Factors Affecting Anthocyanin Accumulation in Solanum tuberosum

The color of red potatoes is due to an accumulation of anthocyanins in periderm tissues. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of several factors on tuber redness. Using the red tuber-producing S. tuberosum ssp. tuberosum cultivar Norland, we observed that chroma (intensity of redness) and anthocyanin content of greenhouse-grown tubers decreased as tuber weight increased. There was a slight or no increase in hue (tint). We used HPLC to determine that pelargonidin and peonidin are the major anthocyanidins (aglycones of anthocyanins) in tuber periderm. The ratio of pelargonidin to peonidin increased as tuber weight increased up to 25 g fresh weight. The decrease in chroma was not due to an increase in cell sap pH; we observed a decrease in cellular pH as tuber weight increased. Controlled-atmosphere storage had no effect on tuber chroma or anthocyanin content compared to air storage. Methyl jasmonate, sucrose, or light treatment did not increase anthocyanin accumulation. Tubers exposed to light had less anthocyanin than those kept in the dark. We are examining the developmental expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, as well as the effect of maize transcription factors on anthocyanin synthesis, in tuber periderm.

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Differences in Anthocyanin Accumulation Profiles between Teinturier and Non-Teinturier Cultivars during Ripening

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10051073 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 1073

Author(s):

Meng-Bo Tian ◽

Lin Yuan ◽

Ming-Yuan Zheng ◽

Zhu-Mei Xi

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Total Anthocyanin ◽

Total Anthocyanin Content ◽

The Individual ◽

Relative Gene ◽

High Expression Level

Anthocyanins are vital components of plant secondary metabolites, and are also the most important coloring substances in wine. Teinturier cultivars are rich in anthocyanins. However, the differences in anthocyanin accumulation and profiles between teinturier and non-teinturier cultivars have not been reported. In this study, Yan 73 and Dunkelfelder were selected as the experimental materials, and three non-teinturier cultivars were used for comparison. LC-MS and qRT-PCR were used to determine the individual anthocyanin contents and the relative gene expression. The results show that the total anthocyanin content of the teinturier cultivars was considerably higher than that in non-teinturier cultivars, and the levels of individual anthocyanins increased gradually during ripening. Lower ratios of modified anthocyanins were found in the teinturier cultivars, which was not only due to the high expression level of VvUFGT and VvGST4, but also due to the relatively low expression of VvOMT in these cultivars. Cluster analysis of gene expression and anthocyanin accumulation showed that VvUFGT is related to anthocyanin accumulation, and that AM1 is related to the synthesis and transport of methylated anthocyanins. Our results will be useful for further clarifying the pathways of anthocyanin synthesis, modification, and transport in teinturier cultivars.

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Improving the Anthocyanin Accumulation of Hypocotyls in Radish Sprouts by Hemin-induced NO

10.21203/rs.3.rs-117868/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nana Su ◽

Ze Liu ◽

Hui Chen ◽

Mengyang Niu ◽

Jin Cui

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Transcription Factors ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Reductase Activity ◽

Specific Inhibitor ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Zinc Protoporphyrin ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Radish Sprouts

Abstract Background: The biosynthesis of anthocyanin in the hypocotyls of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprouts was enhanced by hemin in our preliminary experiments, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we found that NO (nitric oxide) exerted an essential role in Hemin-regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis, which was supported by the following results.Results: Hemin boosted anthocyanin as well as NO content. NO-scavenger cPTIO (carboxy-PTIO) significantly attenuated hemin-induced increase of anthocyanin content, transcripts of anthocyanin synthesis related genes and positive transcription factors, implying that NO played a prominent role during hemin-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis. Hemin specific inhibitor ZnPP (Zinc Protoporphyrin) strongly reduced anthocyanin content, while, NO donor SNP (Sodium Nitroprusside) addition considerably reversed this inhibition and by contrast, resulted in a significant increase in anthocyanin accumulation, closely paralleling the transcripts of structural genes and transcription factors. Moreover, NO content, NR (nitrate reductase) activity and expression level of NOA (nitric oxide associated factor) were up-regulated by Hemin. Conclusions:Those consequences indicated that NO might work downstream in Hemin-heightened anthocyanin accumulation in radish sprouts.

