Trench Layering as a Method of Clonally Propagating Pawpaw (Asimina triloba)

The pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is the largest fruit native to the U.S. and has potential as a new fruit crop. Few methods are available to clonally propagate pawpaw, with grafting or budding onto a seedling rootstock being the only currently feasible method. Developing new options for clonal propagation of pawpaw could help advance this growing industry. Layering has been used to clonally propagate other difficult to root tree species. The objective of this study was to examine trench layering as a method to clonally propagate pawpaw. A randomized factorial experiment was implemented to examine the roles of plant juvenility and auxin concentration on rooting in a greenhouse trench layering system. Seedlings were defoliated, tipped, and transplanted into trench layering beds at 3, 6, and 12 weeks after emergence. Shoots were etiolated, then girdled and treated with three levels of IBA (0, 5000, and 10,000 ppm). The main effects of age and IBA concentration significantly affected the percentage of shoots producing roots. Juvenility enhanced rooting, with 15% of the shoots of the 3-week-old pawpaw seedlings producing roots, compared to only about 5% of the 12-week-old seedlings rooting. Auxin application to shoots also promoted rooting, with 16% of IBA-treated shoots producing roots, compared to the untreated control, with only 2% of shoots producing roots. There was no significant difference in rooting percentage between the two concentrations of IBA. The treatment combination most successful at promoting root initiation was 10,000 ppm IBA applied to shoots of 3-week-old seedlings, with 31% of shoots rooting.

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Effect of Frozen Storage on Polyphenol Oxidase, Antioxidant Content, and Color of Pawpaw (Asimina Triloba [L.] Dunal) Fruit Pulp

Journal of Food Research ◽

10.5539/jfr.v6n3p93 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 93 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Robert G Brannan ◽

Gai Wang

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Polyphenol Oxidase ◽

Frozen Storage ◽

Color Difference ◽

Browning Index ◽

Air Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Main Effect ◽

Effect Of Treatment ◽

Main Effects

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity values for pawpaw pulp during frozen storage were measured for the main effect of month of storage at three levels (0, 4, 8 months) and treatment at four levels (vacuum, air, ascorbic acid or n-acetylcysteine). A significant effect of treatment was observed in PPO activity (p<0.001). Post hoc analysis revealed no significant difference between samples that were vacuum packaged and those for which no attempt to exclude air was made. The addition of the two chemical browning inhibitors significantly lowered PPO activity. Ascorbic acid exhibited a significant 69% reduction in PPO activity compared to vacuum and air samples and n-acetylcysteine was significantly more effective than ascorbic acid and almost completely inhibited PPO activity compared to the vacuum and air samples. CIELAB tristimulous color values (L*, a*, b*) were used to generate the applied color values total color difference (DE), browning index, hue and chroma in pawpaw pulp for the two main effects. Analysis of variance for the main effects showed significance for all seven color attributes at p<0.001. For the main effect of storage time, ANOVA showed significance during storage for all seven color attributes at p<0.001, indicating that there were color changes during storage. Pawpaw pulp samples at 8 months of storage were significantly darker (lower L*), more yellow (higher b*), more vivid (higher chroma), and had a higher browning index than the samples at 0 or 4 months of storage. For the main effect of treatment, ascorbic acid and n-acetylcysteine treatment produced pawpaw pulp that was significantly different than samples to which air was not excluded for all seven dependent color variables. Specifically, n-acetylcysteine and ascorbic acid produced pulp that was lighter (higher L*), less red (lower a*), and more yellow (higher b* and hue), more vivid (higher chroma), and exhibited more color difference (higher DE). A strategy to inhibit enzymatic browning during frozen storage would be useful for the nascent pawpaw industry.

