma ◽

Sartika Sartika

Keyword(s):

Drug Interaction ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

The Relationship between Home Environmental Conditions and the Occurrence of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in Toddlers in Nagan Raya Regency

J-Kesmas: Jurnal Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat (The Indonesian Journal of Public Health) ◽

10.35308/j-kesmas.v7i1.1917 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 38

Author(s):

Dian Fera ◽

Susy Sriwahyuni

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Infection ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Survey Method ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chemical Substances ◽

House Floor ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is an infection that lasts up to 14 days. Most ARI are caused by infection, but can also be caused by inhalation of chemical and chemical substances. In 2018 the population was 3,885, with 342 children under five. The number of toddlers experiencing ARI is 218 toddlers. The purposes of this study were to determine the relationship of environmental conditions in the home with ARI in toddlers. This research uses analytic survey method with Cross Sectional approach. The study was conducted on August 20-September 5 2019, population 342 and sample of 77 peoples. The results showed there were a relationship among the house floor (P value 0.018

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Risk factors associated with Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) among children under 10-years in Rohingya refugee camp

Recent Research in Science and Technology ◽

10.25081/rrst.2020.12.6090 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 32-35

Author(s):

Shafiqua Nawrin Oishi ◽

Nazmul Alam

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Nasal Discharge ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Aged People

Acute respiratory infections are cause by bacterial, fungal or viral infections of the respiratory tract. Very young and older aged people are most vulnerable of these infections lead to difficulties from fever, cough, nasal discharge, sputum production, fatigue, wheezing, pain on swallowing, at times ear infections and meningitis. With huge number of Rohingya influx in Bangladesh, camps are overly crowded allowing many infectious diseases to transmit easily. Although there are researches that have been conducted in this area, there remains a huge gap of research in these camps where children being vulnerable are mostly suffering from respiratory disease such as Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI). This cross-sectional study investigated the risk factors associated with ARI among children less than 10 years in Rohingya refugee camps. After collecting information based on their demographic, anthropometric, history of respiratory problem, accommodation and nutritional status, it was found that about 21.6% of 259 children under this study had symptoms of ARI. Living in congested housing and with lack of nutritious food children were found negatively associated with ARI.

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Relationship of Exclusive Breastfeeding with History of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in Children Aged 0-24 Months in Siwalima Village in November 2021

BioScientia Medicina ◽

10.37275/bsm.v6i2.450 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 1399-1404

Author(s):

Vica Natalia Gonga

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Infection ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

History Of ◽

Analytical Research ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Spearman Test

Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is a respiratory infection that affect both upper or lower respiratory tracts. The virus or bacteria causes ARI which lasts for 14 days. Indonesia had the highest mortality rate for ARI, in 2008 around 36.4% children infected; in 2009 around 32.1%; in 2010 around 18.2%; and in 2011 around 38.8%. The prevalence of ARI in Siwalima Health Center around 3240 children in 2020. Breastfeeding has huge benefit for both moms and babies. The prevalence of breastfeeding in Indonesia is 66.1%, but there are two provinces, West Papua (34%) and Maluku (37.2%) that have not reach the target yet. The purpose of this study is to find out if there is a correlation between Exclusive breastfeeding with history of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in children in November 2021 in Siwalima Village, Aru Island, Maluku. This study uses observational analytical research methods, and cross- sectional design. The subject of this study are children age 0 - 24 months and lived in Siwalima Village. The sample of this study is using total sampling technic and there are 186 respondents. Questioners with yes or no answer are using in this study. The result of Spearman test showed that there was a correlation between Exclusive breastfeeding with history of Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in children in November 2021 in Siwalima Village, Aru Island, Maluku with a p value 0.01 < a = 0.000. There are 84 respondent (45.2%) had ARI and 102 respondent (34.8%) didn’t, also 91 respondents (48.9%) didn’t receive exclusive breastfeeding and 95 respondent receive exclusive breastfeeding. With this study, it is hoped that exclusive breastfeeding can be increased, especially for children aged 0 – 6 months in order to prevent infection.

