scholarly journals Vergleichende Analyse der Dynamik regulatorischer T-Zellen im peripheren Blut bei Polytrauma am Menschen sowie am Schwein

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Rafael Felix Serve

Traumatische Verletzungen fordern jährlich über fünf Millionen Todesopfer. Sie sind bei unter 45-Jährigen die häufigste Ursache für Tod und körperliche Behinderung dar. Ein Polytrauma verursacht eine schwere Belastung für das Immunsystem und ist häufig von schweren Störungen der Immunregulation gekennzeichnet. Die Immunreaktion übersteigt bei schweren Traumata das für lokale Reparaturmechanismen notwendige Maß, und so kommt es je nach Ausmaß der Verletzungen innerhalb der ersten Minuten bis Stunden zu einer systemischen Hyperinflammation, dem sogenannten Systemischen Inflammatorischen Response- Syndrom (SIRS). Auch in nicht verletzten Organen verursacht SIRS Störungen in der Endothel-Funktion, wodurch die Mikrozirkulation in diesen Organgen beeinträchtigt ist. In der Folge kommt es zu interstitieller Ödembildung, zur Gewebsinfiltration durch Leukozyten und zu Zelluntergang. Diese Prozesse können zur Fehlfunktion von Organen bis hin zum Organversagen, und, da sie häufig in mehreren Organen gleichzeitig ablaufen, auch zum klinisch dann oft schwer beherrschbaren Multiorganversagen (MOV) führen. Auf der anderen Seite stoßen schwere Verletzungen antiinflammatorische Prozesse an, die zu einer ausgeprägten Immunsuppression führen können, dem Kompensatorischen Antiinflammatorischen Response-Syndrom (CARS), mit der Folge, dass polytraumatisierte Patienten erhöht anfällig für infektiöse Komplikationen sind. Die beschriebenen Funktionsstörungen des Immunsystems sind ein wichtiger Mortalitätsfaktor von polytraumatisierten Patienten. Während wir SIRS und seine Folgen über die letzten Jahre immer besser verstehen, mit signifikanten Fortschritten auch für die klinische Handhabung dieser Komplikationen des Polytraumas, ist CARS weit schlechter untersucht. Während der post-traumatschen Immunantwort spielen nicht nur Zellen der angeborenen, sondern auch solche der erworbenen Immunabwehr eine wichtige Rolle. So sind regulatorische T-Zellen (Treg) entscheidend an der posttraumatischen Immunsuppression beteiligt. Treg beeinflussen die immunologische Homöostase Treg mit einem Arsenal immunsuppressiver Werkzeuge. Sie töten oder beeinflussen beispielsweise antigenpräsentierende Zellen oder T-Effektorzellen und verändern das Zytokinmilieu und metabolische Signalwege. Nach einem Trauma kann eine überschießende Aktivität von Treg die immunologische Balance so beeinträchtigen, dass eine posttraumatische Immunsuppression entsteht oder intensiviert wird. Die hier vorgestellte Studie Ziel dient daher dem besseren Verständnis der Dynamik von Treg nach einer stattgehabten traumatischen Verletzung. Dafür untersuchten wir die Verläufe verschiedener Subpopulationen von Treg im Blut schwer verletzter Patienten. Da der Forschung am Menschen in vivo enge ethische und methodologische Grenzen gesetzt sind, nehmen Tiermodelle in der Traumaforschung einen hohen Stellenwert ein. Daher verglichen wir die an Patienten erhobenen Daten über die posttraumatische Dynamik von Treg mit den Verläufen in einem adäquaten Tiermodell. Aufgrund der guten anatomischen, physiologischen und genetischen Ähnlichkeit zum Menschen werden Tiermodelle am Schwein zunehmend beliebter. Ein Polytraumamodell am Schwein existiert erst seit wenigen Jahren. Über Treg wurde in diesem Rahmen bisher nicht geforscht. Die Charakterisierung ihres Immunphänotyps und ihrer Dynamik könnte die Anwendbarkeit des Schweine-Modells für Fragen der Trauma-Forschung verbessern und gleichzeitig unser Verständnis der Pathophysiologie posttraumatischer Komplikationen wir SIRS oder Sepsis erhöhen. Bei 20 Traumapatienten (TP) mit einem Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 16 wurde bei Ankunft in der Notaufnahme, nach einem und nach drei Tagen venöses Blut entnommen. Zehn gesunde Freiwillige (HV) fungierten in der Studie als Kontrollgruppe. Das Polytrauma im Großtiermodell am Schwein bestand aus einer Femurfraktur, einer Leberlazeration, einer Lungenkontusion und einem hämorrhagischen Schock, was einen ISS von 27 ergab. Auf die Traumainduktion folgte die Reanimationsphase und die chirurgische Versorgung der Femurfraktur nach dem damage-control-Prinzip. Die Blutentnahmen erfolgten bei den Versuchstieren vor und sofort nach Trauma, sowie nach 24 und 72 Stunden. Wir verglichen die Dynamik der Verläufe der Treg von TP mit denen von HV und mit Daten aus den Tierversuchen. Es herrscht noch kein wissenschaftlicher Konsens darüber, welche Kombination aus immunologischen Oberflächenmarkern die Identifikation von Treg zuverlässig gewährleisten kann. Dies liegt auch daran, dass Treg eine Gruppe verschiedener Unterpopulationen darstellen. Folglich analysierten wir verschiedene Kombinationen. Wir färbten Cluster of differentiation (CD) 4-positive und CD25-positive (CD4+CD25+), CD4+CD25+forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+, CD4+CD25+CD127-negative (CD127−) und CD4+CD25+CD127−FoxP3+ Zellen mit Antikörpern und charakterisierten die jeweilige Gruppe mithilfe der Durchflusszytometrie. CD4+CD25+CD127− Treg sind beim Menschen bekannt. Beim Schwein werden sie in dieser Studie erstmalig beschrieben. ...

