Natural Fracture Dominated Distribution of Slurry During a Multi-Cluster Hydraulic Fracturing Stage: A Marcellus DAS/DTS Case Study

In this paper, the authors examine the impacts of natural fractures on the distribution of slurry in a well with a permanent fiber installation and drill bit geomechanics data. Additionally, they propose a framework for further investigation of natural fractures on slurry distribution. As part of the Marcellus Shale Energy and Environmental Laboratory (MSEEL), the operator monitored the drilling of a horizontal Marcellus Formation well with drill bit geomechanics, and subsequent stimulation phase with a DAS/DTS permanent fiber installation. Prior to the completion, the authors used an analytical model to examine the theoretical distribution of slurry between perforation clusters from a geomechanics framework. A perforation placement scheme was then developed to minimize the stress difference between clusters and to segment stages by the intensity of natural fractures while conforming to standard operating procedures for the operator's other completions. The operator initially began completing the well with the geomechanics-informed perforation placement plan while monitoring the treatment distribution with DAS/DTS in real time. The operator observed several anomalous stages with treating pressures high enough to cause operational concerns. The operator, fiber provider, and drill bit geomechanics provider reviewed the anomalous stages’ treatment data, DAS/DTS data, and geomechanics data and developed a working hypothesis. They believed that perforation clusters placed in naturally fractured rock were preferentially taking the treatment slurry. This phenomenon appeared to cause other clusters within the stage to sand-off or become dormant prematurely, resulting in elevated friction pressure. This working hypothesis was used to predict upcoming stages within the well that would be difficult to treat. Another perforation placement plan was developed for the second half of the well to avoid perforating natural fractures as an attempt to mitigate operational issues due to natural fracture dominated distribution. Over the past several years, the industry's growing understanding of geomechanical and well construction variability has created new limited-entry design considerations to optimize completion economics and reduce the variability in cluster slurry volumes. Completion engineers working in naturally fractured fields, such as the Marcellus, should consider the impact the natural fractures have on slurry distribution when optimizing their limited-entry designs and stage plan.

THE WATER QUALITY MONITORING OF SEMUONG RIVER IN THE PROTECTED FOREST REGISTER 39, GUNUNG DOH VILLAGE, TANGGAMUS REGENCY, LAMPUNG PROVINCE

Good water quality is very important to support the sustainability of the organisms that live in it. The location of the Semuong River which is close to mining and human activities such as settlements will generally cause environmental problems such as water quality degradation. The research was to determine the Samuong river water quality based on its physical and chemical parameters. This research was conducted from November to December 2019 with sampling locations in the Semuong River and analysis done at the Environmental Laboratory of PT. Unilab Perdana. Water sampling was carried out at five stations, namely left, right, main, upstream and downstream Lunik. The results of the measurement of samples were compared with the quality standards stipulated by Lampung Regional Regulation No. 11 of 2012 and analyzed using the STORET method. The results showed that The values of several parameters were exceeded the threshold for class III water quality standards, namely BOD and COD. Based on STORET index in the first sampling has a total score of -4 which is categorized as lightly polluted, the second sampling has a total score of -16 which is categorized as moderate pollution, the third sampling has a total score of -40 which is categorized as heavily polluted, and the forth sampling has a score of 0 which is categorized as not polluted

Analysis of Carrying Capacity of Blekok Beach and Kerapu Beach Situbondo as Conservation Areas for Mangrove, Blekok Bird (Ardidae) and Grouper Fish Cultivation (Epinephelus)

This study aims to analyze the carrying capacity of the coastal waters of Blekok and the coast of Kerapu, Situbondo, East Java as a conservation area for mangroves, blekok birds and grouper fish cultivation. The study used the in situ observation method, carried out in January–February 2021. The sampling was on Blekok beach at latitude coordinates: -7.69742 and longitude: 113.92206, on Kerapu beach at latitude coordinates: -7.69568 and longitude: 113.89666. At each beach the data is taken at 3 stations, at each station 3 sub stations are taken. Parameters measured include physical (temperature, turbidity, TSS, TDS), chemical (pH, salinity, DO, BOD, Cu), and biology (total Coliform) were measured in situ and at the Environmental Laboratory, Situbondo Environmental Service. Analysis of Cu concentration using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer method. Coliform total analysis used the Most Probable Number method. The data were analyzed descriptively qualitative-quantitatively and compared with the quality standard of the Minister of Environment Decree No. 51/2004. The results showed that the physical, chemical, and biological parameters of the coastal waters of Blekok and Kerapu beaches were in accordance with quality standards so the carrying capacity as a mangrove conservation area, blekok birds, grouper cultivation and tourism is very good.

