Genome Size: A Novel Predictor of Nut Weight and Nut Size of Walnut Trees

Plant genetic diversity is the fundamental of plant-breeding programs to improve desirable characteristics. Hence, evaluation of genetic diversity is the first step in fruit-breeding programs. Accordingly, the current study was carried out to evaluate 25 superior walnut genotypes in respect of phenotypic and cytological characteristics. For this purpose, 560 walnut genotypes in southwest of Iran were evaluated based on UPOV and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) descriptor. After a 2-year primary evaluation, 25 superior genotypes were selected for future phenotypic and genome size assessment. Flow cytometry was used to estimate genome size of the selected superior genotypes. A high genetic diversity was found in walnut population collected from the southwest of Iran. The selected superior genotypes had high yield, lateral bearing, thin-shell thickness (0.90–1.64 mm), high nut (12.54–19.80 g) and kernel (7.02–9.91 g) weight with light (L) to extra light (EL) kernel color which easily can be removed from the shell. Also, FaBaCh2 genotype turned out to be protogynous being important as a pollinizer cultivar. In addition to extensive phenotypic analysis, genome size was determined. The studied genotypes were diploid (2n = 2x = 32) and varied in genome size from 1.29 (FaBaAv2) to 1.40 pg (FaBaNs12). Correlation analysis showed that lateral bearing, budbreak date, nut size, and weight were the main variables contributing to walnut production. A linear relationship was found between genome size and nut weight (r = 0.527**), kernel weight (r = 0.551**), and nut size index (NSI) (r = 0.487**). Therefore, genome size can be considered as a strong and valuable tool to predict nut and kernel weight and nut size.

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Statistical analysis of genetic diversity using faba bean landraces database

Agricultural Science and Technology ◽

10.15547/ast.2020.03.033 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 211-215

Author(s):

N. Velcheva ◽

S. Petrova

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Cluster Analysis ◽

Faba Bean ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Sustainable Use ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Ex Situ ◽

Breeding Value ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

Breeding Programs

Abstract. Evaluation of genetic diversity among landraces could be an invaluable aid related to the sustainable use of ex situ collections. Statistical methods are currently available for analysis of databases from investigation of stored germplasm. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a self-pollinating with high percentage of foreign pollination legume crop with a great importance for food and forage due to its high protein content as well as the important role in soil fertility and nitrogen fixation. The local populations are well adapted to specific agro-climatic conditions in the growing areas and are a rich initial material for the breeding programs. The purpose of this study is to establish the genetic diversity of 21 Bulgarian faba bean landraces by important traits in order to review the current potential of conserved germplasm for its sustainable use. All genotypes, included in the study, are collected from expeditions in the country, recorded in the National Register for Plant Genetic Resources and long term stored at the National Genebank. They are characterized according to the International Faba Bean Descriptors. The cluster analysis results show a high genetic diversity in the collection and the variability of each studied trait is presented. The factor analysis, which complements the cluster analysis, gives a reason to group the genotypes with their features into groups that have a breeding value. Genetic diversity in the studied collection has been identified and some of the landraces could be included in future breeding programs.

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Identification of the Optimum Environments for the High Yield and Quality Traits of Lentil Genotypes Evaluated in Multi-Location Trials

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13158247 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 8247

Author(s):

Dimitrios N. Vlachostergios ◽

Christos Noulas ◽

Anastasia Kargiotidou ◽

Dimitrios Baxevanos ◽

Evangelia Tigka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

High Yield ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Yield And Quality ◽

Food And Feed ◽

Superior Genotypes ◽

Selection Of ◽

The Ideal

Lentil is a versatile and profitable pulse crop with high nutritional food and feed values. The objectives of the study were to determine suitable locations for high yield and quality in terms of production and/or breeding, and to identify promising genotypes. For this reason, five lentil genotypes were evaluated in a multi-location network consisting of ten diverse sites for two consecutive growing seasons, for seed yield (SY), other agronomic traits, crude protein (CP), cooking time (CT) and crude protein yield (CPY). A significant diversification and specialization of the locations was identified with regards to SY, CP, CT and CPY. Different locations showed optimal values for each trait. Locations E4 and E3, followed by E10, were “ideal” for SY; locations E1, E3 and E7 were ideal for high CP; and the “ideal” locations for CT were E3 and E5, followed by E2. Therefore, the scope of the cultivation determined the optimum locations for lentil cultivation. The GGE-biplot analysis revealed different discriminating abilities and representativeness among the locations for the identification of the most productive and stable genotypes. Location E3 (Orestiada, Region of Thrace) was recognized as being optimal for lentil breeding, as it was the “ideal” or close to “ideal” for the selection of superior genotypes for SY, CP, CT and CPY. Adaptable genotypes (cv. Dimitra, Samos) showed a high SY along with excellent values for CP, CT and CPY, and are suggested either for cultivation in many regions or to be exploited in breeding programs.

