Adverse effects of COVID-protective face-masks and wearing durations onto respiratory-haemodynamic physiology and exhaled breath constituents

Abstract While protecting against the coronavirus transmission, face-masks may have adverse effects on respiratory-haemodynamic parameters. We investigated immediate and progressive effects of FFP2 and surgical masks on exhaled breath constituents and physiological attributes in 30 healthy volunteers at rest. We continuously monitored exhaled breath profiles in the mask space in elderly (age: 60–80 years) and adults (age: 20–60 years) over a period of 30 min by high-resolution real-time mass-spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). Peripheral oxygen saturation, respiratory- and haemodynamic parameters were measured (non-invasively) continuously in parallel. Profound and consistent decrease in SpO2 and increase in pET-CO2 indicates ascending deoxygenation and inadequate ventilation in subjects. Cardiac output and MAP changed as secondary. Exhalation of blood-borne volatile metabolites mirrored behaviour of cardiac output, MAP, SpO2, respiratory rate and pET-CO2. FFP2 masks affected more pronouncedly than surgical masks. Elderly cohort was more vulnerable to those effects. Exhaled humidity increased and exhaled oxygen decreased significantly over time. Breath profiles of endogenous aldehydes, hemiterpene, organosulfur, short-chain fatty acids, alcohols and ketone indicated cross-talks between physio-metabolic effects such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, hypoventilation, compartmental vasoconstriction, altered systemic bacterial activity and energy homeostasis. Concentrations of exogenous VOCs such as aromatics, nitrile and monoterpene depicted compartmental storage and washout. Breathomics allows unique physio-metabolic insights into side effects of face-mask wearing. Mask induced deoxygenation, oxidative stress, CO2 rebreathing, vasoconstriction and blood pressure fluctuations in elderly were clinically concerning (as leading towards hypoxia and hypoventilation). Intelligible global-pandemic policies should reconsider the type and wearing durations of recommended face-masks, based upon age and/or cardio-pulmonary conditions.

Download Full-text

How N-Acetylcysteine Supplementation Affects Redox Regulation, Especially at Mitohormesis and Sarcohormesis Level: Current Perspective

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10020153 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 153

Author(s):

Aslı Devrim-Lanpir ◽

Lee Hill ◽

Beat Knechtle

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Oxidative Metabolism ◽

Adaptive Response ◽

Redox Regulation ◽

Therapeutic Agent ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Metabolic Adaptations ◽

Current Perspective ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Response To Exercise

Exercise frequently alters the metabolic processes of oxidative metabolism in athletes, including exposure to extreme reactive oxygen species impairing exercise performance. Therefore, both researchers and athletes have been consistently investigating the possible strategies to improve metabolic adaptations to exercise-induced oxidative stress. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been applied as a therapeutic agent in treating many diseases in humans due to its precursory role in the production of hepatic glutathione, a natural antioxidant. Several studies have investigated NAC’s possible therapeutic role in oxidative metabolism and adaptive response to exercise in the athletic population. However, still conflicting questions regarding NAC supplementation need to be clarified. This narrative review aims to re-evaluate the metabolic effects of NAC on exercise-induced oxidative stress and adaptive response developed by athletes against the exercise, especially mitohormetic and sarcohormetic response.

Download Full-text

Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Exhaled Breath Compounds after Whole Grain Diets

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26092667 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 2667

Author(s):

Kaisa Raninen ◽

Ringa Nenonen ◽

Elina Järvelä-Reijonen ◽

Kaisa Poutanen ◽

Hannu Mykkänen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Gas Chromatography ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Wheat Bread ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Exhaled breath is a potential noninvasive matrix to give new information about metabolic effects of diets. In this pilot study, non-targeted analysis of exhaled breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was made by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCxGC-MS) to explore compounds relating to whole grain (WG) diets. Nine healthy subjects participated in the dietary intervention with parallel crossover design, consisting of two high-fiber diets containing whole grain rye bread (WGR) or whole grain wheat bread (WGW) and 1-week control diets with refined wheat bread (WW) before both diet periods. Large interindividual differences were detected in the VOC composition. About 260 VOCs were detected from exhaled breath samples, in which 40 of the compounds were present in more than half of the samples. Various derivatives of benzoic acid and phenolic compounds, as well as some furanones existed in exhaled breath samples only after the WG diets, making them interesting compounds to study further.

Download Full-text

Molecular functions of ASK family in diseases caused by stress-induced inflammation and apoptosis

The Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1093/jb/mvaa145 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kazuki Kojima ◽

Hidenori Ichijo ◽

Isao Naguro

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Er Stress ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Family Members ◽

Disease States ◽

Molecular Functions ◽

Critical Responses ◽

Proper Response

Summary VCells are constantly exposed to various types of stress, and disruption of the proper response lead to a variety of diseases. Among them, inflammation and apoptosis are important examples of critical responses and should be tightly regulated, as inappropriate control of these responses is detrimental to the organism. In several disease states, these responses are abnormally regulated, with adverse effects. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) family members are stress-responsive kinases that regulate inflammation and apoptosis after a variety of stimuli, such as oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In this review, we summarize recent reports on the ASK family in terms of their involvement in inflammatory diseases, focusing on upstream stimuli that regulate ASK family members.

