scholarly journals UV Irradiance Increases Development of Red Skin Color and Anthocyanins in `Hakuho' Peach

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1234-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikuo Kataoka ◽  
Kenji Beppu
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Cultured Skin ◽  
Uv Irradiance ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Pvc Film ◽  
Skin Coloration

The contribution of the UV light component on the skin coloration was determined in `Hakuho' peach. Detached fruit partially covered with a UV-proof polyvinylchloride (PVC) film and a polyethylene film were exposed to sunlight for 4 days. Red coloration of the fruit and anthocyanin content in the skin were considerably reduced with the UV-proof PVC film. Irradiation with a UV fluorescent lamp at 3.58 W·m-2 markedly enhanced the red color development, while white fluorescent light at 120 μmol·m-2·s-1 did not affect the coloration. UV irradiation also increased the anthocyanin content in the cultured skin discs with increasing irradiance up to above 7.3 W·m-2. These results suggest that the UV component contributes significantly to the enhancement of the fruit coloration by sunlight exposure.

scholarly journals Foliar Application of Phosphorus Improves Apple Fruit Color During Ripening

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1195-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franci Štampar ◽  
Jan Bizjak ◽  
Robert Veberič ◽  
Jerneja Jakopič
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Total Anthocyanins ◽  
Quercetin Glycosides ◽  
Apple Production

The red color of skin is a much desired property in apple production. For better red fruit coloration the applications of foliar fertilizers on the basis of calcium and phosphorus are used. In the present study ‘Braeburn’ apple trees were sprayed twice with Phostrade Ca (phosphorus), 5 and 3 weeks before harvest. In 7-days intervals fruit color, the content of flavonoids and enzyme activity involved in the synthesis of anthocyanins have been monitored. Foliar application of Phostrade Ca caused a more intense red skin color of apples and higher anthocyanin content. Their level increased during ripening, in treated apples the content of total anthocyanins was 20-fold higher at harvest while in control apples only 9-fold higher compared to the initial values. Cyanidin 3-galactoside was the most abundant anthocyanin (80 to 86% of total anthocyanins), followed by cyanidin 3-arabinoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-xyloside and cyanidin 7-arabinoside. Prostrade Ca increased the levels of all quercetin glycosides, with the exception of quercetin 3-rhamnoside. No significant influence of Phostrade Ca on the content of hydroxycinnamic acids, dihydrochalcones, flavanols and total phenolics has been monitored. The activity of FHT and DFR increased during ripening but Phostrade Ca influenced only higher activity of DFR.

scholarly journals Regulation of Pear Color Development in Relation to Activity of Flavonoid Enzymes

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.J. Steyn ◽  
D.M. Holcroft ◽  
S.J.E. Wand ◽  
G. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Immature Fruit ◽  
Pal Activity ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Red Color

Changes in activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and UDPGalactose: flavonoid-3-o-glycosyltransferase (UFGT) during the development of pear (Pyrus communis L.) fruit and in response to cold fronts were assessed and related to changes in red color. Red and blushed pear cultivars attained maximum redness and highest anthocyanin concentrations in immature fruit. Red color generally faded toward harvest. UFGT activity increased over fruit development and was apparently not limiting to color development. However, the fading of red color and the decreasing level of phenolic compounds toward harvest might relate to decreasing PAL activity. Skin color and enzyme activity in the red pear `Bon Rouge' displayed little responsiveness to low temperatures. In contrast, low temperatures increased red color and activity of both PAL and UFGT in the blushed pear `Rosemarie'. Consistent with the general pigmentation pattern described above, the effect of temperature on enzyme activity was much greater early during fruit development than in the week before harvest.

scholarly journals AMINOETHOXYVINYLGLYCINE AND FOLIAR ZINC TREATMENTS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN PRE-HARVEST DROPS AND FRUIT QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF ‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Burhan Ozturk ◽  
Kenan Yıldız ◽  
Halil Erdem ◽  
Orhan Karakaya ◽  
Ahmet Ozturk
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Ethylene Synthesis ◽  
Ethylene Concentration ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Solids Content

