scholarly journals Nesfatin-1: Pleiotropic hormone

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (01) ◽  
pp. 6329-2020
Author(s):  
GRZEGORZ TYMICKI ◽  
IWONA PUZIO ◽  
MARTA PAWŁOWSKA-OLSZEWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Role ◽  
Pleiotropic Effect ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Anorexigenic Peptide ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Relationship

Nesfatin-1 was first identified in 2006 as an anorexigenic peptide involved in appetite regulation. It is expressed both in the central nervous system and in the peripheral tissues. The anatomical location of neurons expressing nesfatin-1 and its co-occurrence with other neurotransmitters in the CNS indicate that its physiological role involves not only the regulation of food intake, but also neuroendocrine regulation and autonomic control of internal organs and behavioral responses. It affects the functions of the digestive tract and the cardiovascular system and plays an important role in the regulation of water intake, sleep, and reproductive functions. It plays an important role in the mechanism of metabolic control of the body, regulation of energy balance and body temperature, and development of obesity. Nevertheless, both the main source of nesfatin-1 in the circulation and the exact mechanisms of its functioning are not fully understood. Considering the pleiotropic effect of nesfatin-1, the relationship between the degree of body fatness and the risk of various diseases and the increase in the expression of nesfatin-1 in adipocytes with the development of obesity, it can be assumed that in the near future it will be taken into account as an important factor in the development, and perhaps treatment, of various diseases.

Neural Stem Cells to Glial Cells an Important Factor for Brain Injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithiv K R Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Near Future

Stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into any type of cell or organ. Stems cell originate from any part of the body, including the brain. Brain cells or rather neural stem cells have the capacitive advantage of differentiating into the central nervous system leading to the formation of neurons and glial cells. Neural stem cells should have a source by editing DNA, or by mixings chemical enzymes of iPSCs. By this method, a limitless number of neuron stem cells can be obtained. Increase in supply of NSCs help in repairing glial cells which in-turn heal the central nervous system. Generally, brain injuries cause motor and sensory deficits leading to stroke. With all trials from novel therapeutic methods to enhanced rehabilitation time, the economy and quality of life is suppressed. Only PSCs have proven effective for grafting cells into NSCs. Neurons derived from stem cells is the only challenge that limits in-vitro usage in the near future.

scholarly journals Dissecting the Microbial Community Structure of Internal Organs During the Early Postmortem Period in a Murine Corpse Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruina Liu ◽  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Huan Li ◽  
Qinru Sun ◽  
Xin Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
The Body ◽  
Time Since Death ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Organ Specific ◽  
Forensic Microbiology ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Early Postmortem

Abstract Background Microorganisms inhabit and proliferate throughout the body both externally and internally, which are the primary mediators of putrefaction after death. However, limited information is available about the changes in the postmortem microbiota of extraintestinal body sites in the early decomposition stage of mammalian corpses. Results This study applied 16S rRNA barcoding to investigate microbial composition variations among different organs and the relationship between microbial communities and time since death over 1 day of decomposition. During 1 day of decomposition, Agrobacterium, Prevotella, Bacillus, and Turicibacter were regarded as time-relevant genera in internal organs at different timepoints. Pathways associated with lipid, amino acid, carbohydrate and terpenoid and polyketide metabolism were significantly enriched at 8 hours than that at 0.5 or 4 hours. The microbiome compositions and postmortem metabolic pathways differed by time since death, and more importantly, these alterations were organ specific. Conclusion The dominant microbes differed by organ, while they tended toward similarity as decomposition progressed. The observed thanatomicrobiome variation by body site provides new knowledge into decomposition ecology and forensic microbiology. Additionally, the microbes detected at 0.5 hours in internal organs may inform a new direction for organ transplantation.

scholarly journals n-3 PUFA and obesity: from peripheral tissues to the central nervous system

2018 ◽  
Vol 119 (11) ◽  
pp. 1312-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Haas de Mello ◽  
Marcela Fornari Uberti ◽  
Bianca Xavier de Farias ◽  
Nathalia Alberti Ribas de Souza ◽  
Gislaine Tezza Rezin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cardiac Arrhythmias ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

AbstractThe current paradigms of prevention and treatment are unable to curb obesity rates, which indicates the need to explore alternative therapeutic approaches. Obesity leads to several damages to the body and is an important risk factor for a number of other chronic diseases. Furthermore, despite the first alterations in obesity being observed and reported in peripheral tissues, studies indicate that obesity can also cause brain damage. Obesity leads to a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, and the therapeutic manipulation of inflammation can be explored. In this context, the use of n-3 PUFA (especially in the form of fish oil, rich in EPA and DHA) may be an interesting strategy, as this substance is known by its anti-inflammatory effect and numerous benefits to the body, such as reduction of TAG, cardiac arrhythmias, blood pressure and platelet aggregation, and has shown potential to help treat obesity. Thereby, the aim of this narrative review was to summarise the literature related to n-3 PUFA use in obesity treatment. First, the review provides a brief description of the obesity pathophysiology, including alterations that occur in peripheral tissues and at the central nervous system. In the sequence, we describe what are n-3 PUFA, their sources and their general effects. Finally, we explore the main topic linking obesity and n-3 PUFA. Animal and human studies were included and alterations on the whole organism were described (peripheral tissues and brain).