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Automated Respiratory Rate Counter to Assess Children for Symptoms of Pneumonia: Protocol for Cross-Sectional Usability and Acceptability Studies in Ethiopia and Nepal (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.14405 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Kevin Baker ◽

Alice Maurel ◽

Charlotte Ward ◽

Dawit Getachew ◽

Tedila Habte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Rate ◽

Community Health ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Health Workers ◽

World Health ◽

Future Research ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Diagnostic Aid ◽

Semistructured Interviews

BACKGROUND Manually counting a child’s respiratory rate (RR) for 60 seconds using an acute respiratory infection timer is the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended method for detecting fast breathing as a sign of pneumonia. However, counting the RR is challenging and misclassification of an observed rate is common, often leading to inappropriate treatment. To address this gap, the acute respiratory infection diagnostic aid (ARIDA) project was initiated in response to a call for better pneumonia diagnostic aids and aimed to identify and assess automated RR counters for classifying fast breathing pneumonia when used by front-line health workers in resource-limited community settings and health facilities. The Children’s Automated Respiration Monitor (ChARM), an automated RR diagnostic aid using accelerometer technology developed by Koninklijke Philips NV, and the Rad-G, a multimodal RR diagnostic and pulse oximeter developed by Masimo, were the two devices tested in these studies conducted in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region in Ethiopia and in the Karnali region in Nepal. OBJECTIVE In these studies, we aimed to understand the usability of two new automated RR diagnostic aids for community health workers (CHWs; health extension workers [Ethiopia] and female community health volunteers [Nepal]) and their acceptability to CHWs in Ethiopia and Nepal, first-level health facility workers (FLHFWs) in Ethiopia only, and caregivers in both Ethiopia and Nepal. METHODS This was a prospective, cross-sectional study with a mixed methods design. CHWs and FLHFWs were trained to use both devices and provided with refresher training on all WHO requirements to assess fast breathing. Immediately after training, CHWs were observed using ARIDA on two children. Routine pneumonia case management consultations for children aged 5 years and younger and the device used for these consultations between the first and second consultations were recorded by CHWs in their patient log books. CHWs were observed a second time after 2 months. Semistructured interviews were also conducted with CHWs, FLHFWs, and caregivers. The proportion of consultations with children aged 5 years and younger where CHWs using an ARIDA and adhered to all WHO requirements to assess fast breathing and device manufacturer instructions for use after 2 months will be calculated. Qualitative data from semistructured interviews will be analyzed using a thematic framework approach. RESULTS The ARIDA project was funded in November 2015, and data collection was conducted between April and December 2018. Data analysis is currently under way and the first results are expected to be submitted for publication in 2020. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time the usability and acceptability of automated RR counters in low-resource settings have been evaluated. Outcomes will be relevant for policy makers and are important for future research of this new class of diagnostic aids for the management of children with suspected pneumonia. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT DERR1-10.2196/14405

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Polusi Udara Dalam Rumah Terhadap Infeksi Saluran Pernafasan Akut pada Balita di TPA Sukawinatan Palembang

JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN INDONESIA ◽

10.14710/jkli.19.1.1-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Rahmi Garmini ◽

Rachmadhi Purwana

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Young Children ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Indoor Air ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Indoor Air Pollution ◽