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 333-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bor-Show Tzang ◽  
Chung-Hsien Liu ◽  
Kuo-Ching Hsu ◽  
Yi-Hsing Chen ◽  
Chih-Yang Huang ◽  
...  

AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that is characterised by a dysregulation of the immune system, which causes inflammation responses, excessive oxidative stress and a reduction in the number of cluster of differentiation (CD)4+CD25+forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)+ T cells. Supplementation with certain Lactobacillus strains has been suggested to be beneficial in the comprehensive treatment of SLE. However, little is known about the effect and mechanism of certain Lactobacillus strains on SLE. To investigate the effects of Lactobacillus on SLE, NZB/W F1 mice were orally gavaged with Lactobacillus paracasei GMNL-32 (GMNL-32), Lactobacillus reuteri GMNL-89 (GMNL-89) and L. reuteri GMNL-263 (GMNL-263). Supplementation with GMNL-32, GMNL-89 and GMNL-263 significantly increased antioxidant activity, reduced IL-6 and TNF-α levels and significantly decreased the toll-like receptors/myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 signalling in NZB/W F1 mice. Notably, supplementation with GMNL-263, but not GMNL-32 and GMNL-89, in NZB/W F1 mice significantly increased the differentiation of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells. These findings reveal beneficial effects of GMNL-32, GMNL-89 and GMNL-263 on NZB/W F1 mice and suggest that these specific Lactobacillus strains can be used as part of a comprehensive treatment of SLE patients.


2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 747-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Bograd ◽  
Carlos Rodriguez ◽  
Richard Amdur ◽  
Fred Gage ◽  
Eric Elster ◽  
...  

Despite the well-documented use of damage control laparotomy (DCL) in civilian trauma, its use has not been well described in the combat setting. Therefore, we sought to document the use of DCL and to investigate its effect on patient outcome. Prospective data were collected on 1603 combat casualties injured between April 2003 and January 2009. One hundred seventy patients (11%) underwent an exploratory laparotomy (ex lap) in theater and comprised the study cohort. DCL was defined as an abbreviated ex lap resulting in an open abdomen. Patients were stratified by age, Injury Severity Score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), mechanism of injury, and blood product administration. Multivariate regression analyses were used to determine risks factors for intensive care unit length of stay (ICU LOS), hospital length of stay (HLOS), and the need for DCL. Mean age of the cohort was 24 ± 5 years, ISS was 21 ± 11, and 94 per cent sustained penetrating injury. Patients with DCL comprised 50.6 per cent (n = 86) of the study cohort and had significant increases in ICU admission ( P < 0.001), ICU LOS ( P < 0.001), HLOS ( P < 0.05), ventilator days ( P < 0.001), abdominal complications ( P < 0.05), but not mortality ( P = 0.65) compared with patients without DCL. When compared with the non-DCL group, patients undergoing DCL required significantly more blood products (packed red blood cells, fresh-frozen plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate; P < 0.001). Multivariate regression analyses revealed blood transfusion and GCS as significant risk factors for DCL ( P < 0.05). Patients undergoing DCL had increased complications and resource use but not mortality compared with patients not undergoing DCL. The need for combat DCL may be different compared with civilian use. Prospective studies to evaluate outcomes of DCL are warranted.