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Microsized Graphite Sensors for Potentiometric Determination of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride in Pure Powder, Tablets, and Plasma

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.5740/jaoacint.10-361 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 94 (6) ◽

pp. 1807-1814 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Nesrin K Ramadan ◽

Hala E Zaazaa ◽

Hanan A Merey

Keyword(s):

Polyvinyl Chloride ◽

International Union ◽

Electroactive Material ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Intact Drug ◽

Sensitivity And Selectivity ◽

Ph Range ◽

The U.S ◽

Chloride Matrix

Abstract Two cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride (CZ) microsized graphite selective sensors were investigated with dibutylsebacate as a plasticizer in a polymeric matrix of carboxylated polyvinyl chloride (PVC-COOH) in the case of sensor 1, based on the interaction between the drug and the dissociated COOH groups in the PVC-COOH. Sensor 2 was based on the interaction between the drug and ammonium reineckate, which acted as anionic electroactive material in the presence of polyvinyl chloride matrix. The two sensors were constructed by using 2-hydroxy propyl β-cyclodextrin as an ionophore, which has a significant influence on increasing the membrane sensitivity and selectivity of both sensors. Fast and stable Nernstian responses of 1 × 10–5–1 × 10–2 and 1 × 10m–4–1 × 10–2 M for the two sensors, respectively, with slopes of 58.6 and 55.5 mV/decade, respectively, over the pH range 2–4 were obtained. The proposed method displayed useful analytical characteristics for determination of CZ in its pure powder form with average recoveries 99.95 ± 0.23 and 99.61 ± 0.34% for sensors 1 and 2, respectively, and in plasma with good recoveries. The sensors were also used to determine the intact drug in the presence of its degradate and, thus, could be used as stability-indicating methods. The obtained results by the proposed methods were statistically analyzed and compared with those obtained by the U.S. Pharmacopeia method; no significant difference for either accuracy or precision was observed. Results obtained with the two electrodes revealed their performance characteristics, which were evaluated according to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry recommendations.

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Development of a robust method for propagation of Leptospermum scoparium J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. from semi-hardwood cuttings

10.21203/rs.3.rs-83258/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tate Jason James Hancox ◽

Rachel A Burton ◽

Kate Louise Delaporte

Keyword(s):

Clonal Propagation ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽

Maturity Stage ◽

Root Induction ◽

Indole Butyric Acid ◽

Transplant Survival ◽

Detailed Method ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Leptospermum Scoparium

Abstract BackgroundLeptospermum scoparium J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. is highly valued for the production of antimicrobial honey. Both researchers and the Australian honey industry are interested in the clonal propagation of these plants to be used for experiments and plantation establishment. However, little information is available on clonal propagation by cuttings. Here we sought to develop a detailed method for L. scoparium propagation by semi-hardwood cuttings by testing the influence of genotype and auxin (indole butyric acid (IBA) and IBA + naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)) concentration on plants originating from four natural populations in Victoria, Australia. ResultsThere was no significant difference in root induction, which ranged from 50.9 – 68.0%, in the four clonal source plants selected. The application of 3 g/L IBA increased root induction from 46.6% of the control cuttings to 77.6% of treated cuttings and stimulated longer roots. The application of 8 g/L IBA increased leaf fall, the presence of necrosis, from 22.5% on the controls to 82.8% on dipped cuttings, and cutting death.Although there was no significant difference in root induction, cuttings that were ‘watered-in’ after planting dropped significantly fewer leaves and had significantly lower rates of necrosis than cuttings watered in after 2-3 days. It was also found that the maturity stage of semi-hardwood cuttings did not significantly affect any of the variables measured. Transplant survival ranged from 78.1 – 89.0% for cuttings treated with auxin and 77.3 to 92.2% for the four clonal source plants. ConclusionThis study found that the clonal source plants selected did not affect the success of propagation. Overall for maximum success, semi-hardwood cuttings can be collected from the current or previous seasons growth, be treated with 3 g/L IBA gel, ‘watered in’ and placed into a propagation tent for approximately six weeks. Cuttings that form roots will transplant easily with high transplant survival.

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An International Comparative Study Of Per Capita Consumption Of Import: Implications For U.S-Japan Trade

Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) ◽

10.19030/jabr.v17i1.2066 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tyler T. Yu ◽

Miranda M. Zhang

Keyword(s):

Bilateral Trade ◽

Trade Deficit ◽

Capita Consumption ◽

Trade Barriers ◽

Font Size ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Per Capita ◽

International Comparative ◽

Per Capita Consumption ◽

The U.S

This paper discusses the per-capita consumption of imports aspect of international trade.  A research hypothesis is tested to investigate if there is a significant difference among G-7 countries in per-capita consumption of imports and the implication of the testing results for the U.S. - Japan bilateral trade deficit.  The results of the ANOVA and the Kruskal-Wallis test yield insignificant variation in per-capita consumption of imported goods/services among the G-7 countries.  The study recapitulates the reason(s) for the U.S. trade deficit with Japan and essentially states that factors other than trade barriers and restrictions cause the U.S. trade deficit with Japan.  While this result may initially seem counterintuitive and inconsistent with popular wisdom, it may actually help uncover the true causes for the sustained trade deficit with Japan.

