Nitrogen Rate, Irrigation Frequency, and Container Type Affect Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Encore Azalea ‘Chiffon’

One-year-old liners of Encore® azalea ‘Chiffon’ (Rhododendron sp.) were transplanted in Apr. 2013 into two types of one-gallon containers: black plastic container and paper biodegradable container. Azalea plants were fertilized with 250 mL of nitrogen (N) free fertilizer solution twice weekly plus N rate of 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mm from ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). All plants were irrigated with the same total volume of water through one or two irrigations daily. Plant growth and N uptake in response to N fertilization, irrigation frequency, and container type were investigated. The feasibility of biodegradable paper containers was evaluated in 1-year production of Encore® azalea ‘Chiffon’. Paper biocontainers resulted in increased plant growth index (PGI), dry weights (leaf, stem, root, and total plant dry weight), leaf area, and root growth (root length and surface area) compared with plastic containers using N rates from 10 to 20 mm. Biocontainer-grown plant had more than twice of root length and surface area as plastic container–grown plant. Leaf SPAD reading increased with increasing N rate from 0 to 20 mm. One irrigation per day resulted in greater PGI, root dry weight, root length, root surface area, and root N content than two irrigations per day. Higher tissue N concentration was found in plants grown in plastic containers compared with those grown in biocontainers when fertilized with 15 or 20 mm N. However, N content was greater for plants grown in biocontainers, resulting from greater plant dry weight. The combinations of plastic container and one irrigation per day and that of 20 mm N and one irrigation per day resulted in best flower production, 21.9 and 32.2 flowers per plant, respectively. Biocontainers resulted in superior vegetative growth of azalea plant compared with plastic containers with sufficient N supply of 10, 15, and 20 mm.

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Seasonal Growth and Nitrogen Uptake of Encore Azalea ‘Chiffon’ Affected by Nitrogen Availability and Containers

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci13837-18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (5) ◽

pp. 948-954

Author(s):

Tongyin Li ◽

Guihong Bi ◽

Richard L. Harkess

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Nitrogen Availability ◽

N Uptake ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Recycled Paper ◽

Active Growth ◽

N Content ◽

Plastic Containers ◽

Spad Readings ◽

Container Type

Plant growth and nitrogen (N) uptake of Encore® azalea ‘Chiffon’ (Rhododendron sp.) grown in a traditional plastic container or a biodegradable container made from recycled paper were investigated over the 2013 growing season. Three hundred twenty 1-year-old azalea liners, grown in two types of containers, were fertilized twice weekly with 250 mL N-free liquid fertilizer with no N or 15 mm N from ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Biweekly from 10 May to 3 Dec., five plants from each N rate and container type were selected randomly to measure plant height, widths, and leaf chlorophyll content in terms of soil–plant analysis development (SPAD) readings, and were then harvested destructively for nutrient analyses. Leaf SPAD readings and tissue N concentration were influenced mostly by N rate rather than container type, with 15 mm N producing greater values than the no-N treatment. Leaf SPAD readings increased from May to August and decreased from September to December. Using 15 mm N, plastic containers generally resulted in similar or increased plant growth [plant growth index (PGI) and dry weight] and N uptake from May to August as in biocontainers, with greater SPAD readings, leaf and root dry weights, stem and root N concentrations, and leaf and root N content than biocontainers at some harvests. However, biocontainers resulted in greater PGI, dry weights, and N content (in leaves, stems, roots, and total plant) than plastic containers later in the season, from September to December. These differences appeared in September after plants grown in plastic containers ceased active growth in dry weight and N uptake by the end of August. Plants grown in biocontainers had extended active growth from 13 Sept. to 9 Nov., resulting in greater tissue N content and greater N uptake efficiency. The biocontainers used in this study produced azalea plants of greater size, dry weight, and improved N uptake by increasing growth rate and extending the plants’ active growth period into late fall. The beneficial effects likely resulted from greater evaporative cooling through container sidewalls and the lighter color of the biocontainers, and therefore led to lower substrate temperatures and improved drainage.

