scholarly journals Estimating maturity by measuring pH, sugar, dry matter, water and vitamin C content of cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale) from remote spectral reflectance data using neural network

2021 ◽  
pp. 1029-1034
Author(s):  
Eliane K. Assoi ◽  
Olivier K. Bagui ◽  
Benoit K. Kouakou ◽  
Adolphe Y. Gbogbo ◽  
Doudjo Soro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bootstrap Method ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Cashew Apple

In agricultural sector, maturity is the main decision criterion for starting the harvest. This criterion is usually revealed by a number of parameters such as pH, sugar, dry matter, water and vitamin C, which are informative but technically tedious to measure. The cashew apple is the hypertrophied peduncle which is attached to the cashew nut. It is a nutritious (very juicy fruit (85 to 90% water), sweet (7 to 13% carbohydrates), acidic and vitamin C content) fruit with high therapeutic and medicinal properties. The cashew apple is used as a raw material for many industrial applications (juice and alcohol). This research was conducted as a preliminary step towards the development of a real-time remote sensing technique for assessing the quality of tropical fruits. Spectral acquisitions were carried out from intact cashew apple using optical system composed reflector coupled with spectrometer USB 4000 FL from Ocean Optics (350-1100 nm). Immediately after spectral acquisition, the samples were analyzed by using chemical methods (sugar content, dry matter content, water content, vitamin C and pH). Preprocessing treatment method, bootstrap method was required to create statistical new samples and to increase the number of samples required. This method was used to improve the predictive performance of calibration model. Statistical models of prediction were developed using an artificial neural network (ANN) method. The results obtained from the models built by ANN showed strong relationships between predicted and experimental values: (Rsquare = 0.9870, RMSE= 0.0262) for pH, (Rsquare=0.9869, RMSE=0.1392) for Sugar, (Rsquare=0.9726, RMSE=0.3333) for water content, (Rsquare=0.9703, RMSE=0.3464) for vitamin C and (Rsquare=0.9922, RMSE= 5.0304, RMSE=5.0304) for dry matter. These results confirm the potential of visible spectroscopy to predict quality parameters of cashew apples remotely and make decisions about best harvest time

scholarly journals Biochemical characterization of fruits of Lycium spp. in Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
M. Zhurba ◽  
O. Vergun ◽  
S. Klymenko ◽  
I. Szot
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
Yellow Colour ◽  
Β Carotene

Fruits of Lycium possess therapeutic properties due to which they are used in traditional and folk medicine and can be used as a kind of functional food. The objective of this study was to evaluate the biochemical characterization of Lycium L. (L. barbarum L., L. chinense Mill. and L. truncatum Y. C. Wang) fruits for 16 cultivars and varieties from the collections in the M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of NAS of Ukraine (Kyiv). This study was aimed at determining the concentration of nutrients in the Lycium fruits. Individual genotypes of three Lycium species: L. barbarum, L.chinense, and L. truncatum, differed in such features as the content of dry matter, sugars, vitamin C, β-carotene, acidity, and tannins in the fruit. Fruits of Lycium spp. are a valuable source of nutrients such as vitamin C (4.38–121.0 mg 100g–1 FW), β-carotene content (1.45–5.52%), and tannin (0.12–1.34%). The sugar content (13.83–20.87%) and acidity of the fruit (0.23–4.62%) meet the consumers' requirements for fresh fruit. The cultivar Amber Sweet (L. chinense) had fruits of which the similarities between biochemical characteristics of different studies genotypes were the lowest. The cv. Amber Sweet was characterized by fruit with high sugar content, very high vitamin C content, average acid content, low tannins and β-carotene content, and the lowest dry matter content. Furthermore, a distinctive feature of the other tested genotypes was the yellow colour of the fruit. The data obtained can be used for further selective work.