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Validation of iQ-Check E. coli O157:H7 Real-Time PCR Test Kit for Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Selected Foods

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.1093/jaoac/92.4.1095 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 92 (4) ◽

pp. 1095-1104 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wendy F Lauer ◽

Sylvie Tymciu ◽

Caroline D Sidi ◽

Pierre Sonigo

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Ground Beef ◽

Reference Method ◽

Target Sequence ◽

Apple Cider ◽

E Coli ◽

Test Kit ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The U.S

Abstract iQ-Check E. coli O157:H7 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) is a real-time PCR kit for detection of E. coli O157:H7 from selected foods. Specific fluorescent oligonucleotide probes are used to detect target DNA during the amplification, by hybridizing to the amplicons. These fluorescent probes are linked to a fluorophore which fluoresces only when hybridized to the target sequence. Three foods (ground beef, apple cider, fresh spinach) were selected to compare the performance of iQ-Check E. coli O157:H7 to the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Food Safety and Inspection Service Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook (MLG) reference method for ground beef and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration/Bacteriological Analytical Manual reference method for apple cider and fresh spinach. Three protocols were tested in this study: a shortened 8 h primary enrichment in buffered peptone water (BPW), a 24 h enrichment in BPW, and an enrichment in appropriate reference method enrichment broth. The iQ-Check E. coli O157:H7 method was able to identify more true/confirmed positive samples than the reference method. Inclusivity and exclusivity rates of the method were 100. iQ-Check E. coli O157:H7 performed as expected when minor procedural variations were introduced, validating the ruggedness of the method. There was no significant difference observed in performance over the shelf life of the kit.

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Effects of Verbal and Verbal-Motor Responses on Meter Conceptualization in Third-, Fourth-, and Fifth-Grade Children

Journal of Research in Music Education ◽

10.2307/3345683 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 216-224

Author(s):

Russell L. Jones

Keyword(s):

Grade Level ◽

Motor Response ◽

Response Mode ◽

Verbal Response ◽

Mode Analysis ◽

Fifth Grade ◽

Verbal Responses ◽

Fifth Grade Students ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Main Effects

My purpose was to determine the effects of grade level and response mode on the ability of second-semester third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade students to identify and conceptualize meter in music. Thirty-six subjects at each grade level were divided into two response-mode groups. Subjects in the verbal-motor response groups were asked to respond verbally and to use specific conducting motions; verbal-response-mode subjects used only verbal responses. A two-way analysis of variance indicated that both main effects of grade level and response mode were significant, indicating that scores on the meter-concept test improved with increasing age and as a result of using the verbal-motor response mode. Analysis of simple effects indicated that fourth- and fifth-grade subjects in the verbal-motor response mode were superior to fourth- and fifth-grade subjects in the verbal response mode; mode of response, however, did not result in a significant difference in third-grade subjects.

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Coaching Preferences of High School Girl Volleyball Players

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1993.77.3f.1309 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 77 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1309-1310 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Peter A. Hastie

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Positive Feedback ◽

The Other ◽

School Girl ◽

High School Girl ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Volleyball Players ◽

Main Effects ◽

Coaching Preferences

80 Australian and 100 Canadian high school girl volleyball players reported a significant difference by nationality on “democratic behavior” and by age, and by sex of the coach on “positive feedback” on Chelladurai and Saleh's Leadership Scale for Sports. No significant main effects were found between nationality groups, players' age, or sex of the coach on any of the other variables of the scale.