Effect of using ultrasound to break dormancy and germination of xylopia emarginata mart seeds.

Xylopia emarginata Mart. is a typical species of gallery forests, characterized by its tolerance to strong water saturation, becoming a potential species for the recovery of riparian ecosystems, thus, evaluating the germination process of this species is of great importance, as it covers technical knowledge about the production of seedlings used in the revegetation of degraded areas. Some seeds have dormancy requiring techniques to accelerate germination. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of ultrasound bathing on germination and conductivity of the spécies Xylopia emarginata Mart. The seeds were subjected to different immersion times (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 minutes) in an ultrasonic bath (45 kHz) in distilled water and placed in BOD at 25 ºC to evaluate the electrical conductivity of the solution (50 ml). Then, they were placed to germinate in trays with vermiculite under environmental laboratory conditions for 60 days, to evaluate the percentage of final germination. 30 seeds were used for each of the 6 repetitions. The analysis of variance showed no significant effect (p> 0.05) of the ultrasonic bath on the conductivity and germination of Xylopia emarginata Mart. Seeds, obtaining an average conductivity of 173.32 µS cm-1 at 25 ºC and germination average of 24.27%.

Isolasi dan Produktivitas Bakteri Ureolitik dari Sedimen Muara Sungai Citarum

ABSTRACTThis research carried out isolation of ureolytic bacteria taken from soil samples from the mangrove area of Muara Gembong, Citarum River. The aim was to characterize and to test the urease production activity of the ureolytic bacteria. The study was conducted at the BPPT Environmental Laboratory in Building 820 Geostech, Puspiptek Setu, South Tangerang City, Banten Province, from April until September 2019. The results showed that there were ureolytic bacterial isolates from soil samples taken. The productivity of ureolytic bacterial isolates was indicated by the increasing ammonia concentration and the increase of bacterial cell concentration supported by the pH and temperature factors per volume unit of 10 ml. The increase in ammonia concentration of the six isolates’ test media showed significant differences. The highest increase in ammonia concentration was 15.19 ppm produced by isolate K5A and the second highest was 14.10 ppm by isolate K7. Another productivity testing was performed by determining if there was an increase in the concentration of bacterial cells. Based on the analysis of variance, each isolates significantly affected the increase in bacterial cell concentration. The highest increase in bacterial cell concentration by 250.45×106 CFU/ml occurred in isolates K5A, while isolate K7 indicated the second-highest increase in cell concentration by 233.31×106 CFU/ml.Keywords: ureolytic bacteria, productivity, mangrove sediment, Citarum River EstuaryABSTRAK Penelitian ini melakukan isolasi bakteri ureolitik yang diambil dari sampel tanah dari daerah mangrove dari di Muara Gembong, Sungai Citarum. Tujuannya adalah untuk melakukan karakterisasi dan menguji aktivitas produksi urease terhadap isolat bakteri ureolitik yang ditemukan. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Lingkungan BPPT di Gedung 820 Geostech, Puspiptek Setu, Kota Tangerang Selatan, Provinsi Banten mulai bulan April sampai dengan September 2019. Enam isolat bakteri dapat diperoleh dari sampel tanah yang diambil. Produktivitas isolat bakteri ureolitik pada penelitian ini dapat ditandai dengan kenaikan konsentrasi amonia kenaikan konsentrasi sel bakteri yang didukung dengan faktor pH dan suhu per satuan volume 10 ml. Kenaikan konsentrasi amonia dari keenam media uji isolat menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata. Produksi konsentrasi amonia tertinggi sebesar 15,19 ppm dihasilkan oleh isolat K5A dan tertinggi kedua sebesar 14,10 ppm oleh isolat K7. Untuk uji produktivitas juga dilakukan dengan melihat adanya kenaikan konsentrasi sel bakteri. Berdasarkan analisis variansi, masing-masing isolat berpengaruh nyata terhadap kenaikan konsentrasi sel bakteri. Kenaikan konsentrasi sel bakteri tertinggi sebesar 250,45×106 CFU/ml terjadi pada isolat bakteri K5A sedangkan isolat K7 menunjukkan kenaikan konsentrasi sel tertinggi kedua sebesar 233,31×106 CFU/ml.Kata kunci: bakteri ureolitik, produktivitas, sedimen mangrove, Muara Sungai Citarum