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Nitrogen Fertilization and Irrigation Frequency Affect Hydrangea Growth and Nutrient Uptake in Two Container Types

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci13513-18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 167-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tongyin Li ◽

Guihong Bi ◽

Richard L. Harkess ◽

Geoffrey C. Denny ◽

Carolyn Scagel

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Water Use ◽

Photosynthetic Rate ◽

N Uptake ◽

Irrigation Frequency ◽

Plastic Container ◽

Entire Plant ◽

Plastic Containers

Plant growth, water use, photosynthetic performance, and nitrogen (N) uptake of ‘Merritt’s Supreme’ hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) were investigated. Plants were fertilized with one of five N rates (0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mm from NH4NO3), irrigated once or twice per day with the same total daily amount of water, and grown in either a paper biodegradable container or a traditional plastic container. Greater N rate generally increased plant growth index (PGI) in both plastic and biocontainers. Leaf and total plant dry weight (DW) increased with increasing N rate from 0 to 20 mm and stem and root DW were greatest when fertilized with 15 mm and 20 mm N. Plants fertilized with 20 mm N had the greatest leaf area and chlorophyll content in terms of SPAD reading. Container type had no influence on DW accumulation or leaf area. N concentrations (%) in leaves, roots, and the entire plant increased with increasing N rate. N concentrations in roots and in the entire plant were lower in biocontainers compared with plastic containers. Greater N rate generally increased daily water use (DWU), and biocontainers had greater DWU than plastic containers. The 20 mm N rate resulted in the highest net photosynthetic rate measured on 11 Sept. and 22 Sept. (65 and 76 days after treatment). Net photosynthetic rate (measured on 8 Oct.) and stomatal conductance (gS) (measured on 27 Aug., 22 Sept., and 8 Oct.) were lower in biocontainers compared with plastic containers. Two irrigations per day resulted in higher substrate moisture at 5-cm depth than one irrigation per day, and slightly increased PGI on 19 Aug. However, irrigation frequency did not affect photosynthetic rate, gS, or N uptake of hydrangea plants except in stems. Considering the increased water use of hydrangea plants when grown in the paper biocontainer and lower plant photosynthesis and N uptake, the tested paper biocontainer may not serve as a satisfactory sustainable alternative to traditional plastic containers.

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Perbanyakan dan Aplikasi PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobactheria) di Laboratorium Pengamatan Hama dan Penyakit Banyumas

Proceedings Series on Physical & Formal Sciences ◽

10.30595/pspfs.v2i.190 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 234-239

Author(s):

Nada Kholifah ◽

Ardiana Kartika B ◽

Teguh Pribadi

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Plant Height ◽

Root Length ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Test Plant ◽

Plant Growth Promoting ◽

Wet Weight ◽

Number Of Leaves ◽

Growth Promoting ◽

Test Plants

PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) is a substance that helps plant growth with the help of rhizosphere microorganisms. PGPR propagation can be done with liquid media. This PGPR propagation needs to be done because this substance has many benefits for agricultural cultivation. The application of PGPR to the test plant, namely the pakcoy plant, proved that there was an effect of giving PGPR to the plant. Observations on the test plants were carried out by observing several observation variables such as plant height, root length, number of leaves, wet weight and dry weight. The results of these observations showed that the effect on the test plants was seen in the variables of root length, wet weight, and dry weight. Meanwhile, the variable plant height and number of leaves did not show a visible difference.

