scholarly journals Resistant Cassava Cultivars Inhibit The Papaya Mealybug Paracoccus Marginatus Population Based On Their Interaction: From Physiological and Biochemical Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Chen ◽  
Xiao-Qiang Liu ◽  
Xiao Liang ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Chun-Ling Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Abstract Dangerous Paracoccus marginatus papaya mealybugs cause considerable threats and challenges to cassava production and processing. The deployment of resistant cultivars offers effective, economical and eco-friendly management strategies for pest management. We utilized P. marginatus mortality, development and reproduction to evaluate the resistance of fifteen cassava cultivars and conducted physiological and biochemical analyses when P. marginatus was fed on two resistant cultivars (Myanmar, C1115) and three susceptible cultivars (BRA900, Bread, SC205). Significantly lower digestive (amylase, sucrase, lipase), detoxification (glutathione-S-transferase and carboxylesterase) and antioxidant, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), enzyme activities were observed in P. marginatus feeding on resistant cultivars compared to susceptible cultivars. For resistant cultivars, a significant reduction was found in nutritional components containing free amino acids, nitrogen, soluble sugars and the secondary metabolite malondialdehyde. Additionally, significantly higher enzymatic activity (SOD, CAT, POD and PPO) levels and secondary metabolite quantities (total phenol and tannins) were found in resistant cultivars induced by P. marginatus compared with susceptible ones. Additionally, RT-qPCR tests showed that the transcripts of ten genes involved in nutrition, secondary metabolites and antioxidant activities were consistent with their physiology and biochemistry changes. Thus, resistant cultivars prevented P. marginatus populations from suffering lower P. marginatus damage by elevating secondary metabolite contents and antioxidant activities, reducing nutrition levels and decreasing enzymatic activities. This study will be beneficial in determining the important indexes for developing standard regulations to evaluate P. marginatus-resistant cassavas, helping the development of effective strategies for pest management.

scholarly journals Organic Apple Production in Two Humid Regions: Comparing Progress in Pest Management Strategies in Iowa and New Zealand

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Delate ◽  
Andrea McKern ◽  
Robert Turnbull ◽  
James T.S. Walker ◽  
Richard Volz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Integrated Fruit Production

By 2003, organic apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] production had increased to 5626 ha in the United States and to 2964 ha in New Zealand by 2002. Common problems facing organic apple growers in the humid regions of New Zealand and the United States include effective management strategies for apple scab [Venturia inaequalis (Cooke)] and insect pests. Experiments conducted in Iowa in 2003–2004 demonstrated the effectiveness of a kaolin clay- and spinosad-based insecticide program in maintaining codling moth [Cydia pomonella (L.)] damage levels to less than 5% in the scab-resistant cultivars Enterprise, Liberty, Redfree, and Gold Rush. Similar pest management systems have been developed in New Zealand to comply with export standards and quarantines. The use of codling moth granulosis virus and a spinosad-based insecticide have led to reduced pest pressure and to an increase in organic exports with a 41% premium price over conventional apples. However, an association between spinosad use and woolly apple aphid [Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann)] population increase was observed in organic orchard surveys in 2006. An alternative to spinosad applications, insect disinfestation through controlled atmosphere (CA) treatment, was investigated to control quarantined pests and to extend the storage potential of scab-resistant cultivars. A CA treatment of 9 weeks of 2% O2 and 2% CO2 at 0.5 °C was determined to maintain firmness ratings to export standards in CA-stored, scab-resistant ‘Pinkie’ apples and to decrease internal ethylene concentration by 84% compared with apples stored in air. In addition, new scab-resistant cultivars with ‘Pinkie’ background under development in New Zealand show promise for organic production in humid regions. Few fruit quality differences were determined between ‘Pinkie’ fruits from integrated fruit production and organic production systems, although premium prices exist only for certified organic apples.

