scholarly journals ABOUT THE ROLE OF THE BIYSK FORTRESS IN THE RUSSIAN COLONIZATION PROCESS IN THE ALTAI IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XVIII CENTURY (TO THE 300TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE ERECTION OF THE SECOND BIYSK STOCKADED TOWN

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
D. S. Bobrov
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Colonization Process

The article features the role of the Biysk Fortress in the Russian colonization process in the Altai reagion. The author revealed the place of the Fortress in the administrative and political process which took place in the Kuznetsk province and generally in the South of Western Siberia in the end of the XVII – the middle of the XVIII century. The research was based on unpublished documents from the funds of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. The research involved various problems of the stockaded town, i.e. the number of soldiers in the garrison and its supply organization, the identity of its clerks and their relations with Kuznetsk commanders and staff officers of regular military groups. The article shows that some decisions and actions of the county authorities had a negative influence on the defensive capacity of the fortress. The author identified four stages in the Biysk Fortress history of the first half of the XVIII century and recognizes the  priority of the administrative and political development over the fortification building in the management discourse at the local level. The author also highlighted the combination of classical and hybrid strategies and the Biysk Fortress management practices. The given facts make it possible to take a fresh look at the mechanisms of the Russian colonization of the Altai and the southern regions of Western Siberia.

scholarly journals Police Function of Bailiffs in Forts and Free Settlements of Western Siberia in the First Half of the XVIII Century (Based on Documents Issued in Kuznetsk Province)

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-306
Author(s):  
D. S. Bobrov
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Local Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Administrative Practices ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Imperial Russia ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Military

The research featured a historical and legal analysis of functions attributed to bailiffs of forts and settlements inhabited by free peasants in the XVIII-century Western Siberia. The objective was to develop a deeper understanding of the essence of law enforcement process at a local level in the early Imperial Russia. The author relied on management documents and case records from the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts. Bailiffs appeared to have no clearly stated police functions in the related regulatory acts. The author describes their responsibilities in law enforcement, rights protection, crime documentation, surveillance, detention, interrogation, search, and escorting. The article also focuses on the three types of popular crimes in the local administrative practices. The content and peculiarities of most law enforcement procedures depended on the general tendencies in the regional and state-level administrations. By the middle of the XVIII century, bailiffs had lost most of their police powers, which were resumed by the military officers of the local regular forces.

Governor-general and ruler of the viceroyalty in the system of the administrative and territorial structure of the Russian Empire in 1775–1796

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-157
Author(s):  
Ruslan N. Shutov
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Main Type ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
Division Of Powers ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
The Russian Empire

The research is devoted to the study of the emergence and evolution of the institution of governorship. We consider the place and role, the specifics of the division of powers of the gover-nor-general and the ruler of the viceroyalty in the system of government of the Russian state in 1775–1796. Catherine II, from the beginning of her reign, made many efforts to strengthen the authority and power of the sovereign’s representative at local level – the governor. The governor-general and the governor were representatives of the central government and carried out its in-structions. In the newly created viceroyalties, the governor served as the direct ruler of the vice-royalty, and the role of the governor–general was to oversee the local administration and the com-munication between it and the central government. The inconsistency of the administrative and territorial reform led to the fact that one governor-general was appointed to several governorates, and the governor remained in each. The vertical structure of executive power built by Catherine II led to the high authority and quite successful activity of the governors. After becoming emperor, Paul I brought the reform carried out by Catherine II to its logical conclusion. During the reform of the governorate administration, the institution of the governor-general was abolished, and the governor became the main type of governor of the governorate.

scholarly journals Archaeology of Tara in the context of Siberia’s accession to the Russian state (based on 2007–2019 studies)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
S. F. Tataurov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
The City ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

The article considers the materials of the archaeological excavations of the city of Tara as a source on the history of the accession of Western Siberia to the Russian state in the end of XVI–XVIII centuries. The analysis of finds testifying to the role of the city in the military, commercial, economic and cultural aspects of this process is given.

