scholarly journals (221) Phenotypic Plasticity as an Indicator for Exotic Noxious Plants

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1034E-0135
Author(s):  
Jing Luo ◽  
David Tay ◽  
John Cardina
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Ecological Traits ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
Common Dandelion

Exotic noxious plants, including invasive plants and exotic weeds, have caused huge economic loss and ecological damage around the world. To prevent further introductions of such species as crops or ornamental plants, biological and ecological traits associated with invasiveness and weediness need to be identified so that prediction can be made on the potential of being noxious for proposed species. It was suggested that weeds were usually generalists that can survive and reproduce in a wide range of environments; i.e., they were quite “plastic” in response to different environments. In accordance to this idea, phenotypic plasticity has been recently proposed as an indicator and predictor for weeds and invasive plants. This hypothesis is tested using two exotic dandelion species: Taraxacum officinale (common dandelion), widespread weed, and T. laevigatum (red-seeded dandelion), which occurs in a much lower frequency in Ohio. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in which the two species were grown in two soil moisture levels (dry vs. wet) combined with two light exposure levels (full sun vs. shade). Various traits were measured to see whether T. officinale is more plastic than T. laevigatum in these four environments. The results show that, when using coefficient of variance (CV) as a measurement of plasticity, T. officinale has significantly larger CV than T. laevigatum in plant diameter (P = 0.02), shoot: root ratio (P = 0.04) and soil pH (P = 0.02). This indicates that T. officinale is more plastic in some of the resource-capture-related traits such as leaf morphology and biomass allocation, and presumably also in root exudates, which alter the soil pH.

scholarly journals Dynamic monitoring and analysis of alien invasive land plants in autumn and winter in Qionghai Lake

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 04016
Author(s):  
Lin Bai ◽  
Kun Yao ◽  
Yiying Yang ◽  
Jiaying Li ◽  
Qun Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Alien Plants ◽  
Dynamic Monitoring ◽  
Alternanthera Philoxeroides ◽  
Invasive Alien Plants ◽  
Eupatorium Adenophorum ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Qionghai Lake is the second largest freshwater lake in Sichuan Province. Invasive plants have damaged the ecological balance of Qionghai Lake. Regular investigation and monitoring of invasive alien plants in Qionghai Lake in autumn and winter. Study structural changes and trend changes. Mapping dynamic monitoring of the distribution of invasive plants. Upon investigation, a wide range of invasive plants with a large rits are Eupatorium Adenophorum, Lantana camara, Bidens alba(L.) DC, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Pharbitis purpurea(L.) Voisgt and Oxalis corniculata L. The introduction of the Tagetes erecta L as Ornamental plants, the proliferation occurred because of mismanagement. The number of Mirabilis jalapa L. is very small. Analysis of the way of invasive alien plants into the Qionghai Sea and the measures of prevention and control.

Detection of virulence genes of APEC (avian pathogenic Escherichia coli) isolated from poultry in Noakhali, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 967-972
Author(s):  
Farzana Ehetasum Hossain ◽  
Saiful Islam ◽  
Md Aminul Islam ◽  
Shariful Islam ◽  
Firoz Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Avian Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Gene Profiles ◽  
Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Wide Range

Avian colibacillosis, caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), is one of the major infectious diseases of poultry that bring about great economic loss for the Bangladesh poultry industry. The present study aimed to determine the virulence genes of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) from cases of colibacillosis in poultry at the Noakhali district of Bangladesh. Currently, virulence-associated gene profiles of APEC isolates were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 24 (twenty-four) Escherichia coli isolates were collected and presumptively identified from 8 (eight) colibacillosis cases from 4 commercial broiler poultry farms (2 broilers per farm) in Noakhali, Bangladesh. The pathogenesis of Escherichia coli involves a wide range of different virulence genes. At this point, four virulence genes, iutA, hlyF, iroN, and iss were detected by PCR analysis. It has been observed that iutA, iss, hlyF, and iroN genes were found in 7(29.16%), 20(83.33%), 22(91.66%), and 24(100%) APEC isolates respectively. Furthermore, out of the twenty-four APEC isolates, six (25%) isolates had four virulence genes, fourteen (58.33%) isolates carried at least three virulence genes, three (12.5%) isolates carried two genes and one (4.16%) isolates had one virulence gene. Most importantly. six types of virulence gene profiles existed within the APEC isolates from which profile number 3 (hlyF, iroN, iss) having 13 (54.16%) isolates were predominant. The occurrence of APEC isolates of this region which is responsible for avian colibacillosis cases can be a matter of concern from the public health point of view. Future investigations will be able to utilize these virulence genes to identify APEC in Bangladesh helping in the diagnosis and prevention of colibacillosis in poultry. Bioresearch Commu. 7(1): 967-972, 2021 (January)

scholarly journals Natural Hazards – Nonlinearities and Assessment

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Gerassimos A. Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
The People ◽  
Reliable Assessment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
And Control