Influence of the quality of raw materials on the composition and theconditions for the fermentation of apple juice

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-95
Author(s):  
Мадина Борисовна Хоконова ◽  
Ирина Шамильевна Дзахмишева ◽  
Алим Борисович Хоконов
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Apple Juice ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Materials Used

Плодовый спирт получают путем спиртового брожения плодово-ягодного сока, мезги свежих плодов или выжимки после отжатия сока. Переработка нестандартной части плодово-ягодного сырья, а также вторичная переработка отходов с целью получения плодового спирта - выгодное направление, повышающее эффективность работы винодельческих предприятий и увеличивающее ассортимент выпускаемых продуктов. На основе качественного плодового спирта получают слабоалкогольные напитки типа сидра. Работа посвящена изучению способов улучшения технологических качеств плодового сырья, используемого для получения спирта, а также качественных виноматериалов для производства сидра на ООО «Чегемский Винпищепром». Установлено, что сырье характеризуется низкой величиной глюкоацидометрического показателя. Для яблок он составляет 5,8-8,8. Количество сухих веществ варьирует у сортов в пределах 9,5-11,0 %. Максимум отмечен у сорта Ренет Симиренко. Меньшее содержание сахаров отмечено у сорта Айдаред, максимальное - у сорта Джонатан. Титруемая кислотность у данных сортов варьирует от 5,5-6,0. Определена разница между яблочным соком и спиртом-сырцом по химическому составу. Крепость спирта-сырца составляет 59,3-60,3 %об. Яблочный спирт получали путем дистилляции периодическим способом. Определено, что температура охлаждения сусла не зависит от скорости сбраживания. Наиболее пригодные для производства сидра сорта яблок Айдаред, Джонатан с содержанием сухих веществ 9,5-10,0 % и скоростью сбраживания 1,5 г/л.ч. Fruit alcohol is obtained by alcoholic fermentation of fruit and berry juice, pulp of fresh fruits or pomace after squeezing the juice. Processing of non-standard parts of fruit and berry raw materials, as well as recycling waste, in order to obtain fruit alcohol, is a profitable direction that increases the efficiency of wineries and increases the range of products. Low-alcohol drinks such as cider are produced on the basis of high-quality fruit alcohol. The work is devoted to the study of ways to improve the technological qualities of fruit raw materials used to obtain alcohol, aswell as high-quality wine materials for the production of ciderat OOO Chegemsky Vinpischeprom. It was found that the raw material is characterized by a low glucoacidometric indicator. For apples, it is 5,8-8,8.The amount of dry matter varies in varieties within 9,5-11,0%.The maximum was observed in the Renet Simirenko variety. The lower sugar content was noted in the Idared variety, the maximum in the Jonathan variety. The titratable acidity of these varieties varies from 5,5-6,0.The chemical composition difference between apple juice and raw alcohol was determined. The strength of the raw alcohol is 59,3-60,3% vol. Apple alcohol was obtained by distillation in a batch wise manner. It has been determined that the cooling temperature of the wort does not depend mainly on the rate of fermentation. The most suitableapple varieties for the production of cider are Idared, Jonathan with a dry matter content of 9,5-10,0% and a fermentation rate of 1,5 g/l.H.

scholarly journals The role of meteorological variables of blossoming and ripening within the tendency of qualitative indexes of sour cherry

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Lakatos ◽  
T. Szabó ◽  
Z. Sun ◽  
M. Soltész ◽  
Z. Szabó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Night And Day

We analyzed the relationship to sour cherry quality parameters of average temperature, maximum temperature, minimumtemperature, night and day-time temperature, precipitation and climatic water balance variables. Three cultivars of sour cherry were includedin the selection: “Debreceni bôtermô”, “Kántorjánosi”, and “Újfehértói fürtös”.We conducted regression analyzes on the three varieties, butpresent only those that proved to be the best fit.We couldn’t find any significant differences in the weather tolerance of the varieties. The database of sour cherry quality parameters covers the 1998 to 2008 intervals. The researched parameters were the following: dry matter content(%), sugar content (%), C-vitamin (mg), total acid content (%). Maximum temperature, the difference of night and day-time temperature andminimum temperature all have a significant correlation with the investigated quality parameters of sour cherry. Minimum temperature showsa quadratic relationship with sugar content, while night and day-time temperature differences show the same with dry matter content. Theother weather parameters had a linear correlation with the quality parameters of sour cherry. The research results show that an increasingamount of precipitation causes decreasing tendency in total acid content of sour cherry, so that increasing temperature has a positive influenceon total acid content. Big differences in night and day-time temperature also has positive effects on the dry matter and sugar content of sourcherry while the amount of precipitation has a negative effect. High minimum temperatures cause decreasing sugar content respiratory energylosses are significant if dawn temperatures do not drop considerably.A more favourable climatic water balance has a positive effect on vitaminC content in cases of a large negative water balance, vitamin C content is generally low.