Download Full-text

Colorimetry-Based Detection of Nitric Oxide from Exhaled Breath for Quantification of Oxidative Stress in Human Body

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9081055 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1055

Author(s):

Muni Raj Maurya ◽

Haseena Onthath ◽

Hagar Morsy ◽

Najam-US-Sahar Riyaz ◽

Muna Ibrahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Nitric Oxide ◽

Human Body ◽

Ph Effect ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Fast Response ◽

The Body ◽

Bromophenol Blue ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Vis Spectroscopy

Monitoring exhaled breath is a safe, noninvasive method for determining the health status of the human body. Most of the components in our exhaled breath can act as health biomarkers, and they help in providing information about various diseases. Nitric oxide (NO) is one such important biomarker in exhaled breath that indicates oxidative stress in our body. This work presents a simple and noninvasive quantitative analysis approach for detecting NO from exhaled breath. The sensing is based on the colorimetric assisted detection of NO by m-Cresol Purple, Bromophenol Blue, and Alizaringelb dye. The sensing performance of the dye was analyzed by ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The study covers various sampling conditions like the pH effect, temperature effect, concentration effect, and selective nature of the dye. The m-Cresol Purple dye exhibited a high sensitivity towards NO with a detection limit of ~0.082 ppm in the linear range of 0.002–0.5 ppm. Moreover, the dye apprehended a high degree of selectivity towards other biocompounds present in the breath, and no possible interfering cross-reaction from these species was observed. The dye offered a high sensitivity, selectivity, fast response, and stability, which benchmark its potential for NO sensing. Further, m-Cresol Purple dye is suitable for NO sensing from the exhaled breath and can assist in quantifying oxidative stress levels in the body for the possible detection of COVID-19.

Download Full-text

Probiotics lower plasma glucose in the high-fat fed C57BL/6J mouse

Beneficial Microbes ◽

10.3920/bm2009.0036 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 189-196 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

U. Andersson ◽

C. Bränning ◽

S. Ahrné ◽

G. Molin ◽

J. Alenfall ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Plasma Glucose ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Gut Health ◽

High Fat ◽

Early Diabetes

Today, the gut microbiota is considered a key organ in host nutritional metabolism and recent data have suggested that alterations in gut microbiota contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Accordingly, a whole range of beneficial effects relating to inflammation and gut health have been observed following administration of probiotics to both humans and different animal models. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic effects of an oral probiotic supplement, Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 15313, to high-fat diet (HFD) fed C57BL/6J mice, a model of human obesity and early diabetes. The mice were fed the experimental diets for 20 weeks, after which the HFD had induced an insulin-resistant state in both groups compared to the start of the study. The increase in body weight during the HFD feeding was higher in the probiotic group than in the control group, however, there were no significant differences in body fat content. Fasting plasma glucose levels were lower in the group fed the probiotic supplement, whereas insulin and lipids were not different. Caecal levels of short-chain fatty acids were not significantly different between the groups. An oral glucose tolerance test showed that the group fed probiotics had a significantly lower insulin release compared to the control group, although the rate of glucose clearance was not different. Taken together, these data indicate that L. plantarum DSM 15313 has anti-diabetic properties when fed together with an HFD.

Download Full-text

Concentration of 8-isoprostanes in the exhaled breath condensate as a marker of oxidative stress in patients with type 1 diabetes

Advances in respiratory medicine ◽

10.5603/arm.2018.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 3-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Anna Pękala-Wojciechowska ◽

Michał Poznański ◽

Kamil Szyszow ◽

Adam Antczak

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽

Exhaled Breath ◽

Breath Condensate

Download Full-text

Evaluation of oxidative stress using exhaled breath 8-isoprostane levels on chronic kidney disease

Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice ◽

10.4103/1119-3077.130240 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 356 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T Tasliyurt ◽

BM Yelken ◽

S Sahin ◽

F Kutluturk ◽

HI Koseoglu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Exhaled Breath

Download Full-text

An LCMS-based untargeted metabolomics protocol for cochlear perilymph: highlighting metabolic effects of hydrogen gas on the inner ear of noise exposed Guinea pigs

Metabolomics ◽

10.1007/s11306-019-1595-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Kristian Pirttilä ◽

Pernilla Videhult Pierre ◽

Jakob Haglöf ◽

Mikael Engskog ◽

Mikael Hedeland ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Hearing Loss ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Hydrogen Gas ◽

Untargeted Metabolomics ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Polar Component ◽

Acquired Hearing Loss ◽

Fit For Purpose ◽

Tof Ms

Abstract Introduction Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is an increasing problem in society and accounts for a third of all cases of acquired hearing loss. NIHL is caused by formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cochlea causing oxidative stress. Hydrogen gas (H2) can alleviate the damage caused by oxidative stress and can be easily administered through inhalation. Objectives To present a protocol for untargeted metabolomics of guinea pig perilymph and investigate the effect of H2 administration on the perilymph metabolome of noise exposed guinea pigs. Methods The left ear of guinea pigs were exposed to hazardous impulse noise only (Noise, n = 10), noise and H2 (Noise + H2, n = 10), only H2 (H2, n = 4), or untreated (Control, n = 2). Scala tympani perilymph was sampled from the cochlea of both ears. The polar component of the perilymph metabolome was analyzed using a HILIC-UHPLC-Q-TOF–MS-based untargeted metabolomics protocol. Multivariate data analysis (MVDA) was performed separately for the exposed- and unexposed ear. Results MVDA allowed separation of groups Noise and Noise + H2 in both the exposed and unexposed ear and yielded 15 metabolites with differentiating relative abundances. Seven were found in both exposed and unexposed ear data and included two osmoprotectants. Eight metabolites were unique to the unexposed ear and included a number of short-chain acylcarnitines. Conclusions A HILIC-UHPLC-Q-TOF–MS-based protocol for untargeted metabolomics of perilymph is presented and shown to be fit-for-purpose. We found a clear difference in the perilymph metabolome of noise exposed guinea pigs with and without H2 treatment.

Download Full-text