Geosciences are developing and applying a wide range of methodologies to assess natural hazards. Significant advances in the site characterization and models development have been achieved in the last decade, but many challenges still remain. Several disastrous earthquakes in the past decade accompanied with tsunamis have required a rapid assessment of the underlying causes of the tragic loss of life and property. Natural disasters risk reduction and control as a crucial criterion for sustainable development and minimizing social and economic loss and disruption due to earthquakes, tsunamis and other hazards requires reliable assessment of the seismic and tsunami hazard, as well as mitigation actions of the vulnerability of the built environment and risk. All of these provide the critical basis for improved building codes and construction emergency response plans for the people and infrastructure safety and protection.

scholarly journals Stem photosynthesis: new evidence highlights the contribution of phenotypic plasticity to the invasion success of Mikania micrantha

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Zheng ◽  
Tai-Jie Zhang ◽  
Bo-Hui Li ◽  
Wei-Jie Liang ◽  
Qi-Lei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Invasive Plant Species ◽  
Alien Plant ◽  
Mikania Micrantha ◽  
Stem Photosynthesis ◽  
Wide Range

Phenotypic plasticity affords invasive plant species the ability to colonize a wide range of habitats, but physiological plasticity of their stems is seldom recognized. Investigation of the stem plasticity of invasive plant species could lead to a better understanding of their invasiveness. We performed a pot experiment involving defoliation treatments and an isolated culture experiment to determine whether the invasive species Mikania micrantha exhibits greater plasticity in the stems than do three native species that co-occur in southern China and then explored the mechanism underlying the modification of its stem photosynthesis. Our results showed that the stems of M. micrantha exhibited higher plasticity in terms of either net or gross photosynthesis in response to the defoliation treatment. These effects were positively related to an increased stem elongation rate. The enhancement of stem photosynthesis in M. micrantha resulted from the comprehensive action involving increases in the Chl a/b ratio, D1 protein and stomatal aperture, changes in chloroplast morphology and a decrease in anthocyanins. Increased plasticity of stem photosynthesis may improve the survival of M. micrantha under harsh conditions and allow it to rapidly recover from defoliation injuries. Our results highlight that phenotypic plasticity promotes the invasion success of alien plant invaders.

scholarly journals Coastal Forest vegetation of Sabutung Island South Sulawesi

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dody Priosambodo
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Forest Vegetation ◽  
Land Conversion ◽  
Coastal Forest ◽  
Introduced Plants ◽  
Environmental Laboratory ◽  
Almost All

Research about coastal forest vegetation in Sabutung island has been conducted.The aim of this research was to make an inventory of native species, introduced speciesand invasive spesies of plant in Sabutungisland. Sampling activities conducted withpurposive sampling method.Data collected with noted the plant species that foundduring exploring the island. All sample are photographed. Unidentified sample werecollected and identified in Marine and Environmental laboratory, Department ofBiology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University.Identification of the sample conducted based on: An Annotated Check-List of TheVascular Plants of The South China Sea and Its Shores by Turner et al. (2000) and Mangrove Guidebook for Southeast Asia by Wim Giesen et al. (2007)for coastal forestspecies; Tropical flowering plants: a guide to identification and cultivation by KirstenAlbrecht Llamas (2003) for introduced species andNonnative Invasive Plants of PacificCoast Forest. A Field Guide for Identification oleh Gray et al. (2011) and Guide to TheNaturalized and Invasive Plants of Southeast Asia by Arne Witt (2017) for invasivespecies. Data were analysed descriptively and displayed in tabular form. Antropogenicimpact i.e: land conversion and increased population were also discussed. From theresults of the study were recorded as many as 221 species of plants in Sabutung Island.Mostly dominated by ornamental plants and cultivated (introduced) plants with 131species of 46 tribes followed by native species with 67 species from 34 tribes. Invasivespecies were recorded with at least 19 species from 8 tribes. Nonetheless, invasivespecies are widespread and dominate space in almost all parts of the island. Most of thecoastal forest on Sabutung Island has been lost due to land conversion to settlementsand garden/plantation.

scholarly journals Cross-border Investigations on the Prevalence and Transmission Dynamics of Cryptosporidium Species in Dairy Cattle Farms in Western Mainland Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Pinto ◽  
Claudia A Ribeiro ◽  
Sumaiya Hoque ◽  
Ourida Hammouma ◽  
Hélène Leruste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Parasitic Protist ◽  
Cattle Farms

Cryptosporidium is comprised an apicomplexan parasitic protist, which infects a wide range of hosts, causing cryptosporidiosis. In cattle farms, the incidence of cryptosporidiosis results in high mortality in calves leading to considerable economic loss in the livestock industry. Infected animals may also act as a major reservoir of Cryptosporidium spp., in particular C. parvum, the most common cause of cryptosporidiosis in calves. This poses a significant risk to other farms via breeding centres, to trading of livestock and to human health. This study, funded by the Interreg-2-seas programme, is a part of a global project aimed at strategies to tackle cryptosporidiosis. To reach this target, it was essential to determine whether prevalence was dependent on the studied countries or if the issue was borderless. Indeed, C. parvum occurrence was assessed across dairy farms in certain regions of Belgium, France and the Netherlands. At the same time, the animal-to-animal transmission of the circulating C. parvum subtypes was studied. To accomplish this, 1084 faecal samples, corresponding to 57 dairy-farms from all three countries, were analysed. Well-established protocols amplifying the 18S rDNA and gp60 genes fragments, followed by DNA sequencing, were used for the detection and subtyping C. parvum; the DNA sequences obtained were further characterised using a combination of bioinformatics and phylogenetics methods. Our results show 25.7%, 24.9% and 20.8% prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Belgium, France and the Netherlands respectively. Overall, 93% of the farms were Cryptosporidium positive. The gp60 subtyping demonstrated a significant number of the C. parvum positives belonged to the IIa allelic family, which has been also detected in humans. Consequently, this study highlights how widespread is C. parvum in dairy farms and endorses cattle as a major carrier of zoonotic C. parvum subtypes, which subsequently pose a significant threat to human health.