Living Environmental Laboratory for Lighting: Reduction of Light Pollution at Hungarian Settlements

The International Dark Sky Association has a flight of rules for public lighting in dark sky parks. In Hungary, many settlements still illuminate with compact fluorescent lights and sodium lamps, that do not fulfill these rules. In our research project, financed by a grant of the European Union, we established a system of Living Environmental Laboratory for Lighting at two settlements in dark sky parks in Hungary. As the first step, the public lighting system was reconstructed, so that it satisfied the rules of IDA. We designed new LED luminaires with optimal illumination and optical properties to provide the necessary luminous intensity and reduce light pollution at the same time. The new system has a two-step illumination profile: (i) Early night, after sunset, when the traffic is still high, warm white LEDs are applied to ensure sufficient lighting coming to the roads and pavements with a wide beam of light. (ii) Late night, when the traffic is low, the illumination switches to amber LEDs that have a narrower light beam to minimize light pollution and provide sufficient visibility. This approach can be an optimal illumination construction to reduce the light pollution of public lighting at night.

Penurunan Parameter Pencemar Limbah Cair Industri Tekstil Secara Koagulasi Flokulasi (Studi Kasus: IPAL Kampung Batik Laweyan, Surakarta, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia)

The batik home industry of Kampung Laweyan, Surakarta City did not make efforts to prevent environmental pollution from the wastewater produced. Waste water is discharged into the Jenes river, so that the river becomes polluted and contributes to the pollution of the Bengawan Solo River Basin. The study was conducted at the Environmental Laboratory, Environmental Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, Surakarta Christian University by conducting the coagulation process of flocculation with the jart test. This study uses variations and dosages of the type of FeSO4 and PAC coagulants with levels of 5% each for 100 ml / sec waste discharge. The results of the research are that before the waste is processed by the coagulation process, the value of BOD = 660.28 mg / l and COD = 1600. After the coagulation process, the efficiency of each type of coagulant is with FeSO4, BOD = 85.63% and COD = 82.67 %. With PAC coagulant, BOD = 90.21%, COD = 88.97%. This shows that the ability of PAC to reduce pollutant parameters is greater than ferrous sulfate.

Content Test of Escherichia and Salmonella sp. Bacteria on Fish Sago in Dehigila Village, Morotai Island Regency

Fish is one of the foodstuffs that has a protein content that is needed by humans. Nowadays fish have been processed into many products that have longer durability, humans have used fish as a mixture in diversified products. Diversification of fishery products so that fish can be used in other forms such as instant noodles, biscuits, and traditional products such as making sago plates mixed with fish meat. The purpose of this study was to determine the content of E. coli and Salmonella sp. on sago products produced. This research was conducted in September-October 2019. Sampling of fish sago was carried out in Dehegila Village, Morotai Island Regency. Sample analysis was performed at the Khairun University Ternate Environmental Laboratory. The data obtained were then presented in a descriptive analytic and literature study. From the results of the study obtained by sago plate added skipjack tuna meat as well as the use of flavorings Based on the analysis of all sago samples there was bacterial growth with an average number <0.30. While for Salmonella sp. on sago Ao and A1 negative / 25 g.

Seasonal to interannual variability of observed temperatures in the equatorial Pacific

&lt;p&gt;On large (global and hemispheric) scales, sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are considered to be good surrogates for marine air temperature (MAT) anomalies. Here we investigate how MAT and SST anomalies from instrumental measurements compare regarding a few crucial aspects of their variability including seasonality and multiannual trends. We make use of MAT and SST data acquired by moored buoys constituting the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) array. Buoys are managed by the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), which is part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) agency of the United States of America. We&amp;#160; aim at answering the following questions: How do the monthly average anomalies of SST and MAT compare? Do observed MAT and SST data contain significantly different multiannual trends?&lt;/p&gt;