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Pericarp Pigmentation Correlates with Hormones and Intensifies with Continuation of Bud Sport Generations from ‘Red Delicious’

10.1101/336263 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Wen-Fang Li ◽

Juan Mao ◽

Shi-Jin Yang ◽

Zhi-Gang Guo ◽

Zong-Huan Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Level ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Biosynthesis Pathway ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Structural Genes ◽

Bud Sport ◽

Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway

ABSTRACTBud sport mutants of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees with a highly blushed colouring pattern are mainly caused by the accumulation of anthocyanins in the pericarp. Hormones are important factors modulating anthocyanin accumulation. However, a good understanding of the interplay between hormones and anthocyanin synthesis in apples, especially in mutants at the molecular level, remains elusive. Here, physiological and comparative transcriptome approaches were used to reveal the molecular basis of pericarp pigmentation in ‘Red Delicious’ and its mutants, including ‘Starking Red’, ‘Starkrimson’, ‘Campbell Redchief’ and ‘Vallee spur’, which were designated G0 to G4, respectively. Pericarp pigmentation gradually proliferated from G0 to G4. The anthocyanin content was higher in the mutants than in ‘Red Delicious’. The activation of early phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes, including ASP3, PAL, 4CL, PER, CHS, CYP98A and F3’H, was responsible for anthocyanin accumulation in mutants. In addition, IAA and ABA had a positive regulatory effect on the synthesis of anthocyanins, while GA had the reverse effect. The down-regulation of AACT1, HMGS, HMGR, MVK, MVD2, IDI1 and FPPS2 involved in terpenoid biosynthesis influences anthocyanin accumulation by positively regulating transcripts of AUX1 and SAUR that contribute to the synthesis of IAA, GID2 to GA, PP2C and SnRK2 to ABA. Furthermore, MYB and bHLH members, which are highly correlated (r=0.882–0.980) with anthocyanin content, modulated anthocyanin accumulation by regulating the transcription of structural genes, including CHS and F3’H, involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway.

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Calcium Positively Mediates Blue Light-Induced Anthocyanin Accumulation in Hypocotyl of Soybean Sprouts

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.662091 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Gang Hu ◽

Xiaomeng Yue ◽

Jinxue Song ◽

Guipei Xing ◽

Jun Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blue Light ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Calcium Supplementation ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Regulation Mechanism ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Soybean Sprouts ◽

Expression Of Genes

Soybean sprouts are a flavorful microgreen that can be eaten all year round and are widely favored in Southeast Asia. In this study, the regulatory mechanism of calcium on anthocyanin biosynthesis in soybean sprouts under blue light was investigated. The results showed that blue light, with a short wavelength, effectively induced anthocyanin accumulation in the hypocotyl of soybean sprout cultivar “Dongnong 690.” Calcium supplementation further enhanced anthocyanin content, which was obviously inhibited by LaCl3 and neomycin treatment. Moreover, exogenous calcium changed the metabolism of anthocyanins, and seven anthocyanin compounds were detected. The trend of calcium fluorescence intensity in hypocotyl cells, as well as that of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and calmodulin content, was consistent with that of anthocyanins content. Specific spatial distribution patterns of calcium antimonate precipitation were observed in the ultrastructure of hypocotyl cells under different conditions. Furthermore, calcium application upregulated the expression of genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis, and calcium inhibitors suppressed these genes. Finally, transcriptomics was performed to gain global insights into the molecular regulation mechanism of calcium-associated anthocyanin production. Genes from the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were distinctly enriched among the differentially expressed genes, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed that two MYBs were related to the accumulation of anthocyanins. These results indicated that calcium released from apoplast and intracellular stores in specific spatial-temporal features promote blue light-induced anthocyanin accumulation by upregulation of the expression of genes related to anthocyanin synthesis of “Dongnong 690” hypocotyl. The findings deepen the understanding of the calcium regulation mechanism of blue light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in soybean sprouts, which will help growers produce high-quality foods beneficial for human health.