scholarly journals Climate structuring of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection in the threatened amphibians of the northern Western Ghats, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 180211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Thorpe ◽  
Todd R. Lewis ◽  
Matthew C. Fisher ◽  
Claudia J. Wierzbicki ◽  
Siddharth Kulkarni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Ghats ◽  
Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
First Record ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ecological Traits ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Reverse Pattern ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Western Ghats

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ) is a pathogen killing amphibians worldwide. Its impact across much of Asia is poorly characterized. This study systematically surveyed amphibians for Bd across rocky plateaus in the northern section of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, India, including the first surveys of the plateaus in the coastal region. These ecosystems offer an epidemiological model system since they are characterized by differing levels of connectivity, edaphic and climatic conditions, and anthropogenic stressors. One hundred and eighteen individuals of 21 species of Anura and Apoda on 13 plateaus ranging from 67 to 1179 m above sea level and 15.89 to 17.92° North latitude were sampled. Using qPCR protocols, 79% of species and 27% of individuals tested were positive for Bd . This is the first record of Bd in caecilians in India, the Critically Endangered Xanthophryne tigerina and Endangered Fejervarya cf. sahyadris . Mean site prevalence was 28.15%. Prevalence below the escarpment was 31.2% and 25.4% above. The intensity of infection (GE) showed the reverse pattern. Infection may be related to elevational temperature changes, thermal exclusion, inter-site connectivity and anthropogenic disturbance. Coastal plateaus may be thermal refuges from Bd . Infected amphibians represented a wide range of ecological traits posing interesting questions about transmission routes.

Climate drives differences in the germination niche of a globally distributed invasive grass

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-203
Author(s):  
Rebecca A Fletcher ◽  
Kayla M Varnon ◽  
Jacob N Barney
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Invasive Plants ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Invasive Grass ◽  
Climate Gradients ◽  
Exotic Invasive Species ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Aims Exotic invasive species are often exposed to strong selection pressures in their new ranges that can often lead to substantial intraspecific variation. Population differentiation in the timing of life history events in response to climate gradients is thought to be an important mechanism facilitating the range expansion of many invasive species. For seed producing plants, the timing of seed germination determines the first environmental conditions experienced by newly emerged germinates, and can have important implications for the successful colonization, establishment and spread of invasive plants—though the role of germination in the success of invasive plants remains poorly understood. Methods We assessed the variation in seed germination dynamics among 10 populations of the invasive plant Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) across its North American distribution, capturing both a temperature and precipitation gradient, and whether that variation is associated with home climate. Seeds were exposed to a wide range of temperatures (11–48°C) and two water availability treatments. Important Findings We found that Johnsongrass seeds germinated across a wide range of temperatures, but there was substantial variation among populations in the proportion of seeds that germinated in response to both temperature and water availability. Evidence indicates that as Johnsongrass expanded its range from warmer climates into cooler climates, there was a concurrent shift in the germination temperature niche to cooler temperatures. Our results suggest that the germination of Johnsongrass seeds has adapted to home climate allowing this invader to maximize germination throughout its range, and that this may be an important contributing factor to its invasion into new environments.

Variation in plasticity within the S. 23 cultivar of Lolium perenne L.

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Valentine ◽  
A. H. Charles
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Controlled Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
N Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Growth Room ◽  
Regression Techniques

SUMMARYThe S. 23 cultivar of Lolium perenne L. has the ability to perform well in a wide range of environments and an experiment was designed to examine the phenotypic plasticity of S. 23 genotypes with particular reference to the level of nitrogen application.Genotypes of S. 23 grown in a controlled growth room at close spacing (5 cm) showed a wide range of dry-matter yields with the highest yielding 144 times that of the lowest at the last of six cuts taken at 4-week intervals. Genotypes maintained much the same order of yield from one nitrogen level to another, but there were exceptions. Regression techniques were used to further quantify genotype-environment behaviour and to measure response to the environment in which the plants were grown. Considerable variation in this character occurred and the correlation of mean yield and response was incomplete. Some of the genotypes combined the desirable characters of high mean yield and good response to improved environments, while others had high mean yields, but were not as well adapted to the highest N level.In the experiment no significant effects could be traced to differences in age of seed, but plants which had been maintained vegetatively for 7 years showed reduced vigour.

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