Author(s):  
Michel Paul Johan Teuben ◽  
Carsten Mand ◽  
Laura Moosdorf ◽  
Kai Sprengel ◽  
Alba Shehu ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Simultaneous trauma admissions expose medical professionals to increased workload. The impact of simultaneous trauma admissions on hospital allocation, therapy, and outcome is currently unclear. We hypothesized that multiple admission-scenarios impact the diagnostic pathway and outcome. Methods The TraumaRegister DGU® was utilized. Patients admitted between 2002–2015 with an ISS ≥ 9, treated with ATLS®- algorithms were included. Group ´IND´ included individual admissions, two individuals that were admitted within 60 min of each other were selected for group ´MULT´. Patients admitted within 10 min were considered as simultaneous (´SIM´) admissions. We compared patient and trauma characteristics, treatment, and outcomes between both groups. Results 132,382 admissions were included, and 4,462/3.4% MULTiple admissions were found. The SIM-group contained 1,686/1.3% patients. The overall median injury severity score was 17 and a mean age of 48 years was found. MULT patients were more frequently admitted to level-one trauma centers (68%) than individual trauma admissions were (58%, p < 0.001). Mean time to CT-scanning (24 vs. 26/28 min) was longer in MULT / SIM patients compared to individual admissions. No differences in utilization of damage control principles were seen. Moreover, mortality rates did not differ between the groups (13.1% in regular admissions and 11.4%/10,6% in MULT/SIM patients). Conclusion This study demonstrates that simultaneous treatment of injured patients is rare. Individuals treated in parallel with other patients were more often admitted to level-one trauma centers compared with individual patients. Although diagnostics take longer, treatment principles and mortality are equal in individual admissions and simultaneously admitted patients. More studies are required to optimize health care under these conditions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (18) ◽  
pp. 1552
Author(s):  
Ling Zhu ◽  
Yin Liu ◽  
Minzhi Ma ◽  
Qianwei Cui ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
...  

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
Víctor Farré-Alins ◽  
Alejandra Palomino-Antolín ◽  
Paloma Narros-Fernández ◽  
Ana Belen Lopez-Rodriguez ◽  
Céline Decouty-Perez ◽  
...  

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide without any validated biomarker or set of biomarkers to help the diagnosis and evaluation of the evolution/prognosis of TBI patients. To achieve this aim, a deeper knowledge of the biochemical and pathophysiological processes triggered after the trauma is essential. Here, we identified the serum amyloid A1 protein-Toll-like receptor 4 (SAA1-TLR4) axis as an important link between inflammation and the outcome of TBI patients. Using serum and mRNA from white blood cells (WBC) of TBI patients, we found a positive correlation between serum SAA1 levels and injury severity, as well as with the 6-month outcome of TBI patients. SAA1 levels also correlate with the presence of TLR4 mRNA in WBC. In vitro, we found that SAA1 contributes to inflammation via TLR4 activation that releases inflammatory cytokines, which in turn increases SAA1 levels, establishing a positive proinflammatory loop. In vivo, post-TBI treatment with the TLR4-antagonist TAK242 reduces SAA1 levels, improves neurobehavioral outcome, and prevents blood–brain barrier disruption. Our data support further evaluation of (i) post-TBI treatment in the presence of TLR4 inhibition for limiting TBI-induced damage and (ii) SAA1-TLR4 as a biomarker of injury progression in TBI patients.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samir Sissaoui ◽  
Stuart Egginton ◽  
Ling Ting ◽  
Asif Ahmed ◽  
Peter W. Hewett