Effects of pre-harvest aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, 250 mg L–1) and zinc (0.3% ZnSO4) treatments on pre-harvest fruit drops, internal ethylene concentration (IEC), flesh firmness, color characteristics (L*, chroma and hue angle), soluble solids content (SSC), acidity, total phenolics, antioxidant activity, flesh and leaf micronutrients and macronutrients of ‘William’s Pride’ apples, were investigated in this study. AVG was sprayed 4 weeks before the anticipated harvest date and Zn was sprayed when the fruits reached the size of a walnut. As compared to the control, both the single AVG and zinc treatments significantly reduced the pre-harvest drops. However, combined AVG + Zinc treatments were found to be more effective in reducing the pre-harvest drops. At the last measurement date (15th of August), 60% fruit drop was measured in control, but 22% in AVG + Zinc treatment. AVG and AVG + Zinc treatments reduced ethylene synthesis. On the other hand, single zinc treatments stimulated ethylene synthesis. AVG treatments retarded red skin color development, but zinc treatments again stimulated red color development. As compared to the control and single zinc treatments, AVG-treated fruits had greater firmness and acidity values, but lower SSC values. While AVG treatments increased the total phenolics and antioxidant activity, zinc treatments decreased these attributes. As compared to the control, zinc treatments significantly increased flesh Cu, N, P and K contents and leaf Mn, N and P contents. Based on present findings, it was concluded that AVG could be used as an efficient tool to reduce the pre-harvest drops in apples.

UV Irradiation of Shell Eggs: Effect on Populations of Aerobes, Molds, and Inoculated Salmonella typhimurium

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
FUENG-LIN KUO ◽  
JOHN B. CAREY ◽  
STEVEN C. RICKE
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
The Other ◽  
Uv Exposure ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Fluorescent Light ◽  
Uv Treatment ◽  
Shell Eggs

The effects were investigated of 254-nm UV radiation on populations of Salmonella typhimurium, aerobes, and molds on the shells of eggs. In the first experiment, the CFU of attached S. typhimurium cells on unwashed clean shell eggs were determined after 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 min of UV treatment (620 μW/cm2) on both ends of the egg. All UV treatments significantly reduced S. typhimurium CFU (P < .01). UVtreatment (620 μW/cm2) in 1-min alternating light and dark cycles for 5 min (three light and two dark) was compared to 0, 3, and 5 min of UV treatment. No significant differences in microbial populations were observed among light and dark cycles and the other UV treatments. In a subsequent experiment, the same UV treatments were utilized to evaluate photoreactivation. After UV exposure, eggs were exposed to 1 h of fluorescent light or I h of darkness or cultured immediately. S. typhimurium CFU were significantly (P < .01) reduced by the UV treatments. However, no significant differences between microbial populations exposed to UV treatment and UV radiation plus photoreactivation were detected. For studies of aerobic bacteria and molds, different UV treatment times (0, 15, and 30 min) at the intensity of 620 μW/cm2 and different intensities (620, 1350, and 1720 μW/cm2) for 15 min were evaluated. Mold CFU per egg were either 0 or 1 for all UV treatments and a 99% reduction of CFU of aerobic bacteria per egg were observed for all UV treatments. It appears from these studies that UV light can significantly reduce populations of S. typhimurium, aerobes, and molds on shell eggs.

DFR and PAL gene transcription and their correlation with anthocyanin accumulation in Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton.) Hassk.

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-298
Author(s):  
Bao-Jun Zhu ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Jing-Hui Wang ◽  
Lin-Lin Gao ◽  
Jing-Wen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonialyase ◽  
Maturity Period ◽  
Late Maturity ◽  
Rhodomyrtus Tomentosa

Abstract Objectives Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton.) Hassk. (R. tomentosa) is rich in nutrients and has multiple pharmacological applications. Anthocyanins confer color to the flowers and berries of R. tomentosa and provide protection against photodamage. The dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene (DFR) and phenylalanine ammonialyase gene (PAL) are crucial for anthocyanin synthesis. Methods DFR and PAL transcript levels and anthocyanin content in the pigmented organs of R. tomentosa were investigated through qRT-PCR analysis and spectrophotometry, respectively. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene was selected as the reference gene for the normalization of DFR and PAL transcript levels. Results Transcript levels of DFR and PAL were higher in organs with vigorous metabolism than those in senescent organs. DFR and PAL transcript levels were up-regulated during the initial and middle-maturity periods of fruit. These expression patterns are consistent with fruit color development. The highest transcript levels of PAL and DFR were observed during the middle-maturity period or the red-fruit period. Conclusion During the late maturity period of R. tomentosa fruit, the transcript levels of the two genes were down-regulated even though anthocyanins were continuously accumulated, which was different from the accumulation of anthocyanins in some late mature fruits.

scholarly journals Characterization of Chicken Skin Yellowness and Exploration of Genes Involved in Skin Yellowness Deposition in Chicken