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Comparative Evaluation of Veriflow® Salmonella Species to USDA and FDA Culture-Based Methods for the Detection of Salmonella spp. in Food and Environmental Samples

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.5740/jaoacint.17-0081 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 100 (5) ◽

pp. 1445-1457

Author(s):

Amrita Puri ◽

Adam C Joelsson ◽

Shawn P Terkhorn ◽

Ashley S Brown ◽

Zara E Gaudioso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Ceramic Tile ◽

Ground Beef ◽

Probability Of Detection ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Raw Meat ◽

Environmental Surfaces ◽

Study Results ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The U.S

Abstract Veriflow®Salmonella species (Veriflow SS) is a molecular-based assay for the presumptive detection of Salmonella spp. from environmental surfaces (stainless steel, sealed concrete, plastic, and ceramic tile), dairy (2% milk), raw meat (20%fat ground beef), chicken carcasses, and ready-to-eat (RTE) food (hot dogs). The assay utilizes a PCR detection method coupled with a rapid, visual, flow-based assay that develops in 3 min post-PCR amplification and requires only an 18 h enrichment for maximumsensitivity. The Veriflow SS systemeliminates the need for sample purification, gel electrophoresis, or fluorophore-based detection of target amplification and does not require complex data analysis. This Performance Tested MethodSM validation study demonstrated the ability of the Veriflow SS method to detect low levels of artificially inoculated or naturally occurring Salmonella spp. in eight distinct environmental and food matrixes. Ineach reference comparison study, probability of detection analysis indicated that there was no significant difference between the Veriflow SS method and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service MicrobiologyLaboratory Guidebook Chapter 4.06 and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual Chapter 5 reference methods. A total of 104 Salmonella strains were detected in the inclusivity study, and 35 nonspecific organisms went undetected in the exclusivity study. The study results show that the Veriflow SS method is a sensitive, selective, and robust assay for the presumptive detectionof Salmonella spp. sampled from environmental surfaces (stainless steel, sealed concrete, plastic, and ceramic tile), dairy (2% milk), raw meat (20% fat ground beef), chicken carcasses, and RTE food (hot dogs).

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Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma: A Retrospective Study of the Population of Texas and Florida with an Emphasis on Survival Outcomes on Hispanics Vs Non-Hispanics

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2021-152382 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 138 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 1443-1443

Author(s):