AbstractPlacenta growth factor (PlGF) is a pro-inflammatory angiogenic mediator that promotes many pathologies including diabetic complications and atherosclerosis. Widespread endothelial dysfunction precedes the onset of these conditions. As very little is known of the mechanism(s) controlling PlGF expression in pathology we investigated the role of hyperglycaemia in the regulation of PlGF production in endothelial cells. Hyperglycaemia stimulated PlGF secretion in cultured primary endothelial cells, which was suppressed by IGF-1-mediated PI3K/Akt activation. Inhibition of PI3K activity resulted in significant PlGF mRNA up-regulation and protein secretion. Similarly, loss or inhibition of Akt activity significantly increased basal PlGF expression and prevented any further PlGF secretion in hyperglycaemia. Conversely, constitutive Akt activation blocked PlGF secretion irrespective of upstream PI3K activity demonstrating that Akt is a central regulator of PlGF expression. Knock-down of the Forkhead box O-1 (FOXO1) transcription factor, which is negatively regulated by Akt, suppressed both basal and hyperglycaemia-induced PlGF secretion, whilst FOXO1 gain-of-function up-regulated PlGF in vitro and in vivo. FOXO1 association to a FOXO binding sequence identified in the PlGF promoter also increased in hyperglycaemia. This study identifies the PI3K/Akt/FOXO1 signalling axis as a key regulator of PlGF expression and unifying pathway by which PlGF may contribute to common disorders characterised by endothelial dysfunction, providing a target for therapy.


2010 ◽  
Vol 207 (8) ◽  
pp. 1701-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Gottschalk ◽  
Emily Corse ◽  
James P. Allison

T cell receptor (TCR) ligation is required for the extrathymic differentiation of forkhead box p3+ (Foxp3+) regulatory T cells. Several lines of evidence indicate that weak TCR stimulation favors induction of Foxp3 in the periphery; however, it remains to be determined how TCR ligand potency influences this process. We characterized the density and affinity of TCR ligand favorable for Foxp3 induction and found that a low dose of a strong agonist resulted in maximal induction of Foxp3 in vivo. Initial Foxp3 induction by weak agonist peptide could be enhanced by disruption of TCR–peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) interactions or alteration of peptide dose. However, time course experiments revealed that Foxp3-positive cells induced by weak agonist stimulation are deleted, along with their Foxp3-negative counterparts, whereas Foxp3-positive cells induced by low doses of the strong agonist persist. Our results suggest that, together, pMHC ligand potency, density, and duration of TCR interactions define a cumulative quantity of TCR stimulation that determines initial peripheral Foxp3 induction. However, in the persistence of induced Foxp3+ T cells, TCR ligand potency and density are noninterchangeable factors that influence the route to peripheral tolerance.


2021 ◽  
Vol 167 (4) ◽  
pp. 223.1-223
Author(s):  
Matthew J Burton

IntroductionTrauma has a major disease burden, by causing physiological disruption.1 Damage Control Surgery (DCS) minimises physiological disruption.2 3 The demographics of patients who undergo DCS surgery within our institution are unknown. This study aims to characterise our DCS cohort and potential for prospective study.MethodsOur hospital has a DCS protocol.4 This ensures the appropriate patients are safely and promptly transferred to a prepared operating theatre. All ORSOS data were captured from Nov 2017 – Sep 2019. Data was reviewed, and demographics analysed.ResultsThe DCS protocol was put on stand-by 42 times and activated in 21. Patient data was held for 38 cases, 30 male and 8 female, median age 37 years.Median Injury Severity Score was 29, with patients sustaining injuries from a range of mechanisms, figure 1. Median inpatient stay was 12 days, with a 29% 30-day mortality.Abstract 3 Figure 1Together this shows that despite prompt surgical intervention, a young patient cohort carries a significant mortality.ConclusionsWe have established the demographics of those who trigger DCS protocol use in a regional trauma centre. The resultant database enables prospective data collection for future DCS patients. Such data will afford our region a greater understanding of the DCS population.ReferencesPolinder S, Haagsma JA, Toet H, van Beeck EF. Epidemiological burden of minor, major and fatal trauma in a national injury pyramid. British journal of surgery 2012 Jan;99(S1):114–20.Schreiber MA. Damage control surgery. Critical Care Clinics 2004 Jan 1;20(1):101–18.Rotondo MF, Schwab CW, McGonigal MD, Fruchterman TM, Kauder DR, Latenser BA, Angood PA. ‘Damage control’: an approach for improved survival in exsanguinating penetrating abdominal injury. The Journal of Trauma 1993 Sep;35(3):375–82.Moor P, Droog S, Adams S. Damage Control Surgery (Online). Peninsula Trauma Network. University Hospital Plymouth. 2016 Feb [2019 December]. Available from: https://www.plymouthhospitals.nhs.uk/download.cfm?doc=docm93jijm4n3410.pdf&ver=4326


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