Phytochemical Analysis Reveals an Antioxidant Defense Response in Lonicera Japonica To Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress

Abstract Cadmium (Cd), though potentially beneficial at lower levels to some plant species, at higher levels is a toxic metal that is detrimental to plant growth and development. Cadmium is also a carcinogen to humans and other contaminated plant consumers, affecting the kidneys and reducing bone strength. In this study we investigated responses of growth, chlorophyll content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and antioxidant responses to Cd2+ in honeysuckle leaves (Lonicera japonica Thunb.), a potential cadmium hyperaccumulator. Results indicated that plant height, dry weight, leaf area, and chlorophyll content increased when honeysuckle was exposed to 10 or 30 mg/kg Cd2+ (low concentration). However, in response to 150 or 200 mg/kg Cd2+ (high concentration) these growth parameters and chlorophyll content significantly decreased relative to untreated control plant groups. Higher levels of superoxide radical (O2.−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were observed in high concentration Cd2+ groups. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR) were enhanced with exposure to increasing levels of Cd2+. Additionally, the AsA-GSH cycle was activated for the removal of H2O2 in honeysuckle in response to elevated Cd2+. The Pearson correlation analysis, a redundancy analysis (RDA), and a permutation test indicated that proline and APX were dominant antioxidants for removing O2.− and H2O2. The antioxidants GSH and NPTs also increased as the concentration of Cd2+ increased.

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The Effect of Active Principles of Lyophilized Garlic and Chlorella on Reduction of Tissue Bioaccumulation and Lead Antagonism to Zinc in Carassius gibelio

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.17.9.5811 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 68 (9) ◽

pp. 2006-2009

Author(s):

Marioara Nicula ◽

Nicolae Pacala ◽

Isidora Radulov ◽

Mirela Ahmadi ◽

Dorel Dronca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protective Effect ◽

Aquatic Environment ◽

Toxic Metal ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

High Concentration ◽

Carassius Gibelio ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Living Organisms

In living organisms lead is classified as potential toxic metal, and in high concentration can produce intoxication with the alteration of some vital organs, especially liver and kidney. In aquatic environment lead can be absorbed by fishes and other organisms, with different distribution in various tissues. Our aim of experiment was to verify and demonstrate the protective effect of lyophilized garlic and chlorella against bioaccumulation of lead in fishes living in aquatic environment deliberated polluted with lead. Thus, lyophilized garlic and chlorella administrated as supplements in fodder for fishes (Carassius gibelio) diminished the antagonistic effect of lead against zinc in all tested tissues: liver, kidney, heart, brain, ovary, testis, muscles myotome � epaxial, skin � with scales, gills, and intestine.

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Phytochemical Analysis, Pharmacological and Safety Evaluations of Halophytic Plant, Salsola cyclophylla

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26082384 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (8) ◽

pp. 2384

Author(s):

Hamdoon A. Mohammed ◽

Mohsen S. Al-Omar ◽

Salman A. A. Mohammed ◽

Ahmad H. Alhowail ◽

Hussein M. Eldeeb ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

High Concentration ◽

Halophytic Plant ◽

Anti Oxidant ◽

Aqueous Ethanolic Extract ◽

Phytochemical Constituents ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Dpph Scavenging ◽

Anti Inflammation

Salsola cyclophylla, an edible halophyte, is traditionally used for inflammation and pain. To confirm the claimed anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, a detailed study on respective pharmacological actions was undertaken. The activities are contemplated to arise from its phytoconstituents. The LC-MS analysis of S. cyclophylla 95% aqueous-ethanolic extract revealed the presence of 52 compounds belonging to phenols, flavonoids, coumarins, and aliphatics class. A high concentration of Mn, Fe, and Zn was detected by atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest flavonoid contents (5.94 ± 0.04 mg/g, Quercetin Equivalents) and Fe2+-chelation (52%) potential with DPPH radicals-quenching IC50 at 1.35 ± 0.16 mg/mL, while the aqueous ethanolic extract exhibited maximum phenolics contents (136.08 ± 0.12 mg/g, gallic acid equivalents) with DPPH scavenging potential at IC50 0.615 ± 0.06 mg/mL. Aqueous ethanolic extract and standard quercetin DPPH radicals scavenging’s were equal potent at 10 mg/mL concentrations. The aqueous ethanolic extract showed highest analgesic effect with pain reduction rates 89.86% (p = 0.03), 87.50% (p < 0.01), and 99.66% (p = 0.0004) after 60, 90, and 120 min, respectively. Additionally, aqueous ethanolic extract exhibited the highest anti-inflammation capacity at 41.07% (p < 0.0001), 34.51% (p < 0.0001), and 24.82% (p < 0.0001) after 2, 3, and 6 h of extract’s administration, respectively. The phytochemical constituents, significant anti-oxidant potential, remarkable analgesic, and anti-inflammatory bioactivities of extracts supported the traditionally claimed anti-inflammatory and analgesic plant activities.