Kana Tai Lucero ◽

Lakene Raissa Djoufack Djoumessi ◽

Joel E Michalek ◽

Qianqian Liu ◽

Adolfo Enrique Diaz Duque

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Retrospective Study ◽

Research Funding ◽

Central Nervous System Lymphoma ◽

Survival Outcomes ◽

P Value ◽

Poverty Index ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The U.S

Abstract Introduction Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a devastating subtype of extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) that accounts for ~4% of newly diagnosed central nervous system (CNS) tumors. (NeuroOncol PMID: 21915121) The age-adjusted incidence of PCNSL in the U.S. has increased since the 1970s. (ACS PMID: 19273630) despite advances in the treatment of lymphoma, and clinical outcomes remain poor with an estimated 5- year survival for immunocompetent patients at 30%. (NCBIPMID:31424729) Trends in outcomes of PCNSL have been reported, but sub-analyses for minorities like Hispanics (HI), have not been widely studied. Understanding ethnic disparities on outcomes and patterns of care in PCNSL are crucial given the rapid growth of HI in the U.S. This study aims to examine the demographics, treatment patterns, and survival outcomes of PCNSL in HI compared to Non-Hispanics (NH) in Texas (TX) and Florida (FL). Methods This is a retrospective study of a cohort of patients diagnosed with lymphoma (Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin) from the TX Cancer Registry (TCR) and the FL Cancer Data System (FCDS) from 2006-2017. Patients with PCNSL were identified by the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology Third Edition (ICD-O-3) code list. Standard demographic variables collected include gender, ethnicity, dates at diagnosis and death, primary payer at diagnosis, type of treatment and poverty index (PI). The significance of variation in the distribution of categorical outcomes with ethnicity (HI and NH) was assessed with Fisher's Exact tests or Pearson's Chi-square tests as appropriate; age was assessed with T-tests or Wilcoxon tests as appropriate. Survival distributions were described with Kaplan-Meier curves and significance of variation in median survival with ethnicity was assessed with log rank testing. All statistical testing was two-sided with a significance level of 5%. Results The study included 1969 patients (TX: n=297 HI, n= 708 NH; FL: n=149 HI, n=415 NH). PCNSL was diagnosed at younger median age in HI (TX: 59,FL:59) compared to NH (TX: 62, FL:63),with a significant difference noted within each state (TX: p= 0.005; FL: p=0.007). HI in TX were identified primarily as Mexican, Spanish or NOS/Hispanic. There was a significant predominance of overall males (M) in TX (p=0.009). There was a non-significant predominance of M in FL. Regarding poverty index (PI), there were more HI (TX:51% and FL: 35%) in the 20-100% bracket than NH (TX: 25%; FL: 22%). Conversely there were more NH in all other PI in TX and FL. Government sponsored insurance was the most common insurance in all subgroups. This reached a significant predominance in HI (54%) and NH (54%) in TX (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in insurance types between HI and NH in FL(p=0.772). Regarding chemotherapy there was a trend to either use multiple agents [(TX: 34% in HI vs 32% in NH; p=0.68); (FL: 33% in HI vs 67% in NH; p=0.042)] or to not offer chemotherapy at all [(TX: 26% in HI vs 29% in NH; p= 0.68); (FL: 44% in HI vs 33% in NH; p=0.042)] with significant differences noted in FL only. (Table 1) The median survival (MS) for HI and NH in TX was similar in years (y) at 0.8 while the MS time in FL for HI vs NH was higher (1.3 vs 0.6 respectfully) Thus, the MS for HI in FL was higher compared to NH in FL and HI and NH in both TX and FL. (Table 2) The survival probability for HI was shorter at 2 and 5 years compared to NH in TX with a non-significant overall survival (OS) probability (p-value=0.19) seen in Figure 1. Significantly, the survival probability of HI in FL at 2, 5 and 10 years was higher compared to NH with an OS probability (p-value=0.0063) seen in Figure 2. Conclusion This retrospective study showed a statistically significant difference in OS probabilities at all years between HI and NH in FL with PCNSL. The OS probability also remained higher in HI in FL compared to both HI and NH in TX. In addition, the study demonstrated a longer MS in HI in FL compared to not only HI in TX, but also both NH in TX and FL. Sociodemographic differences like gender and insurance types were noted between HI in TX and FL. HI origin groups are also a subject of interest. The primary HI origin group in TX were Mexican and not otherwise specified (NOS). This data was missing for FL HI. Future studies should be conducted to uncover any further disparities between these two HI populations to explore the impact of access to care and disease biology on PCNSL survival outcomes. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Diaz Duque: Incyte: Consultancy; Morphosys: Speakers Bureau; Astra Zeneca: Research Funding; Hutchinson Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Epizyme: Consultancy; ADCT: Consultancy.

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Effects of plyometric and pull training on performance and selected strength characteristics of junior male weightlifter

Physical Education of Students ◽

10.15561/20755279.2019.0303 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 120-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

İ. İnce ◽

A. Şentürk

Keyword(s):

Training Program ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Group Interaction ◽

Strength Characteristics ◽

Control Group ◽

Jump Height ◽

Plyometric Training ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Main Effects

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of plyometric and pull training added an Olympic weightlifting training program (twice a week for 8 wk) on performance and selected strength characteristics in junior male weightlifter. Material: The participants [n = 34; age: 16.03 ± 0.9 y; mass: 74.78 ± 14.86 kg; height: 170.53 ± 6.81 cm] were randomized into a pull (n = 11), a plyometric (n = 12), and a control (n= 11) groups. The groups trained 6 days a week during the 8-week study period. The pull group performed four pull exercises and the plyometric group performed four plyometric exercises added to Olympic weightlifting program for 2 days a week, and the control group performed an Olympic weightlifting program alone. Analysis of variance and Magnitude-based inferences used to determine whether a significant difference existed among groups on snatch clean and jerk total (SCT), squat (SQ), back strength (BS), countermovement jump (CMJ), 30 sec. repeated jump height (RJH) and peak barbell velocity (PV). Results: The ANOVA showed a time × group interaction for SCT, BS and RJH. The MBI indicated positive changes for SCT in control group, for BS in pull group and for RJH in plyometric group. The results for the PV decrease in plyometric and pull group indicated no significant time × group interaction, but there was a significant main effects. ASK "Inserisci l'aim" \* MERGEFORMAT ASK \* MERGEFORMAT Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the addition of pull or plyometric training to an Olympic weightlifting program interfered with weightlifting performances.

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