scholarly journals Global economic costs of herpetofauna invasions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismael Soto ◽  
Ross N. Cuthbert ◽  
Antonín Kouba ◽  
César Capinha ◽  
Anna Turbelin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Boiga Irregularis ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
American Bullfrog ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Invasion Impacts ◽  
Mixed Classes ◽  
Temporal Dimensions ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Biological invasions by amphibian and reptile species (i.e. herpetofauna) are numerous and widespread and have caused severe impacts on ecosystems, the economy and human health. However, there remains no synthesised assessment of the economic costs of these invasions. Therefore, using the most comprehensive database on the economic costs of invasive alien species worldwide (InvaCost), we analyse the costs caused by invasive alien herpetofauna according to taxonomic, geographic, sectoral and temporal dimensions, as well as the types of these costs. The cost of invasive herpetofauna totaled 17.0 billion US$ between 1986 and 2020, divided between 6.3 billion US$ for amphibians, 10.4 billion US$ for reptiles and 334 million US$ for mixed classes. However, these costs were associated predominantly with only two species (brown tree snake Boiga irregularis and American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus), with 10.3 and 6.0 billion US$ in costs, respectively. Costs for the remaining 19 reported species were relatively minor (< 0.6 billion US$), and they were entirely unavailable for over 94% of known invasive herpetofauna worldwide. Also, costs were positively correlated with research effort, suggesting research biases towards well-known taxa. So far, costs have been dominated by predictions and extrapolations (79%), and thus empirical observations for impact were relatively scarce. The activity sector most affected by amphibians was authorities-stakeholders through management (> 99%), while for reptiles, impact was reported mostly through damages to mixed sectors (65%). Geographically, Oceania and Pacific Islands recorded 63% of total costs, followed by Europe (35%) and North America (2%). Cost reports have generally increased over time. A greater effort in studying the costs of invasive herpetofauna is necessary for a more complete understanding of invasion impacts of these species. We emphasise the need for greater control and prevention policies concerning the spread of current and future invasive herpetofauna.

Identyfikacja kosztów pogorszenia reputacji przedsiębiorstwa z perspektywy interesariuszy

2014 ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Danuta Szwajca ◽  
Alina Rydzewska ◽  
Tomasz Nawrocki
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Crisis Situation ◽  
Modern Economy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
A Company ◽  
Crisis Situations

In the realities of modern economy even the best-managed company is not able to avoid threats and bad decisions, that can cause a crisis. Each crisis situation, that a company experiences, generates not only measurable economic costs, but also more difficult to assess and measure costs of a deteriorated reputation. These costs are the result of infringement of interests or failing to satisfy different stakeholders expectations. The aim of this article is an attempt to identify the cost of reputation deterioration in the context of the various interests of stakeholders groups. In the first part, the paper presents the effects of good and bad reputation, the reputation "contamination" path in a crisis situation and a cost analysis caused by it. The second part is empirical, where the identification of crisis situations measurable costs and reputation deterioration based on the examples of three selected companies was performed.

Application of Parametric Cost Estimation Model to Telecommunication Networks

2011 ◽  
pp. 150-167
Author(s):  
Swadesh Kumar Samanta ◽  
John Woods ◽  
Mohammed Ghanbari
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Parametric Cost Estimation ◽  
Cost Estimation Model ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Telecom Network

The parametric cost estimation approach has proved to be an efficient method for analyzing complex systems such as spacecraft, missiles, ships, buildings, etc where cost varies according to a number of parameters. The cost to provision a telecom network also depends on a number of parameters; but little research effort has been applied to estimate cost using this approach. In estimating the cost of a telecom network, most published research has considered two parameters; distance and bandwidth of a link and ignored the effects of other parameters. We have modelled the cost based on distance, bandwidth, geographical terrain and technology simultaneously using a parametric cost estimation methodology applied to real data obtained from the Indian Telecom Company, BSNL. Using the model, we show how a cost optimized network can be designed given the real world constraints. The applicability of our model to determine revenue sharing mechanism for an international call is also demonstrated. [Article copies are available for purchase from InfoSci-on-Demand.com]

scholarly journals 2656. Eliciting Preferences for Zoster Vaccination in US Adults Aged 50 Years and Older

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S929-S930
Author(s):  
Brandon J Patterson ◽  
Kelley Meyers ◽  
Alexandra Stewart ◽  
Brennan Mange ◽  
Eric M Hillson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Injection Site Reaction ◽  
Financial Barriers ◽  
Targeted Sampling ◽  
Systemic Reactions ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Reaction Severity ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Duration Of Protection ◽  
Chronic Comorbidities

