scholarly journals Race and Ethnic Group Dependent Space Radiation Cancer Risk Predictions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis A. Cucinotta ◽  
Premkumar B. Saganti
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Space Radiation ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
National Space ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Radiation Risks ◽  
Hispanic Populations ◽  
Cancer Rates

Abstract Future space missions by national space agencies and private industry, including space tourism, will include a diverse makeup of crewmembers with extensive variability in age, sex, and race or ethnic groups. The relative risk (RR) model is used to transfer epidemiology data between populations to estimate radiation risks. In the RR model cancer risk is assumed to be proportional to background cancer rates and limited by other causes of death, which are dependent on genetic, environmental and dietary factors that are population dependent. Here we apply the NSCR-2020 model to make the first predictions of age dependent space radiation cancer risks for several U.S. populations, which includes Asian-Pacific Islanders (API), Black, Hispanic (white and black), and White (non-Hispanic) populations. Results suggest that male API and Hispanic populations have the overall lowest cancer risks, while White females have the highest risk. Blacks have similar total cancer rates than Whites, however their reduced life expectancy leads to modestly lower lifetime radiation risks compared to Whites. There are diverse tissue specific cancer risk ranking across sex and race, which include sex specific organ risks, female’s having larger lung, stomach, and urinary-bladder radiation risks, and male’s having larger colon and brain risks.

scholarly journals Race and Ethnic Group Dependent Space Radiation Cancer Risk Predictions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis A Cucinotta ◽  
Premkumar B Saganti
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Space Radiation ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
National Space ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Radiation Risks ◽  
Hispanic Populations ◽  
Cancer Rates

Future space missions by national space agencies and private industry, including space tourism, will include a diverse makeup of crewmembers with extensive variability in age, sex, and race or ethnic groups. The relative risk (RR) model is used to transfer epidemiology data between populations to estimate radiation risks. In the RR model cancer risk is assumed to be proportional to background cancer rates and limited by other causes of death, which are dependent on genetic, environmental and dietary factors that are population dependent. Here we apply the NSCR-2020 model to make the first predictions of age dependent space radiation cancer risks for several U.S. populations, which includes Asian-Pacific Islanders (API), Black, Hispanic (white and black), and White (non-Hispanic) populations. Results suggest that male API and Hispanic populations have the overall lowest cancer risks, while White females have the highest risk. Blacks have similar total cancer rates as Whites, however their reduced life expectancy leads to modestly lower lifetime radiation risks compared to Whites. There are diverse tissue specific cancer risk ranking across sex and race, which include sex specific organ risks, females having larger lung, stomach, and urinary-bladder radiation risks, and males having larger colon and brain risks.

scholarly journals Diet and PPARG2 Pro12Ala Polymorphism Interactions in Relation to Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Lieu Tran ◽  
Gerd Bobe ◽  
Gayatri Arani ◽  
Yang Zhang ◽  
Zhenzhen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Allele Polymorphism ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Complex Relation ◽  
Ppar Γ ◽  
Pubmed Database

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ2 gene Pro12Ala allele polymorphism (PPARG2 Pro12Ala; rs1801282) has been linked to both cancer risk and dietary factors. We conducted the first systematic literature review of studies published before December 2020 using the PubMed database to summarize the current evidence on whether dietary factors for cancer may differ by individuals carrying C (common) and/or G (minor) alleles of the PPARG2 Pro12Ala allele polymorphism. The inclusion criteria were observational studies that investigated the association between food or nutrient consumption and risk of incident cancer stratified by PPARG2 Pro12Ala allele polymorphism. From 3815 identified abstracts, nine articles (18,268 participants and 4780 cancer cases) covering three cancer sites (i.e., colon/rectum, prostate, and breast) were included. CG/GG allele carriers were more impacted by dietary factors than CC allele carriers. High levels of protective factors (e.g., carotenoids and prudent dietary patterns) were associated with a lower cancer risk, and high levels of risk factors (e.g., alcohol and refined grains) were associated with a higher cancer risk. In contrast, both CG/GG and CC allele carriers were similarly impacted by dietary fats, well-known PPAR-γ agonists. These findings highlight the complex relation between PPARG2 Pro12Ala allele polymorphism, dietary factors, and cancer risk, which warrant further investigation.