scholarly journals Unusual form of relationship between parasitic nematodes of the genus Philonema (Philonemidae) and salmonids

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
V. V. Pospekhov ◽  
V. P. Nikishin
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Dolly Varden ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Peculiar Form ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of the research is studying the relationship between nematodes of the genus Philonema (Philonemidae) and salmonids at the organismic level and justification for their interpretation as a peculiar form of encapsulation.Materials and methods. We studied the sockeye salmon, as well as the freshwater white-spotted char and Dolly Varden trout from lakes Kisi and Chistoye (basin of the Ola River, Taui Bay, Sea of Okhotsk). 7 males for breeding sockeye salmon, 39 freshwater white-spotted chars and 16 Dolly Varden trouts were dissected for infection by Philonema. We used well-known generally accepted techniques in the parasitological studies. The nematodes were preserved in 70 % ethanol and clarified in glycerol.Results and discussion. Phylonema causes pathological processes of various intensity in the body cavity of salmonids. As a rule, this is the adhesion of fish’s internal organs and the formation of a thick layer of connective tissue that surrounds the host's organs from outside and forms a kind of a "cocoon". Our studies combined with literature data allow us to consider the formation of a "cocoon" as a peculiar form of encapsulation and an adaptation that minimizes mutual negative impact of the parasite and the host on each other. Further research should determine how widespread this form of encapsulation is in nature, and it is also necessary to study the mechanism of the "cocoon" formation.

scholarly journals New Insights Into Peptide Cannabinoids: Structure, Biosynthesis and Signaling

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustín Riquelme-Sandoval ◽  
Caio O. de Sá-Ferreira ◽  
Leo M. Miyakoshi ◽  
Cecilia Hedin-Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
New Family ◽  
Peptide Family ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Classically, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of endogenous lipids, of which the best known are anandamide (AEA) and 2 arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), their enzyme machinery for synthesis and degradation and their specific receptors, cannabinoid receptor one (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor two (CB2). However, endocannabinoids also bind to other groups of receptors. Furthermore, another group of lipids are considered to be endocannabinoids, such as the fatty acid ethanolamides, the fatty acid primary amides and the monoacylglycerol related molecules. Recently, it has been shown that the hemopressin peptide family, derived from α and β chains of hemoglobins, is a new family of cannabinoids. Some studies indicate that hemopressin peptides are expressed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues and act as ligands of these receptors, thus suggesting that they play a physiological role. In this review, we examine new evidence on lipid endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors and the modulation of their signaling pathways. We focus our discussion on the current knowledge of the pharmacological effects, the biosynthesis of the peptide cannabinoids and the new insights on the activation and modulation of cannabinoid receptors by these peptides. The novel peptide compounds derived from hemoglobin chains and their non-classical activation of cannabinoid receptors are only starting to be uncovered. It will be exciting to follow the ensuing discoveries, not only in reference to what is already known of the classical lipid endocannabinoids revealing more complex aspects of endocannabinoid system, but also as to its possibilities as a future therapeutic tool.

Pharmacological Induction of Plasticization in the Abdominal Cuticle of Rhodnius

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 705-718
Author(s):  
STUART E. REYNOLDS
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hormone Receptor ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Diuretic Hormone ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Relationship

Injections of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) are found to cause plasticization of the abdominal cuticle of Rhodnius larvae. This plasticization is a direct action of 5-HT on some element in the body wall; the central nervous system is not required. It is probable that 5-HT acts directly at a receptor on the epidermal cells. The relationship between structure and plasticizing activity for a number of 5-HT analogues has been investigated. The receptor resembles other ‘classical’ 5-HT receptors in its requirements, but is unlike the 5-HT/diuretic hormone receptor of Rhodnius Malpighian tubules.

scholarly journals Kynurenine Pathway Metabolism is Involved in the Maintenance of the Intracellular NAD+ Concentration in Human Primary Astrocytes