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingwen Wu ◽  
Zetong Lin ◽  
Genghua Chen ◽  
Qingbin Luo ◽  
Qinghua Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Economic Trait ◽  
Chicken Skin ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Skin Coloration ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of

Skin color is an important economic trait in meat-type chickens. A uniform bright skin color can increase the sales value of chicken. Chickens with bright yellow skin are more popular in China, especially in the broiler market of South China. However, the skin color of chickens can vary because of differences in breeds, diet, health, and individual genetics. To obtain greater insight into the genetic factors associated with the process of skin pigmentation in chickens, we used a colorimeter and high-resolution skin photographs to measure and analyze the skin color of chickens. By analyzing 534 chickens of the same breed, age, and feed condition, we found that the yellowness values of the chickens varied within this population. A significant positive correlation was found between the cloacal skin yellowness values before and after slaughter, and the cloacal skin yellowness value of live chickens was positively correlated with the overall body skin yellowness value. Additionally, chicken skin yellowness exhibited low heritability, ranging from 0.07 to 0.27. Through RNA sequencing, 882 genes were found to be differentially expressed between the skin with the highest and lowest yellowness values. Some of these differentially expressed genes may play an important role in yellow pigment deposition in chicken skin, which included TLR2B, IYD, SMOC1, ALDH1A3, CYP11A1, FHL2, TECRL, ACACB, TYR, PMEL, and GPR143. In addition, we found that the expression and variations of the BCO2 gene, which is referred to as the yellow skin gene, cannot be used to estimate the skin yellowness value of chickens in this population. These data will help to further our understanding of chicken skin yellowness and might contribute to the selection of specific chicken strains with consistent skin coloration.

scholarly journals An in vitro feasibility investigation considering primary human melanocytes for spray- grafting of freshly isolated autologous skin cells for burn treatment and a clinical case report

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jörg C. Gerlach ◽  
C. Johnen ◽  
B. Hartmann ◽  
J. Plettig ◽  
K. Bräutigam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Cell Suspensions ◽  
Epidermal Keratinocytes ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Skin Coloration ◽  
Vitro Model

A skin cell-spray grafting technique that enables the on-site application of freshly isolated autologous single cell suspensions was already applied in many cases on caucasian patients with low skin coloration. Our project hypothesis is that these suspensions contain keratinocytes and vital melanocytes, that are of particular interest for the treatment of patients of darker skin color. To test this, we applied an in vitro model, wherein the feasibility of i) isolating and ii) spraying of freshly isolated autologous melanocyte-keratinocyte cell suspensions was investigated. Primary human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) and melanocytes (MCs) were isolated from skin biopsies (n=8). Biochemical parameter, cell counts, cell morphology, growth behavior and immunofluorescence results were compared in two groups using MC cultures and co-cultures of MCs with HEKs. Case information on using the method clinically with one patient is included. The sprayed mixed cell suspensions proliferated in all groups without measurable loss of viability, and MCs exhibited a regular cell morphology in monoculture up to passage 4°. The sprayed MCs and HEKs demonstrated in vitro glucose and lactate metabolism that was comparable to the pipetted controls. In co-culture, well distributed CK14+ HEKs and NKI/beteb+ MCs could be demonstrated, which interacted in the in vitro model. The ratio of HEKs : MCs in our primary cultures were microscopically counted (n=8 each) as mean +/- SD 1,211,000 (+/- 574,343) HEK : 99,625 (+/- 59,025) MC; i.e., a ratio of approx. 12 : 1. Using the isolation method clinically for a patient with dark skin coloration after suffering severe second-degree burns shows a satisfying re-pigmentation of the resulting wound post healing. Freshly isolated spray-on melanocyte/keratinocyte suspensions provide for a considerable amount of viable HEKs and MCs. Using MCs in spray-grafting suspensions could represent a promising approach for treating severe partial-thickness burns and innovative therapy developments that also aim to address cosmetic aspects.