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Comparison of Root System Morphology of Cucurbit Rootstocks for Use in Watermelon Grafting

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech04098-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (5) ◽

pp. 629-636 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Matthew B. Bertucci ◽

David H. Suchoff ◽

Katherine M. Jennings ◽

David W. Monks ◽

Christopher C. Gunter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root System ◽

Surface Area ◽

Root Length ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root Systems ◽

Root Surface ◽

Root Diameter ◽

Root Surface Area ◽

Diameter Class ◽

Main Effect

Grafting of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is an established production practice that provides resistance to soilborne diseases or tolerance to abiotic stresses. Watermelon may be grafted on several cucurbit species (interspecific grafting); however, little research exists to describe root systems of these diverse rootstocks. A greenhouse study was conducted to compare root system morphology of nine commercially available cucurbit rootstocks, representing four species: pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), squash (Cucurbita pepo), bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), and an interspecific hybrid squash (C. maxima × C. moschata). Rootstocks were grafted with a triploid watermelon scion (‘Exclamation’), and root systems were compared with nongrafted (NG) and self-grafted (SG) ‘Exclamation’. Plants were harvested destructively at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after transplant (WAT), and data were collected on scion dry weight, total root length (TRL), average root diameter, root surface area, root:shoot dry-weight ratio, root diameter class proportions, and specific root length. For all response variables, the main effect of rootstock and rootstock species was significant (P < 0.05). The main effect of harvest was significant (P < 0.05) for all response variables, with the exception of TRL proportion in diameter class 2. ‘Ferro’ rootstock produced the largest TRL and root surface area, with observed values 122% and 120% greater than the smallest root system (‘Exclamation’ SG), respectively. Among rootstock species, pumpkin produced the largest TRL and root surface area, with observed values 100% and 82% greater than those of watermelon, respectively. These results demonstrate that substantial differences exist during the initial 3 WAT in root system morphology of rootstocks and rootstock species available for watermelon grafting and that morphologic differences of root systems can be characterized using image analysis.

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Nitrogen Fertilization, Container Type, and Irrigation Frequency Affect Mineral Nutrient Uptake of Hydrangea

Water ◽

10.3390/w12071987 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 1987

Author(s):

Tongyin Li ◽

Guihong Bi ◽

Xiaojie Zhao ◽

Richard L. Harkess ◽

Carolyn Scagel

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Uptake ◽

Dilution Effect ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Fertilization Rate ◽

Mineral Nutrient ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Irrigation Frequency ◽

Recycled Paper ◽

Plastic Container ◽

Container Type

Mineral nutrient uptake of Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Merritt’s Supreme’ affected by nitrogen (N) fertilization rate, container type, and irrigation frequency was investigated. Rooted liners of hydrangea plants were fertilized twice weekly with a N-free fertilizer plus five N rates including 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mM N from ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), irrigated once or twice daily with the same total irrigation volume, and grown in two types of one-gallon containers: a black plastic container and a biodegradable container (biocontainer), made from recycled paper. Concentrations of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) averaged in the entire plant, and iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in roots had increasing trends with increasing N rate. By comparison, increasing N rate had a dilution effect on root phosphorus (P), stem and root potassium (K), stem Ca and Mg, and leaf boron (B) concentrations. In general, nutrient content of each tested element increased with increasing N rate in each structure, or total in the plant. When there was a significant container type effect, plastic containers consistently had increased nutrient concentrations and content compared to biocontainers. One irrigation per day was beneficial in increasing nutrient concentrations of P, Ca, and zinc (Zn) in different plant structures.

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Composted Turkey Litter: II. Effect on Plant Growth

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-11.3.137 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 137-141 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Helen H. Tyler ◽