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. IJTR.S4779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross Grant ◽  
Susan Nguyen ◽  
Gilles Guillemin
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tryptophan Degradation ◽  
Major Cell Type ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Efficient synthesis of NAD+ is critical to maintaining cell viability in all organs of the body. However, little is known of the pathway(s) by which cells of the central nervous system produce NAD+. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship, between tryptophan degradation via the kynurenine pathway (KP) and de novo NAD+ synthesis in human astrocytes, a major cell type within the brain. In this study we observed that inhibition of single enzymes of the KP resulted in significant decreases in NAD+ levels in astroglial cells after a 24 hr period. We also observed that astrocytes cultured in media deficient in tryptophan, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide resulted in a 50% decrease in NAD+ levels after 24 hrs. This decrease in NAD+ was partially restored by supplementation of the culture media with either tryptophan or kynurenine, or nicotinic acid or with supply of the salvage pathway precursor nicotinamide.

scholarly journals A comparative analysis of the relationship between stature and ultrasound dimensions of internal organs in adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Valerii O. Yerkudov ◽  
Andrey P. Pugovkin ◽  
Aleksej J. Volkov ◽  
Oksana I. Musaeva ◽  
Dmitriy J. Volkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Comparative Characteristic ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Average Group ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the study was a comparative characteristic of the size of internal organs according to ultrasonography data in subjects with various deviations in stature, determined using international standardized norms. Materials and methods. The stature was measured in 93 adolescents, aged 13 to 17 years. Based on the measurements, the Z-score of body length was calculated according to the WHO Growth Reference, 2007 and three groups were formed for comparing the sizes of internal organs: average, above average, below average. Ultrasonography data of the internal organs dimensions and thyroid gland was performed using a Toshiba Aplio 500 ultrasound scanner. Results. There were statistically significantly lower values of the liver span and the longitudinal size of the gallbladder in the examined subjects from the below average group compared to the rest of the subjects. The length of the spleen and the total volume of the thyroid gland were statistically significantly different in subjects from all three groups, with the highest values in volunteers from the above average group. A weak direct correlation was shown between the Z-score of body length and liver span, the length of the cauda of the pancreas, and the width of the spleen. An average direct statistical relationship was found between the Z-score of stature and the length of the spleen, as well as the total volume of the thyroid gland. Conclusion. To a greater extent, body length is associated with the size of the parenchymal organs with a pronounced connective tissue frame - the liver and spleen, as well as the thyroid gland due to the relationship of its volume with hormones that regulate growth and development. Clinical substantiation of the relationship between the structure of the body and internal organs opens up the possibility of creating anatomical standards that allow ultrasound morphometric assessment of internal organs, taking into account the individual characteristics of the patients body size.

scholarly journals Heterotaxy: fluctuat nec mergitur

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1200-1201
Author(s):  
Lucile Houyel ◽  
Anne Moreau de Bellaing ◽  
Damien Bonnet
Keyword(s):  
Situs Inversus Totalis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abdominal Organ ◽  
Heterotaxy Syndrome ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Abdominal Organs ◽  
International Pediatric ◽  
Thoracic And Abdominal ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Visceral Heterotaxy

AbstractThe International Pediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code (IPCCC) states that visceral heterotaxy is defined as “a congenital malformation in which the internal thoraco-abdominal organs demonstrate abnormal arrangement across the left-right axis of the body. By convention, in congenital cardiology, heterotaxy syndrome does not include patients with complete mirror-imaged arrangement of the internal organs along the left-right axis also known as “total mirror imagery” or “situs inversus totalis”.” [www.ipccc.net]In patients with heterotaxy, it is important to describe both the cardiac relations and the junctional connections of the cardiac segments, with documentation of the arrangement of the atrial appendages, the ventricular topology, the nature of the unions of the segments across the atrioventricular and the ventriculoarterial junctions, the infundibular morphologies, and the relationships of the arterial trunks in space. Particular attention is required for the venoatrial connections, since these are so often abnormal. The relationship and arrangement of the remaining thoraco-abdominal organs, including the lungs, the spleen, the liver, and the intestines, also must be described separately, because, although common patterns of association have been identified, there are frequent exceptions to these common patterns. Therefore, in patients with heterotaxy, it is important to describe each thoracic and abdominal organ independently.

The circadian clock and metabolism

2010 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oren Froy
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Clock Genes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Environmental Light ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Transcription Activators ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Daily Changes

Mammals have developed an endogenous circadian clock located in the SCN (suprachiasmatic nuclei) of the anterior hypothalamus that responds to the environmental light–dark cycle. Human homoeostatic systems have adapted to daily changes in a way that the body anticipates the sleep and activity periods. Similar clocks have been found in peripheral tissues, such as the liver, intestine and adipose tissue. Recently it has been found that the circadian clock regulates cellular and physiological functions in addition to the expression and/or activity of enzymes and hormones involved in metabolism. In turn, key metabolic enzymes and transcription activators interact with and affect the core clock mechanism. Animals with mutations in clock genes that disrupt cellular rhythmicity have provided evidence to the relationship between the circadian clock and metabolic homoeostasis. The present review will summarize recent findings concerning the relationship between metabolism and circadian rhythms.

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