scholarly journals The Ukrainian Crisis and Russia: Theoretical and Technological Aspects of the Problem

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-288
Author(s):  
Andrey Andreev
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Political Development ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Situation

The article deals with the intermediate results of the use of a set of Russian political strategies and technologies in the Ukrainian direction of Foreign Policy since Ukraine gained independence. The research takes into account the peculiarities of the political development of Ukraine. The research objective was to identify the prerequisites, characteristics, and consequences of the Ukrainian political crisis at the turn of 2013–2014 and the resulting political regime and order. A systematic approach and comparative analysis made it possible to formulate a general assessment of the political situation in Ukraine following the so-called "the Revolution of Dignity". On the basis of formal-logical analysis, the author substantiated the need for a comprehensive audit of the amount of Russian technologies through the application of system analysis to certain political circumstances. The author substantiated the increasing role of political technologies of pro-active character in the situation of deep crisis of previously effective political institutions, mechanisms, and norms. The resonant nature of such technologies made it possible to link the latter with the political reflection on the place and role of Ukraine in the system of Russian Foreign Policy, as well as on the peculiarities of the Ukrainian political process and the nature of its political system. The author generalized the experience of Russian influence on the mentioned Ukrainian events and defined the general conditions that can allow Russia to affect a changeable political situation in the post-Soviet countries, taking into account the inconsistency of modern political trends. The scope of the results can be used in the spheres of foreign policy, public administration, and public policy.

Political Development and Conflict Resolution in Pakistan

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4II) ◽  
pp. 715-742
Author(s):  
Mohammad Wseem
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The State ◽  
State System ◽  
Priority List ◽  
Authority Structure ◽  
The Military

Conflicts in Pakistan emanate from a configuration of factors relating to the state system, the unstable regional setting, and the global system at large. The state system in Pakistan has been characterised by problems of constitutionally underdeveloped provincial set-ups, dysfunctionality of elections for the prevalent system perceived by a privileged migrant leadership, a centralist authority structure, and a domineering role of army. During the last five decades, the state system passed through various phases of centralism, populism, and constitutional engineering by the military-bureaucratic establishment as well as Islamisation, largely at the expense of provincial autonomy and a sense of participation in the business of the state shared by all communities. Non-recognition of electoral mandate as the final source of legitimacy led to the emergence of ethnic movements in East Pakistan, the NWFP, Balochistan, and Sindh. The perceived Punjabisation of the state has created feelings of ethnic hostility among all regions other than Punjab. Social insecurities caused by rapid social change, such as urbanisation in general and in-migration in Karachi in particular, have fuelled ethnic hatred all around. Similarly, the influx of refugees from neighbouring countries, along with arms and drug trafficking, has led to new patterns of identity politics and higher levels of political violence. The state's relative non-performance at the local level has pushed many sectarian groups to exit from the parliamentary framework of politics towards a blatant use of arms. What)s needed is the creation of a third tier of government at the district and sub-district levels. At the top of the priority list should be a policy of decentralisation and continuity in the electoral process to bring the recalcitrant elements into the mainstream, de-weaponisation, and strengthening of political parties as interest-aggregating and policy-bearing institutions.

scholarly journals The legal status and the role of the Bank of Russia in providing economic sovereignity of the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
pp. 445-461
Author(s):  
Milan Rapajić ◽  
Nebojša Petković
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Literature Source ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
The Russian Federation

The Bank of Russia is the legal entity which, apart of the other organs of state authorities, acts as the organ of state governing with remarkable role in exibiting the functions of Russian state and insufficiently precisely determined status in accordance to the state authorities and law entities. In this work the investigation is directed to the relationship between the legal position of the Bank of Russia and its role in providing the economic sovereignty of the Russian Federation. The aim of the work is to explore the legal position of main bank in monetary system and its role in providing the economic sovereignty of the Russian Federation on the basis of systematization and reliable literature source norm analysis, applying the comparative-law method, as well as the method of legal exegesis and content analysis. The results of survey imply to the presence of different attitudes to the legal position of the Bank of Russia. Insufficiently determined legal position of the Bank of Russia brings to disballance of measures and activities of executive authorities and the Bank of Russia, which has a negative influence on providing the full economic sovereignty, self-developement of the country and greater social benefits, in spite of the fact that the Bank of Russia is mostly independent from the state authorities having a comfortable position in civil transit affairs.