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Supplemental Selenium and Boron Mitigate Salt-Induced Oxidative Damages in Glycine max L.

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10102224 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 2224

Author(s):

Mira Rahman ◽

Khussboo Rahman ◽

Khadeja Sultana Sathi ◽

Md. Mahabub Alam ◽

Kamrun Nahar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Salt Stress ◽

Antioxidant Defense ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Monodehydroascorbate Reductase ◽

Ros Scavenging ◽

H2o2 Content ◽

Mda Content ◽

Different Levels

The present investigation was executed with an aim to evaluate the role of exogenous selenium (Se) and boron (B) in mitigating different levels of salt stress by enhancing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems in soybean. Plants were treated with 0, 150, 300 and 450 mM NaCl at 20 days after sowing (DAS). Foliar application of Se (50 µM Na2SeO4) and B (1 mM H3BO3) was accomplished individually and in combined (Se+B) at three-day intervals, at 16, 20, 24 and 28 DAS under non-saline and saline conditions. Salt stress adversely affected the growth parameters. In salt-treated plants, proline content and oxidative stress indicators such as malondialdehyde (MDA) content and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content were increased with the increment of salt concentration but the relative water content decreased. Due to salt stress catalase (CAT), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glyoxalase I (Gly I) and glyoxalase II (Gly II) activity decreased. However, the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and peroxidase (POD) increased under salt stress. On the contrary, supplementation of Se, B and Se+B enhanced the activities of APX, MDHAR, DHAR, GR, CAT, GPX, GST, POD, Gly I and Gly II which consequently diminished the H2O2 content and MDA content under salt stress, and also improved the growth parameters. The results reflected that exogenous Se, B and Se+B enhanced the enzymatic activity of the antioxidant defense system as well as the glyoxalase systems under different levels of salt stress, ultimately alleviated the salt-induced oxidative stress, among them Se+B was more effective than a single treatment.

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Effects of CO2 concentration and UV-B radiation on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) grown in open-top chambers

Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture ◽

10.9755/ejfa.2020.v32.i1.2062 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Kandhan Karthishwaran ◽

Annadurai Senthilkumar ◽

Wasef Ayed Alzayadneh ◽

Mohammed Abdul Mohsen Alyafei

Keyword(s):

Date Palm ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Phoenix Dactylifera ◽

Ultraviolet B ◽

Carbon Accumulation ◽

Cellular Damage ◽

High Concentration ◽

Total Carotenoids ◽

Growth Environment ◽

Open Top Chambers

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a major plant grown under natural conditions in the Middle East and is subject to multiple environmental stresses. Increased concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation in the growth environment can have a high impact on plant carbon accumulation, and the various factors can function in opposite directions or cause additive effects. The objective of the present investigation was to screen UAE date palm for susceptibility to elevated level of CO2, UVB and their combined effect on a date palm variety was assessed in transparent open - top chambers (OTC) conditions in the hot climate of UAE. After the screening of the cultivars, experiment was conducted in an OTC facility and the treatments were given for 120 days. After the treatment of the selected cultivar, content of chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoids, protein, amino acids, phenol and activities including γ-glutamyl kinase, proline oxidase, a-tocopherol and peroxidases activity were determined. The results revealed that the high concentration of CO2 alone increased the growth parameters, whereas the treatment with UV-B significantly affected the growth of the plant relative to regulation. Enzyme observations have shown that an increase in antioxidant enzymes can affect a defense response to the abiotic stress-induced cellular damage. Further extension of this study with other cultivated varieties, other stress parameters and determination of yield parameters will give scope to identify new stress tolerant cultivars of date palm trees.

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Evaluation of the Efficiency of Foliar Nutrient with the Chemical Fertilizer of Super Swing and Whey in some Growth Parameters and Concentration of Certain Nutrients of Transplants of Sour Orange Citrus aurantium L.

Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences ◽

10.37077/25200860.2019.177 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 282-290

Author(s):

Nada A. El-Qatrani

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Sour Orange ◽

Stem Number ◽

High Concentration ◽

College Of Agriculture ◽

Foliar Nutrient ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Metabolic Performance

This study was carried out in the nursery of Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah during 2018 growing season. Completely randomized blocks design (C.R.B.D.) was used to investigate the effect of different concentrations of super swing (0, 0.5 and 1) g.l-1 and whey (0, 50 and 75) % and their interactions to enhance the growth parameters and chemical characteristics of Sour orange transplants. The results showed a significant increase in most of the measured growth parameters of transplants treated with high concentration of foliar spraying to both fertilizers. Application of super swing at 1 g.l-1 with whey at 75% together significantly increased the height of plant, the number of leaves, leaf area, the diameter of stem, number of flowers, the leaves content of both nitrogen and potassium, percentage of dry matter, and content of chlorophyll. Whereas, control treatment was significantly increased the water content compared to other treatments. Addition of growth-enhancing compounds such as super swing and whey extract to the plant can improve the metabolic performance and enhances the plant's ability to absorb nutrients from the soil.

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Study on the Effect of Cu (II) and Zn (II) on the Accumulation of Pb (II) from Soil to the Biomass of Vegetable

International Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.1155/2021/6687566 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Le Thi Thanh Tran ◽

Le Van Luan ◽

Tran Quang Hieu ◽

Le Van Tan

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Metal Ion ◽

Toxic Metal ◽

Industrial Processes ◽

High Concentration ◽

Metal Pollutants ◽

Inhibition Effect ◽

Copper And Zinc ◽

Stems And Leaves ◽

Effect Of Copper

Among soil pollutants, lead (Pb) is one of the toxic metal pollutants widely used in many industrial processes and occurs as a contaminant in environment. In this study, a field experiment was carried out to investigate the accumulation of lead from soil contaminated by this metal ion on the biomass of some vegetables, including spinach, lettuce, carrots, and potatoes. The results showed that lead was cumulative metal. Besides, the level of lead accumulation in soil of the studied vegetables decreased in the order of tubers of carrots, tubers of potato, spinach root, lettuce root, stems and leaves of spinach, stem and leaves of carrot, stems and leaves of potato, and stem and leaves of lettuce, respectively. Our investigations demonstrate the effect of copper and zinc micronutrient elements which play an important role in the growth and development of plants, on the accumulation of lead from contaminated soil of the studied vegetables. The obtained results showed that high concentration of copper and zinc in soil cause competition with lead in the process of absorption and accumulation in the plant. Specifically, copper and zinc showed the inhibition effect on the uptake and accumulation of lead by these plants.

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FMRI Functional Connectivity Evaluation in Alzheimer’s Stages: Linear and Non-Linear Approaches

10.21203/rs.3.rs-189491/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hessam Ahmadi ◽

Emad Fatemizadeh ◽

Ali Motie Nasrabadi

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Functional Connectivity ◽

Permutation Test ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Functional Integration ◽

Clustering Coefficient ◽

Kernel Trick ◽

Non Linear ◽

The Brain

Abstract Neuroimaging data analysis reveals the underlying interactions in the brain. It is essential, yet controversial, to choose a proper tool to manifest brain functional connectivity. In this regard, researchers have not reached a definitive conclusion between the linear and non-linear approaches, as both have pros and cons. In this study, to evaluate this concern, the functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data of different stages of Alzheimer’s disease are investigated. In the linear approach, the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) is employed as a common technique to generate brain functional graphs. On the other hand, for non-linear approaches, two methods including Distance Correlation (DC) and the kernel trick are utilized. By the use of the three mentioned routines and graph theory, functional brain networks of all stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are constructed and then sparsed. Afterwards, graph global measures are calculated over the networks and a non-parametric permutation test is conducted. Results reveal that the non-linear approaches have more potential to discriminate groups in all stages of AD. Moreover, the kernel trick method is more powerful in comparison to the DC technique. Nevertheless, AD degenerates the brain functional graphs more at the beginning stages of the disease. At the first phase, both functional integration and segregation of the brain degrades, and as AD progressed brain functional segregation further declines. The most distinguishable feature in all stages is the clustering coefficient that reflects brain functional segregation.