scholarly journals BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM AMARANTH BIOMASS

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
Vladimír Sitkey ◽  
Ján Gaduš ◽  
Ľubomír Kliský ◽  
Alexander Dudák
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Amaranthus Spp

Abstract Energy variety of amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) was grown in large-scale trials in order to verify the capability of its cultivation and use as a renewable energy source in a biogas plant. The possibility of biogas production using anaerobic co-fermentation of manure and amaranth silage was verified in the experimental horizontal fermentor of 5 m3 volume, working at mesophilic conditions of 38-40 °C. The goal of the work was also to identify the optimum conditions for growth, harvesting and preservation of amaranth biomass, to optimize biogas production process, and to test the residual slurry from digestion process as a high quality organic fertilizer. The average yield of green amaranth biomass was 51.66 t.ha-1 with dry matter content of 37%. Based on the reached results it can be concluded that amaranth silage, solely or together with another organic materials of agricultural origin, is a suitable raw material for biogas production.

scholarly journals Effect of Pre-hydrolysis on Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation of Native Rye Starch

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 923-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewelina Strąk-Graczyk ◽  
Maria Balcerek
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification And Fermentation ◽  
Ethanol Yield ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification

Abstract The rising population and increasing demand for food place added pressure on the agricultural sector to maintain high process efficiency while implementing environmentally friendly methods. In this study, we investigate the effect of pre-hydrolysis of native rye starch and its influence on the yield of ethanol obtained by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) from high gravity rye mashes with 25% and 28% w w−1 dry matter content. Fermentation was carried out in a 3-day system at a temperature of 35 ± 1 °C using the dry distillery yeast Ethanol Red (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The characteristics of the tested raw material and changes in the native rye starch during enzymatic hydrolysis were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM images revealed characteristic changes on the surface of the starch, which was found to have a layered structure, as well as interesting behavior by the yeast during SSF when the glucose concentration in the environment was lowered. Both in the mashes with 25% and 28% w w−1 dry matter, starch pre-hydrolysis did not significantly increase either the initial amounts of sugars available to the yeast or the fermentation efficiency and ethanol yield in comparison to the mashes without this pre-treatment.

scholarly journals Iodine Biofortification of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Grown in Field

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1916
Author(s):  
Iwona Ledwożyw-Smoleń ◽  
Sylwester Smoleń ◽  
Stanisław Rożek ◽  
Włodzimierz Sady ◽  
Piotr Strzetelski
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Daily Diet

Despite wide prevention programmes, iodine deficiency remains a substantial problem in various populations around the world. Consumption of crop plants with increased iodine content may help supply additional amounts of that element in a daily diet. The aim of the work was to evaluate the efficiency of iodine biofortification of potato tubers. Soil application of KI and foliar application of KIO3 in doses up to 2.0 kg I ha−1 were tested in a three-year field experiment. Biomass, yield as well as dry matter, iodine, starch, and soluble sugar content in potato tubers were analyzed. No negative effect of tested methods of iodine application on potato yield or dry matter content was observed. Both soil and foliar application of iodine allowed to obtain potato tubers with increased content of that element with no decrease of starch or sugar content. The highest efficiency of iodine biofortification was noted for foliar spraying with KIO3 in a dose of 2.0 kg I ha−1. The obtained level of iodine in 100 g of potatoes could be sufficient to cover up to 25% of Recommended Daily Allowance for that element. The findings of the study indicate that potatoes biofortified with iodine can become an additional source of I in a daily diet.

scholarly journals The effect of sunburn damage on the fruit quality parameters of apple (Malus domestica cv. Idared)

2005 ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Lejla Budai ◽  
József Racskó ◽  
Zoltán Szabó ◽  
Miklós Soltész ◽  
Ervin Farkas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Epidermal Tissue