scholarly journals Seed reserve composition and mobilization during germination and early seedling establishment of Cereus jamacaru D.C. ssp. jamacaru (Cactaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 823-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nara L.M. Alencar ◽  
Renato Innecco ◽  
Enéas Gomes-Filho ◽  
Maria Izabel Gallão ◽  
Juan C. Alvarez-Pizarro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Early Seedling Growth ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Seed Coats ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Cereus jamacaru, a Cactaceae found throughout northeast Brazil, is widely used as cattle food and as an ornamental and medicinal plant. However, there has been little information about the physiological and biochemical aspects involved in its germination. The aim of this study was to investigate its reserve mobilization during germination and early seedling growth. For this, C. jamacaru seeds were germinated in a growth chamber and collected at 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 days after imbibition for morphological and biochemical analyses. Dry seeds had wrinkled seed coats and large, curved embryos. Lipids were the most abundant reserve, comprising approximately 55% and 65% of the dry mass for cotyledons and the hypocotylradicle axis, respectively. Soluble sugars and starch were the minor reserves, corresponding to approximately 2.2% of the cotyledons' dry mass, although their levels showed significant changes during germination. Soluble proteins corresponded to 40% of the cotyledons' dry mass, which was reduced by 81% at the final period of germination compared to dry seeds. C. jamacaru seed can be classified as an oil seed due to its high lipid content. Moreover, lipids were the main reserve mobilized during germination because their levels were strongly reduced after seed germination, while proteins were the second most utilized reserve in this process.

Soil Nitrogen Movement under Sustainable Vegetable Production Systems

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 494f-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy M. Johnson ◽  
Greg D. Hoyt
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Beneficial Arthropods ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Available Nitrogen

An experiment was established to determine the effect of different tillage practices, vegetable crop rotations, and pest management strategies on crop yield, plant diseases, pest and beneficial arthropods, weed species changes over time, and soil environmental consequences. This poster describes nitrogen movement from the various treatments over a 3-year rotation. The treatments are: 1) conventional tillage with chemically based IPM; 2) conventional tillage with biologically based IPM; 3) conservation tillage with chemically based IPM; 4) conservation tillage with biologically based IPM; and 5) conventional tillage with no fertilizer or pest management. Mid-season soil analyses with depth showed chemical-fertilized plowed and conservation-tilled treatments with more soil available nitrogen at most depths compared to the biological-based IPM systems (soybean meal was used as a nitrogen source). However, the biological-based systems did supply enough soil nitrogen to produce similar yield results as the chemical-based systems. Less soil nitrate was measured in the 30- to 90-cm depths at harvest from the biological-based systems than chemical-based systems. Conservation-tilled systems had greater nitrate with depth compared to conventional-tilled systems.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Copulation Effect of Vibrational Rival Female Signals of Three Stink Bug Species as a Tool for Mating Disruption

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Aline Moreira Dias ◽  
Miguel Borges ◽  
Maria Carolina Blassioli Moraes ◽  
Matheus Lorran Figueira Coelho ◽  
Andrej Čokl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Mating Behavior ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Stink Bug ◽  
Stink Bugs ◽  
Vibratory Communication ◽  
Communication Signals ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Bean Plants

Stink bugs are major pests in diverse crops around the world. Pest management strategies based on insect behavioral manipulation could help to develop biorational management strategies of stink bugs. Insect mating disruption using vibratory signals is an approach with high potential for pest management. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of conspecific female rival signals on the mating behavior and copulation of three stink bug species to establish their potential for mating disruption. Previously recorded female rival signals were played back to bean plants where pairs of the Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros, and two green stink bugs, Chinavia ubica and Chinavia impicticornis were placed. Vibratory communication and mating behavior were recorded for each pair throughout the experimental time (20 min). Female rival signals show a disrupting effect on the reproductive behavior of three conspecific investigated stink bug species. This effect was more clearly expressed in E. heros and C. ubica than in C. impicticornis. The likelihood of copulating in pairs placed on control plants, without rival signals, increased 29.41 times in E. heros, 4.6 times in C. ubica and 1.71 times in C. impicticornis. However, in the last case, the effect of female rivalry signals in copulation was not significant. The effect of mating disruption of female rival signals of the three stink bug species may originate from the observed reduction in specific vibratory communication signals emitted, which influences the duet formation and further development of different phases of mating behavior. Our results suggest that female rival signals have potential for application in manipulation and disruption of mating behavior of stink bugs. Further work needs to focus on the effects of female rival signals used in long duration experiments and also their interactions with chemical communication of stink bugs.