T Test ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Period Prevalence

Latar belakang: Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas pada bayi dan anak-anak. ISPA bisa terjadi karena pencemaran kualitas udara di luar maupun di dalam ruangan. Salah satunya gas sulfur dioksida (SO2) yang ada di tempat pembuangan sampah dapat mengganggu sistem pernapasan pada balita. Balita lebih berisiko tertular ISPA karena kekebalan tubuh yang dialami balita belum terbentuk sempurna. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi udara dalam rumah dan karakteristik balita terhadap kejadian ISPA pada balita di sekitar Tempat Pembuangan Akhir Sampah Sukawinatan Kelurahan Sukajaya Palembang.Metode: Jenis penelitian analitik, desain penelitian cross sectional. Variabel terukur adalah kondisi udara dalam rumah, karakteristik balita, dan kejadian ISPA pada balita. Populasi penelitian adalah anak balita berumur 12-59 bulan yang bertempat tinggal di Kelurahan Sukajaya dan sampel berjumlah 94 orang. Data dianalisis dengan uji chi-square, t-test independent, dan regresi logistik. Hasil: Period Prevalence kejadian ISPA pada balita sebesar 59,6%. Variabel penggunaan obat anti nyamuk, perokok dalam rumah, ventilasi, status gizi dan status imunisasi secara statistik menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna terhadap kejadian ISPA pada balita, sedangkan variabel kadar SO2 dalam rumah dan umur balita secara statistik tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna terhadap kejadian ISPA pada balita. Hasil analisis multivariat diperoleh bahwa variabel ventilasi rumah merupakan variabel yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan kejadian ISPA pada balita.Simpulan: Ventilasi dapat menjadi faktor risiko terhadap terjadinya ISPA, karena ventilasi mempunyai fungsi sebagai sarana sirkulasi udara sehingga dapat mengurangi pencemaran udara dalam rumah. ABSTRACTTitle: Indoor Air Pollution And Acute Respiratory Infection In Child Under Five Years In Sukawinatan Landfills Palembang.Background: Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young children. ARI can occurs because indoor and outdoor air pollution. One of them is gas sulfur dioxide (SO2) in landfills that it can be irritate the respiratory tract in young children. Young children have higher risk of contracting ARI because the immune of young children not yet fully formed. This research aims to find out Indoor air Pollution and Characteristics of acute respiratory infection in under-fives in Sukawinatan Landfills.Methods: Type of research was analitic, cross-sectional study design. Measurement of indoor air pollution, characteristics of young children, and prevalence of acute respiratory infection. The population of this research was young children aged 12-59 months who lived in Kelurahan Sukajaya and 94 samples. Data were analyzed by chi-square, t-test independent, and logistic regression.Results: Period Prevalence of acute respiratory infection in young children about 59,6%. Using mosquito repellent, smokers in the house, ventilation, nutrition and immunization status were significant correlation to acute respiratory infection in young children. While SO2 levels in the home and age of young children were insignificant correlation to acute respiratory infection in young children. Multivariate analysis showed that the variables of ventilation with SO2 levels were the most dominant variable related to acute respiratory infection in young children.Conclusion: One of risk factor of acute respiratory infection is ventilation, because its function as air circulation to reduce indoor air pollution.

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Risk factors for malnutrition in under-five children: one year after the Yogyakarta earthquake

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi51.6.2011.327-31 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 51 (6) ◽

pp. 327

Author(s):

Neti Nurani ◽

Mei Neni Sitaresmi ◽

Djauhar Ismail

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Child Growth ◽

Severe Malnutrition ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Major Health Problem ◽

Children Under Five ◽

Under Five ◽

One Year

Background Malnutrition in children under the age of five remains a major health problem, since half of mortality cases in this age group involve malnutrition. The 2006 earthquake caused destruction of physical, biological and socio-economic environments, potentially leading to malnutrition in Yogyakarta children.Objective To identify the prevalence and risk factors of malnutrition in Yogyakarta children under five years of age, one year after the 2006 earthquake.Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among children aged 0 to 60 months in the Bambanglipuro Subdistrict, Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta from September to October 2007. Nutritional status was determined using weight for height Z-scores, according to the WHO 2006 Child Growth Standards.Results Out of 666 subjects, we found severe malnutrition, undernutrition, normal weight, and overweight status in 1.7%, 4.8%, 88.6% and 4.8%, respectively. By multivariate analysis, risk factors for malnutrition were not having been weighed during the previous three months (OR 0.35; 95% CI 0.1 to 0.8) and having acute respiratory infection in the previous two weeks (OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.1 to 3.8)Conclusion One year following the 2006 earthquake, acute respiratory infection in the previous two weeks and unmonitored growth in the previous three months were risk factors for malnutrition in children under five years.