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Genetic Advance of Durum Wheat Under High Yielding Conditions: The Case of Chile

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9080454 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 454 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alejandro del Pozo ◽

Iván Matus ◽

Kurt Ruf ◽

Dalma Castillo ◽

Ana María Méndez-Espinoza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Durum Wheat ◽

Grain Quality ◽

Kernel Weight ◽

Yield Potential ◽

High Yield ◽

Genetic Advance ◽

Genetic Progress ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Days To Heading ◽

High Yield Potential

In Chile, durum wheat is cultivated in high-yielding Mediterranean environments, therefore breeding programs have selected cultivars with high yield potential in addition to grain quality. The genetic progress in grain yield (GY) between 1964 and 2010 was 72.8 kg ha−1 per year. GY showed a positive and significant correlation with days to heading, kernels per unit ground area and thousand kernel weight. The gluten and protein content tended to decrease with the year of cultivar release. The correlation between the δ13C of kernels and GY was negative and significant (−0.62, p < 0.05, for all cultivars; and −0.97, p < 0.001, excluding the two oldest cultivars). The yield progress (genetic plus agronomic improvements) of a set of 40–46 advanced lines evaluated between 2006 and 2015 was 569 kg ha−1 per year. Unlike other Mediterranean agro-environments, a longer growing cycle together with taller plants seems to be related to the increase in the GY of Chilean durum wheat during recent decades.

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Molecular Assessment of Genetic Diversity among Egyptian Landraces of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Using Microsatellite Markers

Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ◽

10.9734/ajbgmb/2020/v3i430094 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 46-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ahmed Medhat Mohamed Al-Naggar ◽

Mohamed Abd El-Maboud Abd El-Shafi ◽

Mohamed Helmy El-Shal ◽

Ali Hassan Anany

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Triticum Aestivum ◽

Microsatellite Markers ◽

Ssr Markers ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

Genetic Progress ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

High Polymorphism Information Content ◽

Wheat Landraces

To increase the genetic progress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield, breeders search for germplasm of high genetic diversity, one of them is the landraces. The present study aimed at evaluating genetic diversity of 20 Egyptian wheat landraces and two cultivars using microsatellite markers (SSRs). Ten SSR markers amplified a total of 27 alleles in the set of 22 wheat accessions, of which 23 alleles (85.2%) were polymorphic. The majority of the markers showed high polymorphism information content (PIC) values (0.67-0.94), indicating the diverse nature of the wheat accessions and/or highly informative SSR markers used in this study. The genotyping data of the SSR markers were used to assess genetic variation in the wheat accessions by dendrogram. The highest genetic distance was found between G21 (Sakha 64; an Egyptian cultivar) and the landrace accession No. 9120 (G11). These two genotypes could be used as parents in a hybridization program followed by selection in the segregating generations, to identify some transgressive segregates of higher grain yield than both parents. The clustering assigned the wheat genotypes into four groups based on SSR markers. The results showed that the studied SSR markers, provided sufficient polymorphism and reproducible fingerprinting profiles for evaluating genetic diversity of wheat landraces. The analyzed wheat landraces showed a good level of genetic diversity at the molecular level. Molecular variation evaluated in this study of wheat landraces can be useful in traditional and molecular breeding programs.

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Heritability of Productivity Elements of Chickpeas and its Importance for Practical Breeding

KnE Life Sciences ◽

10.18502/kls.v0i0.8962 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Svetlana Kuzmina ◽

Nina Kazydub ◽

Vladimir Panchenko

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Quantitative Traits ◽

Genetic Factors ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Practical Interest ◽