Abstract P181: Contribution of C-Reactive Protein to Racial Disparities in Incident Hypertension: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Study (REGARDS)

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy B Plante ◽  
D L Long ◽  
George Howard ◽  
April P Carson ◽  
Virginia J Howard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Incident Hypertension ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Stroke Study ◽  
Diet Pattern ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: In the US, blacks are at higher risk of hypertension than whites. The single largest contributor to this disparity is the Southern Diet pattern. Inflammation biomarkers are associated with risk of hypertension, and C-reactive protein (CRP) is higher in blacks than whites. We studied whether elevated CRP in blacks relative to whites contributes to the racial disparity in hypertension in blacks. Methods: We included 6,548 black and white men and women age ≥45 years from the REGARDS cohort without hypertension at baseline ('03-'07) and who completed visit 2 in '13-'16. Incident hypertension was defined as BP ≥140/90 mm Hg or hypertension medication use at visit 2. Using logistic regression, the black:white odds ratio (OR) for incident hypertension was calculated adjusting for age, sex, race, and baseline SBP. We assessed the percent change in the black:white OR for incident hypertension after adding CRP. The 95% CI was calculated using 1,000 bootstrapped samples. We determined the impact of known hypertension risk factors and anti-inflammatory medications on the percent mediation by CRP. Results: Hypertension developed in 46% of blacks and 33% of whites. Adjusting for demographics, the black:white OR (95% CI) was 1.51, which was reduced to 1.46, a 9.3% reduction (95% CI 5.4%, 13.2%) by CRP (Table). In models including exercise, waist circumference, BMI, and depressive symptoms, the percent mediation by CRP was 3.7% (1.0%, 6.4%). Similar patterns were seen for models incorporating socioeconomic factors and medication use. After adding Southern diet pattern and dietary Na/K ratio, CRP no longer attenuated the association (1.3% mediation; -1.5, 4.1). Conclusions: CRP significantly attenuated the black-white difference in incident hypertension; however, once dietary factors were accounted for, CRP had no impact on the black:white difference in incident hypertension. Thus, inflammation as measured by CRP, may be part of the reason that dietary factors influence the black:white disparity in incident hypertension.

scholarly journals Comparing Lung Cancer Risks in Sweden, USA, and Japan

ISRN Oncology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Örjan Hallberg ◽  
Olle Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Risk Function ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
The Usa ◽  
New Type ◽  
Cancer Rates ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Smoking Prevalence And Intensity

Objective. To develop a conceptual model for lung cancer rates to describe and quantify observed differences between Sweden and USA contra Japan. Method. A two-parameter lognormal distribution was used to describe the lung cancer rates over time after a 1-year period of smoking. Based on that risk function in combination with smoking prevalence, the calculated age-standardized rates were adjusted to fit reported data from Japan, Sweden, and the USA by parameter variation. Results. The risk of lung cancer is less in Japan than in Sweden and in the USA at the same smoking prevalence and intensity. Calculated age-specific rates did also fit well to reported rates without further parameter adjustments. Conclusions. This new type of cancer model appears to have high degree of predictive value. It is recommended that data from more countries are studied to identify important life-style factors related to lung cancer.

scholarly journals Dietary factors and in situ and invasive cervical cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition study

2010 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 449-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A. González ◽  
Noemie Travier ◽  
Leila Luján-Barroso ◽  
Xavier Castellsagué ◽  
F. Xavier Bosch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Invasive Cervical Cancer ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Cervical Cancer Risk ◽  
Nutrition Study ◽  
Prospective Investigation

scholarly journals The effect of raw vegetable and fruit intake on thyroid cancer risk among women: a case–control study in South Korea

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su Kyoung Jung ◽  
Kirang Kim ◽  
Kyung Tae ◽  
Gu Kong ◽  
Mi Kyung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Conditional Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Thyroid Cancer Risk ◽  
Control Study