Abstract Background In October 2017, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended the adjuvanted Recombinant Zoster Vaccine (RZV) for all adults aged ≥ 50 years, regardless of previous vaccination. Understanding patient preferences for herpes zoster (HZ) vaccination can inform providers, payers, and policymakers about barriers, hesitancies, and utilization of available vaccines. Methods A discrete choice experiment survey was completed by 1,454 US adults aged ≥50 years in January 2019, with targeted sampling quotas of African Americans (25%), recent influenza vaccine recipients (50%), and individuals with autoimmune disease or chronic comorbidities (37%), to enable subgroup analyses. HZ vaccine profiles were characterized using seven attributes: vaccine efficacy (VE), duration of protection, location of service, number of doses, injection-site reaction severity, systemic reactions duration, and out-of-pocket (OOP) costs. In a series of choice questions, respondents chose between a pair of hypothetical HZ vaccine profiles, determined by an efficient experimental design, and a no vaccination option. In a second series, respondents stated intentions to complete a 2-dose vaccination series, conditioned on varying levels of side effects experienced with a first dose and expected OOP costs. Differences across subgroups were explored. Results Respondents placed the greatest weight on OOP costs and VE when choosing among HZ vaccination options (Figure 1). African American respondents were more sensitive to increases in OOP costs than non-African American respondents (Figure 2). ~75% of respondents indicated they would complete the series of a two-dose HZ vaccine if the cost of completing the series was $8-$13. Second-dose compliance drops about 25% when OOP costs increase to $140–150. Conclusion OOP cost had the greatest influence on respondents’ intention to select and complete HZ vaccination. Efforts to remove financial barriers to improve implementation of the CDC recommendations for HZ vaccination should be considered. GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA, GSK study identifiers: 208677/HO-17-18066. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

The cost of alcohol-attributable injuries and poisonings in Canada, 1992

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda S. Robson ◽  
Eric Single ◽  
Xiaodi Xie ◽  
Jürgen Rehm
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Hospital Days ◽  
Related Mortality

Alcohol-related injuries and poisonings are estimated to have caused 1.7% (3,359) of all deaths, 4.0% (123,119) of all corresponding potential years of life lost, 1.1% (38,687) of all hospitalizations, and 1.3% (533,895) of hospital days in Canada in 1992. The cost of these injuries is estimated to have been $3.9 billion, using a societal point of view and the human capital method of valuing forgone productivity. Leading causes of these human and economic costs are motor vehicle accidents, falls, self-inflicted injury and assault. Injuries and poisonings comprise a large portion of alcohol-related mortality (50% of deaths; 66% of potential years of life lost), morbidity (45% of hospitalizations) and economic costs (51%). Policy implications of these results are discussed.

scholarly journals The cost of not breastfeeding: global results from a new tool

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 407-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan D Walters ◽  
Linh T H Phan ◽  
Roger Mathisen
Keyword(s):  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
National Income ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Treatment Costs ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Support Strategies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Access Data

Abstract Evidence shows that breastfeeding has many health, human capital and future economic benefits for young children, their mothers and countries. The new Cost of Not Breastfeeding tool, based on open access data, was developed to help policy-makers and advocates have information on the estimated human and economic costs of not breastfeeding at the country, regional and global levels. The results of the analysis using the tool show that 595 379 childhood deaths (6 to 59 months) from diarrhoea and pneumonia each year can be attributed to not breastfeeding according to global recommendations from WHO and UNICEF. It also estimates that 974 956 cases of childhood obesity can be attributed to not breastfeeding according to recommendations each year. For women, breastfeeding is estimated to have the potential to prevent 98 243 deaths from breast and ovarian cancers as well as type II diabetes each year. This level of avoidable morbidity and mortality translates into global health system treatment costs of US$1.1 billion annually. The economic losses of premature child and women’s mortality are estimated to equal US$53.7 billion in future lost earnings each year. The largest component of economic losses, however, is the cognitive losses, which are estimated to equal US$285.4 billion annually. Aggregating these costs, the total global economic losses are estimated to be US$341.3 billion, or 0.70% of global gross national income. While the aim of the tool is to capture the majority of the costs, the estimates are likely to be conservative since economic costs of increased household caregiving time (mainly borne by women), and treatment costs related to other diseases attributable to not breastfeeding according to recommendations are not included in the analysis. This study illustrates the substantial costs of not breastfeeding, and potential economic benefits that could be generated by government and development partners’ investments in scaling up effective breastfeeding promotion and support strategies.

scholarly journals Occupational Stress and Its Economic Cost in Hong Kong: The Role of Positive Emotions

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8601
Author(s):  
Oi Ling Siu ◽  
Cary L. Cooper ◽  
Lara C. Roll ◽  
Carol Lo
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Occupational Stress ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Job Stressors ◽  
Organizational Constraints ◽  
The Cost