scholarly journals “Predator-In-First”: A Preemptive Biological Control Strategy for Sustainable Management of Pepper Pests in Florida

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7816
Author(s):  
Vivek Kumar ◽  
Lucky Mehra ◽  
Cindy L. McKenzie ◽  
Lance S. Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Polyphagotarsonemus Latus ◽  
Consistent Performance

The early establishment of a biocontrol agent in the production system, whether in the greenhouse, nursery, or field, is essential for the success of the biological control program, ensuring growers’ profitability. In an effort to develop a sustainable pest management solution for vegetable growers in Florida, we explored the application of a preemptive biological control strategy, “Predator-In-First” (PIF), in regulating multiple pepper pests, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, and Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks under greenhouse and field conditions during different growing seasons. In these studies, two bell pepper cultivars (7039 and 7141) and the phytoseiid mite Amblyseius swirskii Athias–Henriot were used as a model system. Pepper seedlings (~8 week) of each cultivar were infested with varying rates of A. swirskii (20 or 40 mites/plant or one sachet/10 plant) and allowed to settle on plant hosts for a week before planting in pots or field beds. Results showed a comparative consistent performance of the treatment with the high rate of phytoseiids (40 mites/plant) in regulating B. tabaci and F. occidentalis populations in greenhouse studies, and B. tabaci and P. latus pests under field conditions. During two fall field seasons, higher marketable yields of 12.8% and 20.1% in cultivar 7039, and 24.3% and 39.5% in cultivar 7141 were observed in the treatment with the high rate of phytoseiids compared to the untreated control, indicating yield benefits of the approach. The outcome of the study is encouraging and demonstrates that PIF can be an important tool for organic vegetable growers and a potential alternative to chemical-based conventional pest management strategies. The advantages and limitations of the PIF approach in Florida pepper production are discussed.

Physician-related predictors of referral for multidisciplinary paediatric obesity management: a population-based study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole D Gehring ◽  
Maryam Kebbe ◽  
Sarah Rathwell ◽  
Arnaldo Perez ◽  
Chenhui Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Family Physicians ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Obesity Management ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Physician Characteristics ◽  
Paediatric Obesity ◽  
Multivariable Regression

Abstract Background It is recommended that primary care-based physicians refer children with overweight and obesity to multidisciplinary paediatric obesity management, which can help to improve weight and health. Objective To determine predictors of referral to multidisciplinary paediatric obesity management. Methods This retrospective, population-level study included physicians who could refer 2–17 years old with a body mass index ≥85th percentile to one of three multidisciplinary paediatric obesity management clinics in Alberta, Canada. Physician demographic and procedural data were obtained from Practitioner Claims and Provider Registry maintained by Alberta Health from January 2014 to December 2017. Physician characteristics were compared based on whether they did or did not refer children for obesity management. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models analysed associations between physician characteristics and referral making. Results Of the 3863 physicians (3468 family physicians, 395 paediatricians; 56% male; 49.3 ± 12.2 years old; 22.3 ± 12.6 years since graduation) practicing during the study period, 1358 (35.2%) referred at least one child for multidisciplinary paediatric obesity management. Multivariable regression revealed that female physicians (versus males) [odds ratio (OR): 1.68, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.46–1.93; P < 0.0001], paediatricians (versus family physicians) (OR: 4.89, 95% CI: 3.85–6.21; P < 0.0001) and urban-based physicians (versus non-urban-based physicians) (OR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.79–2.65; P < 0.0001) were more likely to refer children for multidisciplinary paediatric obesity management. Conclusions Approximately one-third of family physicians and paediatricians referred children for multidisciplinary paediatric obesity management. Strategies are needed to improve referral practices for managing paediatric obesity, especially among male physicians, family physicians and non-urban-based physicians as they were less likely to refer children.