In the present study the authors investigated the effect of sunburn injury on fruit quality parameters (cover colour, depth of tissue damage, fruit flesh firmness, dry matter content) of apple.The symptoms of sunburn injury appeared as concentric rings, differing in colour from each other and the cover colour. This can be connected with the ratio of the injury. The authors observed the following colours on the fruit surface (from the epicentre of spots on the surface of the fruit) dark brown (strongly damaged), light brown (moderately damaged), pale red transition (weakly damaged), red surface cover colour (not damaged).Sunburn of apple fruits is a surface injury caused by solar radiation, heat and low relative humidity. In the initial phase, a light corky layer, golden or bronze discolouration and injuries of the epidermal tissue appear on the surface exposed to radiation. Thus, it detracts from the fruit’s appearance, but in most of the cases it would not cause serious damages in the epidermal tissue. The depth of tissue damage is not considerable, its values are between 1.5-2.0 mm in general. It is commonly known, that tissue structure of the apple fruit is not homogeneous. Accordingly, the degree of injury shows some differences under the different parts of the fruit surface.On the basis of the flesh firmness studies, it can be stated that the flesh firmness of the damaged parts increases due to the sunburn effect. This is due to the fact that the damaged plant cells die, the water content of the tissue decreases and it hardens. However, due to this reduction in the water content the dry matter content will increase.

scholarly journals EFFICIENCY OF USE OF HORN- UNGULATED MEAL AND A ZEOLIC-CONTAINING FOSSIL MEAL FOR UNDERGROUND CROPS IN LIGHT-GRAY FOREST SOILS

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Леонид Шашкаров ◽  
Leonid Shashkarov ◽  
Иван Елисеев ◽  
Ivan Eliseev ◽  
Людмила Елисеева ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Fodder Beet ◽  
Gray Forest Soils ◽  
Root Crops

Investigations on light gray forest soils of the Chuvash Republic were carried out to study the effectiveness of the use of horn-ungulated meal or keratin as a nitrogenous organic fertilizer and zeolite-containing trefoil as a sorbent-type soil improver. The use of horn-ungulted meal as a nitrogen fertilizer of organic origin helps to enhance the biological activity of the soil. Observations during the vegetation period revealed a more intense coloration of the leaf surface, as well as an increase in the area of the assimilative surface of fodder beet and potatoes. The results of the determination of quality indicators has revealed the possibility of obtaining environmentally friendly products, as there has been a decrease in the content of nitrates in root crops fodder beet and potato tubers, increased dry matter content and sugar content in root crops fodder beet and in the tubers of potato dry matter and starch.The conducted studies have revealed the possibility of replacing the mineral form of nitrogen fertilizer with a nitrogen fertilizer of organic origin - horn-ungulated meal (keratin), which is a waste of the livestock industry. The joint application of zeolite-containing fossil meal together with horn-ungulated meal and phosphoric-potassium mineral fertilizers positively affected the increase in the use of nutrients from them not only in the row crops in the year of application, but also in the subsequent barley culture, increasing its yield and economic efficiency.

scholarly journals A Mobile NMR Sensor and Relaxometric Method to Non-destructively Monitor Water and Dry Matter Content in Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carel W. Windt ◽  
Moritz Nabel ◽  
Johannes Kochs ◽  
Siegfried Jahnke ◽  
Ulrich Schurr
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Intact Plants

Water content (WC) and dry matter content (DMC) are some of the most basic parameters to describe plant growth and yield, but are exceptionally difficult to measure non-invasively. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxometry may fill this methodological gap. It allows non-invasive detection of protons in liquids and solids, and on the basis of these measures, can be used to quantify liquid and dry matter contents of seeds and plants. Unfortunately, most existing NMR relaxometers are large, unwieldy and not suitable to measure intact plants or to be used under field conditions. In addition, currently the appropriate NMR relaxometric methods are poorly suited for non-expert use. We here present a novel approach to overcome these drawbacks. We demonstrate that a basic NMR relaxometer with the capability to accept intact plants, in combination with straightforward NMR and data processing methods, can be used as an NMR plant sensor to continuously, quantitatively and non-invasively monitor changes in WC and DMC. This can be done in vivo, in situ, and with high temporal resolution. The method is validated by showing that measured liquid and solid proton densities accurately reflect WC and DMC of reference samples. The NMR plant sensor is demonstrated in an experimental context by monitoring WC of rice leaves under osmotic stress, and by measuring the dynamics of water and dry matter accumulation during seed filling in a developing wheat ear. It is further demonstrated how the method can be used to estimate leaf water potential on the basis of changes in leaf water content.

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