There has been less research on the costs of occupational stress attributed to certain job stressors in Chinese contexts. This study identified and validated common job stressors and estimated the economic cost in Hong Kong. The role of positive emotions in alleviating the economic costs of job stressors was also examined. Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were adopted. The findings obtained from five focus group discussions and a survey validated five common job stressors: Job insecurity; quantitative workload; organizational constraints; interpersonal conflicts; and work/home interface. A total of 2511 employees were surveyed, with 2032 valid questionnaires returned (925 males, 1104 females, and 3 unidentified, whose ages ranged from 18 to 70 years). The economic costs were estimated by combining the costs of absenteeism, presenteeism, and medical expenses. Absenteeism mainly caused by job stressors of the work/home interface, job insecurity, and quantitative workload accounted for an annual economic cost of HK$550 million to HK$860 million. The annual economic cost due to presenteeism mainly caused by job stressors of job insecurity, interpersonal conflict, quantitative workload, and organizational constraints ranged from HK$1.373 billion to HK$2.146 billion. The cost of medical treatments associated with occupational stress was HK$2.889 billion to HK$4.083 billion. Therefore, the total annual economic cost of occupational stress was approximately HK$4.81 billion to HK$7.09 billion. Positive emotions, representing a less explored individual factor in the cost of occupational stress studies, was found to be negatively correlated with presenteeism and buffered the negative impact of job stressors on absenteeism. The theoretical contributions and practical implications of findings are discussed.

Sri Lanka in 2007: Military Successes, but at Humanitarian and Economic Costs

Asian Survey ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nira Wickramasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Eastern Province ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Economic Growth Rate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
Government Security

The year 2007 saw a successful military campaign that led to the ““liberation”” of the Eastern Province by government security forces. The country's high economic growth rate continued despite the war, but inflation and the cost of living also rose significantly. The regime's human rights record came under serious scrutiny.

Modeling the likely economic cost of non-adherence to TB medicines in the Philippines

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 902-909
Author(s):  
D. Collins ◽  
H. Lam ◽  
H. Firdaus ◽  
J. Antipolo ◽  
P. Mangao
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Loss To Follow Up ◽  
The World ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
The Cost

SETTING: The Philippines has a population of over 90 million people and is one of the 22 highest TB burden countries in the world.OBJECTIVE: To understand the economic cost of non-adherence to TB medicines due to loss to follow up and stock-outs in the Philippines.DESIGN: Data were collected on the economic costs of non-adherence to TB medicines and a model was developed to show those costs under different scenarios.RESULTS: The model showed that as many as 1958 and 233 persons are likely to have died as a result of DS-TB and MDR-TB loss to follow up, respectively, and 588 persons are likely to have died as a result of TB medicine stock outs. The related economic impact in each case is likely have been to be as much as US$72.2 million, US$13.4 million and US$21.0 million, respectively.CONCLUSION: The economic costs of non-adherence to TB medicines due to loss to follow-up and stock-outs represent a significant economic burden for the country and it is likely that the cost of addressing these problems would be much less than this burden and, therefore, a wise investment.

An Investigation of the Results of the Annual Review of Ineligibles and Non-Rehabilitants

1979 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-34
Author(s):  
Paul Cooper ◽  
Reed Greenwood ◽  
Stephanie Davis
Keyword(s):  
Vocational Rehabilitation ◽  
Review Process ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Cooperative Research ◽  
Ready Access ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost

The annual review of ineligibles and non-rehabilitants is a mandatory study for all public vocational rehabilitation agencies to insure that all individuals are given ready access to the benefits of the program. In a cooperative research effort, three vocational rehabilitation agencies provided the data necessary for a study of the cost and effectiveness of the annual review process. As part of this study, the participating agencies provided data for each of their clients reviewed in Fiscal Year 1977. This data consisted of information· regarding the type of review, the outcome of the review process, and the amount of counselor time required to complete the review. The results of the study indicated that the annual review was not only ineffective but extremely costly in terms of counselor time as a technique for insuring benefits to eligible individuals.

scholarly journals Trapping strategies for deterring the spread of Brown Tree Snakes from Guam

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Engeman ◽  
Michael A. Linnell
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Planning Tool ◽  
Boiga Irregularis ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrates ◽  
Brown Tree Snake ◽  
Brown Tree Snakes ◽  
Trap Placement ◽  
Accidental Introduction

The accidental introduction of the Brown Tree Snake Boiga irregularis to Guam has resulted in the extirpation of most of the island's native terrestrial vertebrates, has presented a health hazard to infants and children, and also has produced an economic problem. Prevention of its dispersal through Guam's cargo traffic to other Pacific islands has become a high environmental priority. Trapping around ports and other cargo staging areas is central to an integrated pest management programme designed to deter dispersal of the species. In this study, perimeter trapping of forested plots characteristic of those found in port areas was found to be the most effective trap placement strategy, although trap lines cut through the plot interior or placed along a single plot boundary were also effective. Snake removal potentially can be modelled using an exponential decay over time, providing the manager with a planning tool. Population recovery of Brown Tree Snakes in trapped plots was found to be slow in the fragmented forested habitats found around ports.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document