scholarly journals Pain experience, pain management strategies and satisfaction of hospitalized trauma patients in Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Deya Prastika ◽  
Luppana Kitrungrote ◽  
Jintana Damkliang
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Pain Interference ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Pain Experience ◽  
Analgesic Drugs ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Experience Pain

Although trauma is a common cause of greater pain and interference on daily activities, little is known about pain experience, pain management strategies and pain management outcomes in hospitalized trauma patients in Indonesia. This descriptive study aimed (1) to assess the pain experience, (2) to describe pain management strategies, and (3) to describe satisfaction with pain management conducted by healthcare providers as perceived by trauma patients. A total of 154 hospitalized trauma patients from a teaching hospital in Indonesia were recruited from January to March 2016. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that most of the hospitalized trauma patients had single extremity fractures (56.49%) and mild head injury (20.13%). They have experienced a mild to moderate level of pain intensity and pain interference during the first three days of admission. These pain intensity and pain interference levels were found to be significantly decreased from the first to the third day. The pain management strategies often used by the healthcare providers were showing interest and asking about pain, assessing the outcomes after receiving analgesic drugs, and giving information about pain. The pain management strategies often used by patients were praying (86.36%), slow and deep breathing (77.27%), and reciting Dzikir (meditation) (68.18%). Patients reported that performing Dzikir and praying were the effective strategies to reduce their pain. The patients rated moderate to high levels of satisfaction with pain management conducted by healthcare providers. Therefore, combinations analgesic drugs with praying and performing Dzikir related to cultural contexts are crucial to alleviate pain among hospitalized trauma patients in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Gender discrepancy in the predictive effect of metabolic syndrome and its components on newly onset cardiovascular disease in elderly from rural China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shasha Yu ◽  
Xiaofan Guo ◽  
GuangXiao Li ◽  
Hongmei Yang ◽  
Liqiang Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Rural China ◽  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Blood Institute ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
National Heart Lung ◽  
Predictive Effect

Abstract Background To evaluate the possible predictive effect of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components on cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a longitudinal analysis according to different criteria of MetS among rural Chinese elderly. Method A population-based sample of 2486 rural elderly Chinese residents aged ≥ 60 years at baseline were followed up from 2012–2013 to 2015–2017. CVD included stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD) diagnosed by clinicians were self-reported and were confirmed by medical records. MetS was diagnosed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III), the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) and the international Diabetes Federation (IDF) criterion respectively. Result Hazard ratio adjusting for CHD, Stroke and CVD in those with MetS using NCEP ATP III criteria in female were 1.27 (95%CI 0.73, 2.21), 1.54 (95%CI 0.99, 2.40) and 1.45 (95%CI 1.00, 2.10); 1.33 (95%CI 0.77, 2.32), 1.44 (95%CI 0.92, 2.25) and 1.36 (95%CI 0.94, 1.97) with the AHA/NHLBI criteria; and 1.10 (95%CI 0.89,1.36), 1.62 (95%CI 1.03, 2.55) and 1.36 (95%CI 0.93, 1.97) with IDF criteria. Besides, abdominal obesity using the AHA/NHLBI criteria was significantly associated with the incidence of stroke (HR: 1.60; 95%CI 1.01, 2.52). However, among rural male elderly, neither MetS nor its components were capable of predicting newly onset CVD. Conclusion MetS is significantly associated with high incidence of CVD among rural female elderly only, and the incidence of CVD was evident only when MetS was defined using NCEP ATP III criterion. In order to reduce CVD among elderly in rural China, effective strategies to prevent, diagnose, and treating MetS should be made in time, especially among female.

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