The construction of monumental temples and sanctuaries during the sixth century BC changed the appearance of cult sites and settlements in Archaic Tyrrhenian Italy. The relationship between monumental cult buildings and their settings, however, is not well understood. As will be discussed below, scholars have argued that the placement and orientation of Archaic temples was influenced by the terrain, pre-existing cult sites, ritual geography, and the requirements of those within settlements. It has also been unclear whether religious monumentalization followed recognizable topographical patterns, particular to each region, culture, or religion, or alternatively varied according to local needs and customs. Thus, although the archaeology of landscapes and settlements has become an increasingly common element of Latial and Etruscan studies, the religious dimension of these landscapes and cityscapes may benefit from further analysis. This chapter accordingly examines the topography of early monumental temples in Latium and Etruria both in terms of their position in the landscape and in relation to features such as votive deposits, roads, and other buildings. The first part of the chapter presents an overview of the organization and characteristics of settlements in central Italy in the seventh and sixth centuries BC to establish the context for the introduction of the first monumental temples. The second and third parts test hypotheses about the location of Archaic cult buildings against the archaeological evidence. It will be suggested that what at first appears to be great diversity may actually represent a variety of responses to the same concern, namely a desire to be accessible to visitors, travellers, and an increasingly mobile population. The fourth and final part uses these findings to argue that it may be timely to review traditional typologies for cult sites that are based upon topographical relationships with urban centres. The incorporation of landscape archaeology into Etruscan and Latial studies over the last five decades has generated new data and models for reconstructing regional settlement hierarchies, population densities, and relationships with the physical environment. It is now possible to recognize broad, if complex, patterns in the location and organization of settlements as well as changes to those patterns over time.
The Role of Faults in Groundwater Circulation before and after Seismic Events: Insights from Tracers, Water Isotopes and Geochemistry