Stuart L. Warren ◽

Ted E. Bilderback ◽

Katharine B. Perry

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Optimal Growth ◽

Dolomitic Limestone ◽

Irrigation Frequency ◽

Nutrient Response ◽

Foliar N ◽

Root Dry Weight ◽

Foliar Nutrient ◽

Leaf Dry Weight

Abstract Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid. ‘Skogholm’ and Hemerocallis sp. ‘Red Magic’ plants were potted into a pine bark substrate amended with 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16% (by vol) composted turkey litter and were grown under 1-, 2-, or 3-day irrigation frequencies. Root dry weight of ‘Red Magic’ daylily plants decreased with increasing compost rate while leaf dry weight was not affected by compost addition. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of daylily plants were enhanced when compost was added to the substrate but were decreased by the water stress associated with the reduced irrigation frequencies. Leaf, stem, and root dry weights of ‘Skogholm’ cotoneaster plants decreased with decreasing irrigation frequency. Even though compost increased container capacity and available water, there was not sufficient water in the container to maintain optimal growth under reduced irrigation frequencies. ‘Skogholm’ cotoneaster leaf and stem dry weights increased with increasing compost rate while root dry weight decreased with increasing compost rate. Decreasing irrigation frequency increased foliar N, P, K, Cu, and Zn concentrations but decreased foliar P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B contents. Increasing compost rate increased foliar N, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, and B concentrations and foliar N, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, and B contents. Based on foliar nutrient response and plant growth, it appeared that compost adequately replaced the dolomitic limestone, micronutrients, and macronutrients added to the commercial substrate.

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EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION FREQUENCY ON PLANT GROWTH AND NUTRIENT LEVELS OF PINE BARK MEDIA

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.8.849c ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (8) ◽

pp. 849c-849

Author(s):

T.E. Bilderback

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Pine Bark ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Irrigation Frequency ◽

Foliar Tissue ◽

Physical And Chemical ◽

And Chemical Properties

Ilex × `Nellie R. Stevens' holly, Rhododendron sp. `Hinodegeri' azalea and Pyracantha coccinea, scarlet firethorn rooted cuttings were potted in • 3.81 containers. Irrigation was applied by Dram rings daily, or every 2,4,or 6 days. Approximately 1000 ml of water were applied at each irrigation. Three container media, including pine bark, and pine bark amended with either Terra-Sorb AG synthetic moisture extender incorporated at 1.2 kg/m3 or Aqua-Gro G wetting agent incorporated at 0.9 kg/m3 plus monthly drenches of 700 ml of 2500 ppm Aqua-Gro L were compared for physical and chemical properties and plant growth responses. Decreasing irrigation decreased pH, increased nutrient leachate levels, and increased foliar tissue levels of N,P,K,Ca,and Fe in holly and azalea. Pyracantha top and root dry weight was reduced at 4 and 6 day irrigation intervals, holly top growth was reduced by 6 day and azalea had greatest shoot growth at 2 day irrigation and was reduced by other irrigation frequencies. Top growth of all 3 species and root growth of pyracantha was reduced in the pine bark treatment.

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EFFECTS OF MYCORRHIZAE, MEDIA AND CONTAINER TYPE ON THE GROWTH OF GREEN PEPPER AND LETTUCE TRANSPLANTS

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.26.6.709b ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 709B-709 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ray A. Watson ◽

Katrine A. Stewart ◽

Valentin Furlan

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

The Other ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Green Pepper ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Container Type

The effects of two mycorrhizal species (Glomus versiforme and Glomus intraradix) and a control on the growth of green pepper, Capsicum annuum, and lettuce, Lactuca sativa, seedlings have been evaluated using four types of growing media (Peatwool, Fafard bulk mix. Cornell mix and a compost based mix) and two types of containers, Cell Packs (125 cc volume) and Pro-Trays (65 cc volume) for green pepper and Cell Packs (125 cc volume) and Plug Flats (33 cc volume) for lettuce. The experiments were split plot randomized Complete block design with 6 blocks (lettuce) and 4 blocks (pepper). Seeds were sown directly into the containers of mycorrhizal inoculated media. All treatments received the same fertilizer regime. Cell volume had no significant effects on green pepper fresh weight, dry weight, stem diameter, leaf area or leaf number but the lettuce Cell Pack plants had significantly higher fresh and dry weights, more leaves and higher leaf area. The Fafard Bulk and the Compost mix gave significantly higher fresh and dry weights than did the other two media for both green pepper and lettuce. Mycorrhizal species did not influence plant growth with the exception of leaf area in green peppers and shoot dry weight in lettuce.