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Seedling Production of Pak Choy (Brassica rapa L. var chinensis) using Organic and Inorganic Nutrients

Biosaintifika Journal of Biology & Biology Education ◽

10.15294/biosaintifika.v9i2.8537 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Dody Priadi ◽

Fiqolbi Nuro

Keyword(s):

Brassica Rapa ◽

Nutrient Solution ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Leafy Vegetable ◽

Inorganic Nutrients ◽

Vegetable Production ◽

Seedling Production ◽

Hydroponic Solution ◽

Organic Vegetable Production

Pak Choy or Bok Choy (Brassica rapa L. var. chinensis) is one of favorite Chinese leafy vegetable for various dishes in Indonesia. In this study, it was used as a plant model to identify the appropriate organic hydroponic nutrient solution for leafy vegetable seedling production. The seed was sown on rock wool slabs submerged with 200 ml of a nutrient solution containing biofertilizer of Beyonic StarTmik@Lob (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%). commercial hydroponic solution (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) and its combination (25, 50, and 75%). The experiments were arranged in a CRD. Meanwhile, the obtained data was analyzed using ANOVA followed by DMRT. The relationship among growth parameters was observed using Pearson correlation analysis. The result of the study showed that the combination of organic and inorganic nutrient (25% Beyonic StarTmik@Lob and 75% commercial hydroponic solution) resulted in the highest seedling growth parameters and leaf indices as well as the perfectly positive correlations among growth parameters. This result indicated that the use of organic nutrient alone was not appropriate for hydroponic seedling production of Pak Choy. Therefore, further study needs to be done to identify the hydroponic solution without inorganic nutrients towards the organic vegetable production.

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Effect of Oil Cakes and Bio-agents Each Alone and in Combination for Management of Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in Green Gram

International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management ◽

10.23910/1.2021.2378d ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 286-294

Author(s):

Poornata Jena ◽

◽

N. K. Sahoo ◽

J. K. Mahalik ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Seed Treatment ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Green Gram ◽

Root Knot Nematode ◽

Neem Cake ◽

Untreated Check ◽

Am Fungus

A pot experiment was carried out in the net house of Department of Nematology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India during June to August, 2017 on the application of oilcakes (mustard cake and neem cake) and bio-agents (Trichoderma viride, Glomus fasciculatum, Rhizobium leguminosarum) each alone and in combination for the management of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in green gram. Result of the experiment indicated that soil application of mustard or neem cake @ 50 g m-2 with AM fungus (Glomus fasciculatum) @ 5 g m-² and seed treatment of Rhizobium @ 25 g kg-1 of green gram seed declined the root knot nematode population, number of galls plant-1, number of eggmass plant-1and root knot index with corresponding increase of plant growth parameters and chlorophyll content in green gram plant as compared to other treatments and untreated check. But integration of mustard cake @ 50 g m-2 at 2 weeks prior to sowing with AM fungus @ 5 g m-2 at 10 days before sowing and seed treatment of Rhizobium @ 25 g kg-1 green gram seed exhibited the lowest M. incognita population 200 cc soil-1 (153.33 J2), number of galls plant-1 (7.0), number of eggmass plant-1 (2.0) and root knot index (2.0) reflecting enhancement of plant growth parameters, number of pods (206.67%), number of nodules (691.17%) over untreated check. This integrated management module also recorded maximum increase in the availability of NPK content in soil and chlorophyll content as compared to other treatments.

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Growth Enhancement of Phragmites australis, Eichhornia crassipes and Saccharum officinarum for Rhizoremediation of Crude Oil

International Journal of Environment ◽

10.3126/ije.v7i1.21317 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 60-84

Author(s):

Monday Ubogu ◽

Lucky O. Odokuma ◽

Ejiro Akponah

Keyword(s):

Crude Oil ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Root Length ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Control Plant ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Saccharum Officinarum ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Growth Enhancement ◽

Plant Soil

P. australis, E. crassipes (in mangrove swamp) and S. officinarum (in rainforest) are capable of tolerating some levels of crude oil in soil. However, some important growth characteristics such speedy growths, extensive root system and increased biomass desirable for efficient rhizoremediation are depressed. To cushion this suppressive effects, plants were subjected to the following treatments: Plant + Soil (PS) (Control); Plant + Soil + Oil (PSO); Plant + Soil + Oil + Fertilizer (PSOF); Plant +Soil + Oil + Fertilizer + Microorganisms (PSOFM); and Plant + Soil + Fertilizer + Microorganisms + Solarization (PSOFMS). Treatments were monitored for 120 days to determine their effects on the following growth parameters: Germination, germination percentage, height, and root length, dry weight, and leaf area. Results indicated that treatments PSOF, PSOFM and PSOFMS enhanced all growth parameters over contaminated untreated soil (PSO) with the exception of germination in P. australis and S. officinarum; while root length, leaf area in E. crassipes were statistically the same for PS, PSO, PSOFM and PSOFMS (P ˂ 0.05). Overall, growth enhancement efficiencies of the applied treatments were in the order: PSOFM ˃ PSOF ˃ PSOFMS. Thus, growth of these plants can be enhanced in crude oil contaminated soil by the above treatments for efficient rhizoremediation.

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