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Effects of DPX-4189 (2-chloro-N-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)aminocarbonyl)benzenesulfonamide) on anthocyanin synthesis, phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity, and ethylene production in soybean hypocotyls

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b82-097 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 60 (6) ◽

pp. 741-745 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Jeffrey C. Suttle ◽

Donald R. Schreiner

Keyword(s):

Ethylene Production ◽

Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Soybean Seedlings ◽

Pal Activity ◽

Lyase Activity ◽

Endogenous Ethylene ◽

Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Activity

The effects of the herbicide DPX-4189 (2-chloro-N-((4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)aminocarbonyl)benzenesulfonamide) on anthocyanin accumulation, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, and ethylene production in seedlings of soybean (Glycine max L.) were investigated. Application of 1 μg DPX-4189 per plant led to an increase in anthocyanin content in soybean hypocotyls. The increase in anthocyanin content became evident 4 days after application of the herbicide. Accompanying the increase in anthocyanin content was an eightfold increase in extractable PAL activity. An increase in endogenous ethylene evolution also accompanied the increase in anthocyanin content. Application of silver nitrate (an inhibitor of ethylene action) to herbicide-treated seedlings did not prevent the increase in anthocyanin content. Application of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (an ethylene-releasing compound) to soybean seedlings stimulated PAL activity but had no effect on anthocyanin content. These results indicated that ethylene did not play a role in DPX-4189 mediated anthocyanin accumulation.

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The Developmental Expression of the Maize Regulatory Gene Hopi Determines Germination-Dependent Anthocyanin Accumulation

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/155.1.323 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 155 (1) ◽

pp. 323-336

Author(s):

Katia Petroni ◽

Eleonora Cominelli ◽

Gabriella Consonni ◽

Giuliana Gusmaroli ◽

Giuseppe Gavazzi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Gene ◽

Regulatory Gene ◽

Developmental Competence ◽

Developmental Expression ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Developmentally Regulated ◽

Regulated Expression ◽

Anthocyanin Production ◽

Germinating Seeds

Abstract The Hopi gene is a member of the maize r1 gene family. By genetic and molecular analyses we report that Hopi consists of a single gene residing on chromosome 10 ~4.5 cM distal to r1. Hopi conditions anthocyanin deposition in aleurone, scutellum, pericarp, root, mesocotyl, leaves, and anthers, thus representing one of the broadest specifications of pigmentation pattern reported to date of all the r1 genes. A unique feature of the Hopi gene is that seeds are completely devoid of pigment at maturity but show a photoinducible germination-dependent anthocyanin accumulation in aleurone and scutellum. Our analysis has shown that the Hopi transcript is not present in scutellum of developing seeds but is induced only upon germination and that the simultaneous presence of both C1 and Hopi mRNAs is necessary to achieve A1 activation in scutella. We conclude that the expression pattern of the Hopi gene accounts for the germination-dependent anthocyanin synthesis in scutella, whereas the developmental competence of germinating seeds to induce anthocyanin production in scutella results from the combination of the light-inducible expression of C1 and the developmentally regulated expression of the Hopi gene.

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The Light-Induced WD40-Repeat Transcription Factor DcTTG1 Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Dendrobium candidum

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.633333 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Ning Jia ◽

Jingjing Wang ◽

Yajuan Wang ◽

Wei Ye ◽

Jiameng Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factor ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Raw Material ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Wd40 Repeat ◽

Strong Light ◽

Dendrobium Candidum

Dendrobium candidum is used as a traditional Chinese medicine and as a raw material in functional foods. D. candidum stems are green or red, and red stems are richer in anthocyanins. Light is an important environmental factor that induces anthocyanin accumulation in D. candidum. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully unraveled. In this study, we exposed D. candidum seedlings to two different light intensities and found that strong light increased the anthocyanin content and the expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Through transcriptome profiling and expression analysis, we identified a WD40-repeat transcription factor, DcTTG1, whose expression is induced by light. Yeast one-hybrid assays showed that DcTTG1 binds to the promoters of DcCHS2, DcCHI, DcF3H, and DcF3′H, and a transient GUS activity assay indicated that DcTTG1 can induce their expression. In addition, DcTTG1 complemented the anthocyanin deficiency phenotype of the Arabidopsis thaliana ttg1-13 mutant. Collectively, our results suggest that light promotes anthocyanin accumulation in D. candidum seedlings via the upregulation of DcTTG1, which induces anthocyanin synthesis-related gene expression.