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The growth of three varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum) under different light intensities related to indigenous hormones role

Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity ◽

10.13057/biodiv/d210502 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Issukindarsyah Issukindarsyah ◽

Endang Sulistyaningsih ◽

Didik Indradewa ◽

Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Light Intensity ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Surface Area ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Root Surface ◽

Black Pepper ◽

Piper Nigrum ◽

Root Surface Area

Abstract. Issukindarsyah, Sulistyaningsih E, Indradewa D, Putra ETS. 2020. The growth of three varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum) under different light intensities related to indigenous hormones role. Biodiversitas 21: 1778-1785. Low light intensity causes the alteration of plant biochemical and morphological as the mechanism of adaptation. The experiment used split-plot design with three replications. The main plots were three light intensity levels, i.e. 100%, 75%, and 50% radiation; while subplots were three varieties namely Nyelungkup, Petaling 1 and Petaling 2. This research was conducted to figure out the effect of shadings on hormones and the growth of three varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). The results showed that in initial vegetative growth, varieties of Nyelungkup and Petaling 1 had higher growth of both ortotroph and plagiotroph branches, leaf number, leaf area, length of root, root surface area, plant dry weight, nett assimilation rate, and plant growth rate than the variety of Petaling 2. The light intensity of 50% and 75% increased the auxin and gibberellin contents of the leaf but they did not affect the zeatin. The maximum gibberellin and auxin contents of leaf were recorded at 75% light intensity. The 50% and 75% light intensity raised the length, diameter, and internode of ortotroph branch; number, length, and internode of plagiotroph branch; leaf number; leaf area; leaf area ratio; length of root; root surface area; plant growth rate and plant dry weight related to indigenous hormones role.

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Improving of true shallot seeds germination by the application of plant growth regulators and osmoconditioning treatment

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/951/1/012065 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 951 (1) ◽

pp. 012065

Author(s):

K A Tanjung ◽

L A M Siregar ◽

R I M Damanik

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Plant Growth Regulators ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Root Length ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Block Design ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Peg 6000 ◽

The Difference

Abstract This study aims to determine the effect of the application of plant growth regulators and osmoconditioning treatment to improve the germination of true shallot seeds. This research was conducted in Asam Kumbang, Medan Selayang, Medan, Indonesia. The research method was a Randomize Block Design with 2 factors, the first factor is Plant Growth Regulators (Z) with 6 levels, namely Z0 (Without PGRs Application), Z1 (Gibberellin 500 ppm), Z2 (Putrescine 15 ppm), Z3 (Putrescine 20 ppm), Z4 (Putrescine 15 ppm + Gibberellin 500 ppm), Z5 (Putrescine 20 ppm + Gibberellin 500 ppm). The second factor was the osmoconditioning treatment with Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 6000 (O) with 4 levels, namely O0 (Without Osmoconditioning Treatment), O1 (PEG 6000 3%), O2 (PEG 6000 4%), O3 (PEG 6000 5%). Parameters observed were germination rate, germination rate index, percentage of germination, germination ability, simultaneous growth of seeds, seedling length, root length, seedling dry weight, and catalase activity test. The results of this study were: application of plant growth regulators could improve true shallot seed germination, indicated by the observed values of all parameters which were significantly different from those of the control (without PGRs application). The plant growth regulator that produced the best increase in germination was Gibberellins 500 ppm, although the difference in effect with other PGRs was not significantly different. Meanwhile, the osmoconditioning treatment with PEG 6000 was also able to improve the germination of true shallot seeds as indicated by an increase in most of the observed parameters, but in the root length parameter it was seen that the tendency of PEG 6000 3% always gave the highest value but gave the lowest value for this parameter. The best concentration of PEG 6000 in the osmoconditioning treatment to improve true shallot seed germination was 3%.

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