Forest Steppe ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

Federal Research ◽

Growing Conditions ◽

Selection Of

This study examined the genetics of the variability in quantitative traits and showed the possibility of selecting hybrids with a new, more favorable combination of traits, which is of practical interest for breeding. The main goal of our research was to determine the coefficients of heritability by the mass of seeds and the number of beans per plant in hybrid combinations of chickpeas, which allowed establishing the potential of parental varieties in the transfer of valuable genes responsible for plant productivity to offspring and expanding the spectrum of plant genetic diversity. The experiments were conducted in the fields of the educational and experimental farm of the Omsk State Agrarian University in the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk region in 2016-2018. The research included 6 chickpea samples with a complex of valuable traits from the Federal Research Center of the All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources named after N.I. Vavilov (VIR, St. Petersburg) and 8 hybrid combinations obtained on their basis. It was found that the mass of seeds per plant was characterized by low heritability (H2 = 22.8%) and the number of beans per plant was high (H2 = 54.0%). The variability of the mass of seeds per plant was largely paratypical and was influenced by environmental conditions; the variability in the number of beans per plant was due to genetic factors and indicated a high genetic diversity in the studied splitting chickpea populations. Selection based on the number of beans per plant was highly effective even in early generations of the hybrids. Selection by the mass of seeds from the plant was ineffective; it should be carried out in later hybrid generations under favorable growing conditions. The selection of valuable genotypes was most successful in hybrid chickpea populations by seed weight per plant: C-35 x ILC-2394, C-80 x ILC-2394, C-27 x ILC-2394, and by the number of beans per plant: C-27 x ILC-2394, C-27 x ILC-2402 Keywords: chickpeas, heritability, selection, genetics, productivity

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Whole Genome Diversity, Population Structure, and Linkage Disequilibrium Analysis of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes Using Genome-Wide DArTseq-Based SNP Markers

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes10090676 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 676 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Farahani ◽

Maleki ◽

Mehrabi ◽

Kanouni ◽

Scheben ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Population Structure ◽

Linkage Disequilibrium ◽

Large Scale ◽

Principal Component ◽

Snp Markers ◽

Genome Diversity ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Population Structure Analysis

Characterization of genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium is a prerequisite for proper management of breeding programs and conservation of genetic resources. In this study, 186 chickpea genotypes, including advanced “Kabuli” breeding lines and Iranian landrace “Desi” chickpea genotypes, were genotyped using DArTseq-Based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Out of 3339 SNPs, 1152 markers with known chromosomal position were selected for genome diversity analysis. The number of mapped SNP markers varied from 52 (LG8) to 378 (LG4), with an average of 144 SNPs per linkage group. The chromosome size that was covered by SNPs varied from 16,236.36 kbp (LG8) to 67,923.99 kbp (LG5), while LG4 showed a higher number of SNPs, with an average of 6.56 SNPs per Mbp. Polymorphism information content (PIC) value of SNP markers ranged from 0.05 to 0.50, with an average of 0.32, while the markers on LG4, LG6, and LG8 showed higher mean PIC value than average. Unweighted neighbor joining cluster analysis and Bayesian-based model population structure grouped chickpea genotypes into four distinct clusters. Principal component analysis (PCoA) and discriminant analysis of principal component (DAPC) results were consistent with that of the cluster and population structure analysis. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was extensive and LD decay in chickpea germplasm was relatively low. A few markers showed r2 ≥ 0.8, while 2961 pairs of markers showed complete LD (r2 = 1), and a huge LD block was observed on LG4. High genetic diversity and low kinship value between pairs of genotypes suggest the presence of a high genetic diversity among the studied chickpea genotypes. This study also demonstrates the efficiency of DArTseq-based SNP genotyping for large-scale genome analysis in chickpea. The genotypic markers provided in this study are useful for various association mapping studies when combined with phenotypic data of different traits, such as seed yield, abiotic, and biotic stresses, and therefore can be efficiently used in breeding programs to improve chickpea.

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Exploring the Genetic Diversity of Some Squash (Cucurbita Maxima L.) Germplasm Using Morphological and Molecular Markers in Erzincan

10.21203/rs.3.rs-848708/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

HALIL IBRAHIM OZTURK ◽

Veysel Dönderalp ◽

Hüseyin Bulut ◽

Recep Korkut ◽

Arash HOSSEINPOUR ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Genetic Resources ◽

Ssr Markers ◽

Molecular Level ◽

Polymorphic Information Content ◽

Plant Genetic Resources ◽

Molecular Characteristics ◽

Cucurbita Maxima ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

The Mean

Abstract Background Plant genetic resources constitute the most valuable assets of countries. It is of great importance to determine the genetic variation among these resources and to use the data in breeding studies. Cucurbita maxima species in the cucurbitaceae family have high genetic diversity, but its genetic diversity at the molecular level is inadequately characterized. Methods and Results To determine the genetic diversity among genotypes of Cucurbita maxima species of squash, which is widely grown in Erzincan, 14 different squash genotypes collected were examined based on the morphological parameters and molecular characteristics. SSR (Simple sequence repeat) markers were used to determine genetic diversity at the molecular level. The analysis of morphological characterization within genotypes showed a wide variability in morphological traits of plant, flower, fruit, and leaf. Seven SSR markers yielded a total of 23 polymorphic bands, the number of alleles per marker ranged from 2 to 5, and the mean number of alleles was 3.286. Polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.00 (GMT-M61) to 0.202 (GMT-P25), and the mean PIC value per marker was 0.130. Cluster analysis using Nei's genetic distance determined that 14 genotypes were divided into 3 major groups. Conclusions The SSR markers used were effective in distinguish among similar winter squash or pumpkin and therefore can be beneficial for consideration of Cucurbita maxima species diversity, screening of genetic resources and their selection.