Thyroid cancer is the most common cancer among Korean women. However, there are few data on dietary factors related to thyroid cancer risk. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the association between raw vegetables and fruits intake and thyroid cancer in a case–control study. We included 111 histologically confirmed malignant thyroid cancer cases and 115 benign cases. Controls who did not have nodules in thyroid ultrasonography were matched to cases by age ( ± 2 years). Food and nutrient intakes were estimated using a quantitative FFQ with 121 items. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to obtain OR and corresponding 95 % CI. The intake of total vegetables was not associated with malignant thyroid cancer, but inversely associated with benign cases. High raw vegetable intake was inversely associated with thyroid cancer risk both in malignant and benign cases (P for trend = 0·01 in both malignant and benign cases). Among fruits, persimmon intake had an inverse association with thyroid cancer risk in both malignant and benign cases (P for trend = 0·06 in malignant cases; P for trend = 0·01 in benign cases) and tangerine intake had an inverse association in malignant cases (P for trend = 0·03). The frequency of consumption of raw vegetables and persimmon also had a consistent inverse association in both malignant and benign cases. These results suggest that high consumption of raw vegetables, persimmons and tangerines may decrease thyroid cancer risk and help prevent early-stage thyroid cancer.

scholarly journals Multipathway risk assessment of trihalomethane exposure in drinking water of Lebanon

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Semerjian ◽  
John Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Dermal Absorption ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Oral Ingestion ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Exposed Population ◽  
Total Cancer ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

The toxicological risks and lifetime cancer risks of trihalomethanes through oral ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation exposure from tap water in selected regions in Lebanon are estimated. Existing trihalomethane concentrations do not pose any non-carcinogenic and developmental risks in the exposed population via oral ingestion. Among the three pathways, residents have a higher risk of cancer through oral ingestion than through the other two pathways. The lifetime cancer risk through oral ingestion for dibromochloromethane makes the highest contribution to total risks, followed by bromodichloromethane, bromoform, and chloroform. The total multipathway cancer risk analysis suggests that no cancer risks exist during the summer and winter seasons; however, in the spring the total cancer risks exceeds the USEPA acceptable level of 10−6 by a factor of 10.7.

scholarly journals Prediction of Breast and Prostate Cancer Risks in Male BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers Using Polygenic Risk Scores

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (20) ◽  
pp. 2240-2250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Lecarpentier ◽  
Valentina Silvestri ◽  
Karoline B. Kuchenbaecker ◽  
Daniel Barrowdale ◽  
Joe Dennis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Susceptibility ◽  
Prostate Cancer Risk ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Prostate Cancer Susceptibility ◽  
Common Genetic Variants ◽  
Breast And Prostate Cancer ◽  
Male Carriers

Purpose BRCA1/2 mutations increase the risk of breast and prostate cancer in men. Common genetic variants modify cancer risks for female carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations. We investigated—for the first time to our knowledge—associations of common genetic variants with breast and prostate cancer risks for male carriers of BRCA1/ 2 mutations and implications for cancer risk prediction. Materials and Methods We genotyped 1,802 male carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations from the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 by using the custom Illumina OncoArray. We investigated the combined effects of established breast and prostate cancer susceptibility variants on cancer risks for male carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations by constructing weighted polygenic risk scores (PRSs) using published effect estimates as weights. Results In male carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations, PRS that was based on 88 female breast cancer susceptibility variants was associated with breast cancer risk (odds ratio per standard deviation of PRS, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.56; P = 8.6 × 10−6). Similarly, PRS that was based on 103 prostate cancer susceptibility variants was associated with prostate cancer risk (odds ratio per SD of PRS, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.35 to 1.81; P = 3.2 × 10−9). Large differences in absolute cancer risks were observed at the extremes of the PRS distribution. For example, prostate cancer risk by age 80 years at the 5th and 95th percentiles of the PRS varies from 7% to 26% for carriers of BRCA1 mutations and from 19% to 61% for carriers of BRCA2 mutations, respectively. Conclusion PRSs may provide informative cancer risk stratification for male carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations that might enable these men and their physicians to make informed decisions on the type and timing of breast and prostate cancer risk management.

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