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Expression of Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes during Fruit Development in ‘Fengxiang’ Strawberry

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.443 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 455-456 ◽

pp. 443-448

Author(s):

Bo Zhou ◽

Shu Hua Yan ◽

Yu Hua Li

Keyword(s):

Fruit Development ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Northern Analysis ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Mrna Levels ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Flavonoid Pathway ◽

Biosynthetic Genes ◽

Pigment Accumulation ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes

Anthocyanins are the main pigments in flowers and fruits. In most cases, anthocyanin accumulation in fruit is highly controlled by the developmental level. In this study, the cDNA fragments of three genes, chalcone synthase (CHS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), which are involved in the flavonoid pathway, were isolated from total RNA of strawberry ripe fruit by using polymerase chain reaction technique and labeled as probes to determine the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. Northern analysis showed that a correlation between anthocyanin accumulation and expression of the flavonoid pathway genes during the ripening of strawberry fruits. At the early stages of fruit development, the mRNA levels encoding CHS, DFR, ANS were high probably responsible for the accumulation of condensed tannins, but the levels decreased dramatically when fruits turned white from green. During the stage of pigment accumulation, their mRNA levels increased strongly to be involved anthocyanin biosynthesis. Difference of CHS in mRNA abundance was correlated with differential accumulation of anthocyanins throughout the process of fruit development. Therefore, CHS could be a key structure gene involved in anthocyanin synthesis. Furthermore, the co-ordination of expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes implied a common regulatory mechanism controlling the expression of structural genes in the flavonoid pathway.

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Anthocyanin Accumulation and Related Gene Expression Profile in ‘Red Zaosu’ Pear and Its Green Mutant

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11090898 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 898

Author(s):

Yunting Zhang ◽

Shanlin Li ◽

Xianjie Gu ◽

Diya Lei ◽

Bing Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Biosynthetic Genes ◽

Specific Expression ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes ◽

Green Mutant

Red-skinned pear is a promising commercial fruit due to its attractive appearance and nutritious value. Anthocyanin is the determinant of the red coloration of the pear peel. However, differences in anthocyanin accumulation exist among red pear cultivars with different genetic backgrounds. In this study, we analyzed the anthocyanin content and gene expression patterns in the fruits and different tissues of the red pear ‘Red Zaosu’ at different developmental stages and found a difference in anthocyanin accumulation between ‘Red Zaosu’ pear and its green mutant. The data showed that the expression profiles of transcripts that encoded critical anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were basically consistent with a tendency to a decreased anthocyanin content during fruit development, indicating that a synergistic effect of these genes was responsible for anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation. Tissue-specific expression analysis of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes showed that they could be expressed in all tissues but at different levels. PbF3H, PbDFR, and PbANS were mainly expressed during the early flowering period, which explained the reduced levels of anthocyanin content in petals. Additionally, the content of anthocyanins and the expression levels of PbDFR, PbANS, and PbMYB10 significantly decreased in the green mutant of ‘Red Zaosu’, suggesting that PbDFR, PbANS, and PbMYB10 probably play a decisive role in determining the skin coloration of ‘Red Zaosu’ and its green mutant.

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Whole-Genome Identification and Comparative Expression Analysis of Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes in Brassica napus

Frontiers in Genetics ◽

10.3389/fgene.2021.764835 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Dan He ◽

Dawei Zhang ◽

Ting Li ◽

Lili Liu ◽

Dinggang Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Brassica Napus ◽

Developmental Stage ◽

Expression Analysis ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Biosynthetic Genes ◽

Comparative Expression Analysis ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Genes

Anthocyanins contribute to most colors of plants and play protective roles in response to abiotic stresses. Brassica napus is widely cultivated worldwide as both an oilseed and a vegetable. However, only several high anthocyanin-containing cultivars have been reported, and the mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation have not been well-elucidated in B. napus. Here, the phenotype, comparative whole-genome identification, and gene expression analysis were performed to investigate the dynamic change of the anthocyanin content and the gene expression patterns of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (ABGs) in B. napus. A total of 152 ABGs were identified in the B. napus reference genome. To screen out the critical genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and accumulation, the RNA-seq of young leaves of two B. napus lines with purple leaves (PL) or green leaves (GL), and their F1 progeny at 41, 91, and 101 days were performed to identify the differentially expressed genes. The comparative expression analysis of these ABGs indicated that the upregulation of TT8 together with its target genes (such as DFR, ANS, UFGT, and TT19) might promote the anthocyanin accumulation in PL at the early developmental stage (41–91 days). While the downregulation of those ABGs and anthocyanin degradation at the late developmental stage (91–101 days) might result in the decrease in anthocyanin accumulation. Our results would enhance the understanding of the regulatory network of anthocyanin dynamic accumulation in B. napus.

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