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Molecular diversity analysis of genotypes from four Aegilops species based on retrotransposon–microsatellite amplified polymorphism (REMAP) markers

Cereal Research Communications ◽

10.1007/s42976-020-00086-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Justyna Leśniowska-Nowak ◽

Sylwia Okoń ◽

Aleksandra Wieremczuk

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Molecular Diversity ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Diversity Analysis ◽

Aegilops Species ◽

Powerful Method ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Genetic Diversity Analysis ◽

Valuable Source

Abstract Genetic diversity analysis is an important tool in crop improvement. Species with high genetic diversity are a valuable source of variation used in breeding programs. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of four species belonging to the genus Aegilops, which are often used to expand the genetic variability of wheat and triticale. Forty-five genotypes belonging to the genus Aegilops were investigated. Within- and among-species genetic diversity was calculated based on REMAP (retrotransposon–microsatellite amplified polymorphism) molecular markers. Obtained results showed that REMAP markers are a powerful method for genetic diversity analysis, which produces a high number of polymorphic bands (96.09% of total bands were polymorphic). Among tested genotypes, Ae. crassa and Ae. vavilovii showed the highest genetic diversity and should be chosen as a valuable source of genetic variation.

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Breeding potential and genetic diversity of "Híbrido do Timor" coffee evaluated by molecular markers

Cropp Breeding and Applied Biotechnology ◽

10.1590/s1984-70332010000400003 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 298-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Tesfahun Alemu Setotaw ◽

Eveline Teixeira Caixeta ◽

Guilherme Ferreira Pena ◽

Eunize Maciel Zambolim ◽

Antonio Alves Pereira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Cluster Analysis ◽

Molecular Markers ◽

Genetic Structure ◽

Gene Diversity ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Information Index ◽

Upgma Cluster Analysis ◽

Potential Use

AFLP, RAPD and SSR molecular markers were used to study the genetic diversity and genetic structure of the Híbrido de Timor germplasm. The principal coordinate analysis, UPGMA cluster analysis based on genetic dissimilarity of Jaccard, Bayesian model-based cluster analysis, percentage of polymorphic loci, Shannon's information index and Nei gene diversity were employed to assess the genetic diversity. The analyses demonstrated a high genetic diversity among Híbrido de Timor accessions. UPGMA and Bayesian cluster analyses grouped the accessions into three clusters. The genetic structure of Híbrido de Timor is reported. The management of Híbrido de Timor germplasm variability and its potential use in breeding programs are discussed.

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Genetic diversity of mocó cotton (Gossypium hirsutum race marie-galante) from the northeast of Brazil: implications for conservation

Botany ◽

10.1139/b10-045 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 88 (8) ◽

pp. 765-773 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ivandilson Pessoa Pinto de Menezes ◽

Paulo Augusto Vianna Barroso ◽

Lúcia Vieira Hoffmann ◽

Valeska Silva Lucena ◽

Marc Giband

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Gossypium Hirsutum ◽

Geographic Origin ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Ex Situ ◽

High Genetic Diversity ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Extinction Process ◽

Total Genetic Diversity ◽

High Level

Mocó cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L. race marie-galante (Watt) Hutch.) is a potential source of valuable alleles for breeding programs, mainly because of its great adaptability to semi-arid conditions. With the aim of quantifying mocó cotton genetic variability, 187 plants collected in the northeast of Brazil were evaluated using 12 microsatellite markers. A total of 62 alleles were amplified, ranging from three to eight polymorphic alleles per locus. Total genetic diversity was high (0.52), and when measured on a per state basis, was of 0.37 on average. The population showed a low level of heterozygozity (HO = 0.16), reflecting a high level of endogamy (FIS = 0.67). Phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining method revealed that plants sampled in different states tended to cluster according to their geographic origin, except for those collected in the states of Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte, which grouped together. Plants from the state of Piauí formed two groups, one with an apparent allelic contribution from G. barbadense, while the second group of plants was closer to those from the states of Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte. Despite the high genetic diversity that was observed in the remaining populations, urgent conservation efforts should be undertaken, owing to the high level of endogamy and accelerated extinction process that characterizes these populations. Such efforts should focus on the collection and ex situ maintenance of representative genetic diversity.

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