Expression analysis of MYB genes in different apple cultivars with distinct coloration pattern during fruit maturation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Emine Ece Mercan ◽  
Mehtap Şahin-Çevik
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Apple Cultivars

Abstract Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments responsible for red, pink, purple or blue coloration in the flesh and/or skin of apple fruit. Since consumers prefer anthocyanin rich fruits due to their health benefits, anthocyanin content is an important trait for marketability of apples. Synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins are controlled by environmental and genetic factors such as transcription factors (TFs). Two-repeat (R2R3) MYB TFs are involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. In this study, the expression of the MdMYBA and MdMYB3 genes encoding R2R3 type MYB TFs were analyzed in apple cultivars with fruit skin color from green to dark red at different growth stages. Fruit samples were collected from “Scarlet Spur”, “Galaxy Gala”, Golden Delicious” “Granny Smith” apple cultivars with dark red, light red, yellow and green fruits, respectively, at four different time periods after full-bloom. Total RNA was isolated from the peel of the collected fruits and the expression of the MdMYBA and MdMYB3 genes was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. The expression of the MdMYBA gene started to increase at 92 DAFB and thereafter in red-skin apples; however, no expression was observed at any time points in yellow or green-skin apple cultivars. On the other hand, the MdMYB3 gene was expressed in red-skin and yellow-skin apple cultivars starting at 55 DAFB, but no expression was observed in green apple cultivar at any time of fruit maturation. The expression levels of the MdMYBA and MdMYB3 genes varied in apple fruits with different skin coloration indicating that they play a role regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple cultivars during fruit maturation.

scholarly journals Photoselective Protective Netting Improves “Honeycrisp” Fruit Quality

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1708
Author(s):  
Sara Serra ◽  
Stefano Borghi ◽  
Giverson Mupambi ◽  
Hector Camargo-Alvarez ◽  
Desmond Layne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Scattered Light ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Light Spectrum ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
And Control

High temperatures, wind, and excessive sunlight can negatively impact yield and fruit quality in semi-arid apple production regions. Netting was originally designed for hail protection, but it can modify the light spectrum and affect fruit quality. Here, pearl, blue, and red photoselective netting (≈20% shading factor) was installed in 2015 over a commercial “Cameron Select® Honeycrisp” orchard. Our research objectives were to (1) describe the light quantity and quality under the colored nets compared to an uncovered control and (2) investigate the effect of Photoselective nets on “Honeycrisp” apple quality for two growing seasons. Light transmittance and scattering for each treatment were measured with a spectroradiometer, and samples for fruit quality analyses were collected at harvest. PAR (photosynthetic active radiation), UV, blue, red, and far-red light were lower underneath all netting treatments compared to an uncovered control. The scattered light was higher under the pearl net compared to other colors, while red and far-red light were lower under the blue net. For two consecutive years, trees grown under the photoselective nets intercepted more incoming light than the uncovered trees with no differences among the three colors. In both years, trees under red and blue nets had more sunburn-free (clean) apples than pearl and control. Red color development for fruit was lower when nets were used. Interestingly, bitter pit incidence was lower underneath red nets for both years. Other than red color development, “Honeycrisp” fruit quality was not appreciably affected by the use of netting. These results highlight the beneficial effect of nets in improving light quality in orchards and mitigating physiological disorders such as bitter pit in “Honeycrisp” apple.

scholarly journals Improving the Red Color and Fruit Quality of ‘Kent’ Mango Fruit by Pruning and Preharvest Spraying of Prohydrojasmon or Abscisic Acid

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 944
Author(s):  
Sudheeran Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Dalia Maurer ◽  
Oleg Feygenberg ◽  
Cliff Love ◽  
Noam Alkan
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Air Jet ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pruning Techniques

Pre-harvest application of prohydrojasmon (PDJ) or abscisic acid (ABA) induces the red color in fruits that were exposed to sunlight at the orchard. In this large-scale work, we evaluated the effect of two different pruning techniques of ‘Kent’ mango orchards, one leading to opening the orchard canopy to expose as much fruit as possible to sunlight, while the second pruning leads to square-shaped trees and subsequently reduces the amount of sunlight reaching the fruit. These two pruning methods were combined with preharvest spraying with prohydrojasmon (PDJ) or abscisic acid (ABA) using two different types of sprayers, i.e., regular and air-jet sprayer. Pruning the canopy of the orchards to open and closed trees exposed 80% or 30% of fruits to sunlight, respectively. Both of the application with air-jet and regular sprayers effectively covered the fruit without causing fruit detachment and damage to yield. Both the phytohormones (PDJ and ABA) application treatments induced red blush skin, red intensity, anthocyanin, and flavonoids, particularly in fruit grown outside the tree canopy in both open and closed trees. PDJ and ABA treatments exhibited marginally reduced acidity than the untreated control, while the brix was not affected much by any of the treatments. Besides these, exposure to sunlight and PDJ treatment also reduced postharvest decay and increased chlorophyll degradation and yellowing in comparison to the controls. This study promoted applicative evidence about the positive effects of exposure to sunlight, prohydrojasmon (PDJ), and abscisic acid (ABA) on red color development without compromising the mango fruit’s quality.

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