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Automated Respiratory Rate Counter to Assess Children for Symptoms of Pneumonia: Protocol for Cross-Sectional Usability and Acceptability Studies in Ethiopia and Nepal

JMIR Research Protocols ◽

10.2196/14405 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. e14405 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kevin Baker ◽

Alice Maurel ◽

Charlotte Ward ◽

Dawit Getachew ◽

Tedila Habte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Rate ◽

Community Health ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Health Workers ◽

World Health ◽

Future Research ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Diagnostic Aid ◽

Semistructured Interviews

Background Manually counting a child’s respiratory rate (RR) for 60 seconds using an acute respiratory infection timer is the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended method for detecting fast breathing as a sign of pneumonia. However, counting the RR is challenging and misclassification of an observed rate is common, often leading to inappropriate treatment. To address this gap, the acute respiratory infection diagnostic aid (ARIDA) project was initiated in response to a call for better pneumonia diagnostic aids and aimed to identify and assess automated RR counters for classifying fast breathing pneumonia when used by front-line health workers in resource-limited community settings and health facilities. The Children’s Automated Respiration Monitor (ChARM), an automated RR diagnostic aid using accelerometer technology developed by Koninklijke Philips NV, and the Rad-G, a multimodal RR diagnostic and pulse oximeter developed by Masimo, were the two devices tested in these studies conducted in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region in Ethiopia and in the Karnali region in Nepal. Objective In these studies, we aimed to understand the usability of two new automated RR diagnostic aids for community health workers (CHWs; health extension workers [Ethiopia] and female community health volunteers [Nepal]) and their acceptability to CHWs in Ethiopia and Nepal, first-level health facility workers (FLHFWs) in Ethiopia only, and caregivers in both Ethiopia and Nepal. Methods This was a prospective, cross-sectional study with a mixed methods design. CHWs and FLHFWs were trained to use both devices and provided with refresher training on all WHO requirements to assess fast breathing. Immediately after training, CHWs were observed using ARIDA on two children. Routine pneumonia case management consultations for children aged 5 years and younger and the device used for these consultations between the first and second consultations were recorded by CHWs in their patient log books. CHWs were observed a second time after 2 months. Semistructured interviews were also conducted with CHWs, FLHFWs, and caregivers. The proportion of consultations with children aged 5 years and younger where CHWs using an ARIDA and adhered to all WHO requirements to assess fast breathing and device manufacturer instructions for use after 2 months will be calculated. Qualitative data from semistructured interviews will be analyzed using a thematic framework approach. Results The ARIDA project was funded in November 2015, and data collection was conducted between April and December 2018. Data analysis is currently under way and the first results are expected to be submitted for publication in 2020. Conclusions This is the first time the usability and acceptability of automated RR counters in low-resource settings have been evaluated. Outcomes will be relevant for policy makers and are important for future research of this new class of diagnostic aids for the management of children with suspected pneumonia. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/14405

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HUBUNGAN KEJADIAN STUNTING DENGAN FREKUENSI DAN DURASI PENYAKIT ISPA PADA ANAK USIA TODDLER DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS KENJERAN SURABAYA

Jurnal Ilmiah Keperawatan (Scientific Journal of Nursing) ◽

10.33023/jikep.v6i2.453 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 148-156

Author(s):

Diyah Arini ◽

Christina Yuliastuti ◽

Ike Faradilah

Keyword(s):

Health Center ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Children's Health ◽

Children’S Health ◽

Stratified Random Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Children Under Five ◽

Under Five

Infectious diseases (ARI/Acute Respiratory Infection) that repeatedly cause children's health to increase in the pattern of children's appetite which can lead to less nutritional status of children. This study was to analyze the relationship between the incidence of stunting and the frequency and duration of ARI in children under five in the Kenjeran Health Center Surabaya Working Area. Analytical research design with cross sectional design in 4 villages between Kenjeran Village, Bulak Village, Kedung Cowek Village, and Sukolilo Village. Data retrieval is done by questionnaire sheet and observation using microtoise, sample technique uses Sampling Probability by using Stratified Random Sampling as many as 152 children. The results of research on children under five who experience the incidence of stunting with the frequency and duration of ARI indicate children who experience stunting and longer frequency. The Rho Spearmen Test showed differences in the incidence of stunting with the frequency of ARI frequency p = 0.001 (p<? = 0, 05), the duration of ARI p = 0.001 (p<? = 0.05). The implication of this study is that stunting is related to the frequency and duration of ARI, so that posyandu activities can add counseling about children's health that requires the treatment of ARI in children under five in the Kenjeran Health Center Surabaya. Keywords: Stunting incidence, frequency, duration, ARI/Acute Respiratory Infection ABSTRAK Penyakit infeksi (ISPA) yang berulang menyebabkan kondisi kesehatan anak menurun sehingga berdampak pada pola nafsu makan anak yang dapat menyebabkan status gizi anak kurang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan kejadian stunting dengan frekuensi dan durasi penyakit diare dan ISPA pada anak usia toddler di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kenjeran Surabaya. Desain penelitian analitik korelasi dengan pendekatan cross sectional pada 4 Kelurahan antara lain Kelurahan Kenjeran, Kelurahan Bulak, Kelurahan Kedung Cowek, dan Kelurahan Sukolilo. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan lembar kuisioner dan observasi menggunakan microtoise, teknik sampel menggunakan Probability Sampling dengan menggunakan Stratified Random Sampling sebanyak 152 anak. Hasil penelitian bahwa anak toddler yang mengalami kejadian stunting dengan frekuensi dan durasi penyakit ISPA menunjukkan anak yang stunting memiliki frekuensi dan durasi lebih lama. Uji Spearmen Rho menunjukkan adanya hubungan kejadian stunting dengan frekuensi ISPA p=0.001 (?=0.05), durasi ISPA p=0.001 (?=0.05). Implikasi penelitian ini adalah kejadian stunting berhubungan dengan frekuensi dan durasi penyakit ISPA, sehingga kegiatan posyandu dapat menambahkan penyuluhan tentang kesehatan anak terutama penanganan pertama penyakit ISPA pada anak toddler di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kenjeran Surabaya. Kata kunci: Kejadian Stunting, Frekuensi, Durasi, Penyakit ISPA

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Acute Respiratory Infection Among Brick Kiln Worker in Banjarnegara, Indonesia and Its Related Factors

Insights in Public Health Journal ◽

10.20884/1.iphj.2020.1.2.3737 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 12

Author(s):

Setyo Widodo ◽

Siwi Pramatama Mars Wijayanti ◽

Agatha Sih Piranti

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Air Quality ◽

Respiratory Infection ◽

Acute Respiratory Infection ◽

Smoking Habits ◽

Dust Particles ◽

Brick Kiln ◽

Related Factors ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Occupational Risk Factors

Background Occupational risk factors are one of the primary causes of acute respiratory infection (ARI). The high incidence of ARI in Banjarnegara Regency due to the process of bricks manufacturing is needed for further investigation. Objectives: This study aims to analyze risk factors such as air quality, tenure, smoking habits, the use of masks, knowledge of ARI incidence. Methods: This is an analytic study with a cross-sectional design. 342 of brick workers in three villages in Banjarnegara Regency were involved in this study. Air quality examination on dust particles, temperature, humidity, smoke, and air germ numbers was carried out in 15 of the brick kiln. Data about the duration of work, smoking habits, knowledge of ARI, and the use of masks were obtained by a structured questionnaire. Results: This study highlighted that the duration of work was the most influential variable in ARI incidence. Smoking habits and the use of personal protective equipment (mask) while working also correlated with ARI. Conclusion: This study suggested the regular use of a face mask while working to prevent the workers from dangerous pollutants. Periodic medical check-ups for workers and health education are also important prevention to be carried out to reduce ARI incidence.

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