scholarly journals The Role of the Military-Political Elite of Egypt in the Struggle for National Independence in the Post-World War II Period (1945-1952)

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-88
Author(s):  
I. E. Ibragimov
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
World War ◽  
Liberation Movement ◽  
The Military ◽  
Further Development

The article analyzes the role of the Egyptian military-political elite on the eve of the Revolution of 1952, when the military came to power, led by Gamal Abdel Nasser. The study of the history and activities of the organization «Free Officers» is hardly possible without considering the evolution of the national-patriotic and political movements in the Egyptian army. During the second quarter of the 20 th century the Egyptian society experienced fairly turbulent and eventful political process that influenced the further development of the country. At present the study of role of army in liberation movement in the Middle East is extremely urgent since military structures have become the base of the state system of many Arabic countries. The army has sufficiently influenced to the political development of the states. In connection with the recent transformations in the Middle East, that witnessed crises of political systems and statehood, the consideration of military elites, their coming to power and impact on a political system is important for the study of the general issues of the Middle East.The author considers the factors which influenced the evolutionary transformation of the Egyptian military before and after the World War II, as well as the social origins of the officer corps. Moreover, the object of the study includes the entire period of the national liberation movement of the Egyptian people, when almost all segments of Egyptian society were involved in this struggle. An important aspect of this trend is that, in the run-up to the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the officers and the military elite became a more prepared and organized than other groups and was able to quickly and almost bloodlessly take power into their own hands.The article notes that it is impossible to solve urgent social problems and overcome economic backwardness without centralized strong leadership. While forming the Egyptian statehood and the Kingdom of Egypt, there were three centers of power – Wafd party led by Saad Zaghloul, the king and his supporters, as well as Great Britain, which retained control over Egypt. Given the absence of one center of power in the country, as well as the weakness and dependence of the existing ones, opposition movements with different views on the development of Egypt were created. The society of «Muslim Brotherhood» was one of them, eventually discrediting itself during its further development. «Free Officers» were able to establish themselves as a secret society, which ideologically did not belong to any political camp. Coherence, hierarchy and army solidarity became effective advantages in their struggle for power.

scholarly journals PREPARATION FOR OPENING MOSCOW SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS AND NAVIGATION SCIENCES AND THE BEGINNING OF ITS ACTIVITY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XVIII CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
V.N. Benda
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Russian Scientist ◽  
Engineering School ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Moscow School

The article deals with one of the first military special educational institutions - the Moscow school of mathematical and navigational Sciences, which laid the Foundation of targeted training for the newly created Navy of the Russian state in the early XVIII century. Attention is drawn to the problems faced by state and military figures in the process of organizing the beginning of the school and providing it with all necessary supplies. Special attention is paid to the role of prominent statesman Alexey Kurbatov and famous Russian scientist-mathematician Leontius Filippovich Magnitsky in the formation and development of the article. The author points out that the role of the mathematics and navigation school along with the Moscow artillery and engineering school, created almost simultaneously with the first one, in the formation and development of the Russian system of military special education is very significant and important. Previously unpublished sources are introduced into scientific circulation.

scholarly journals Impact of agile management on project performance: Evidence from I.T sector of Pakistan

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249311
Author(s):  
Umer Muhammad ◽  
Tahira Nazir ◽  
Najam Muhammad ◽  
Ahsen Maqsoom ◽  
Samina Nawab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Leadership Competencies ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Project Performance ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Knowledge Gap ◽  
Organizational Goals ◽  
Organizational Challenges ◽  
Project Complexity

Over the past several years, global project management teams have been facing dynamic challenges that continue to grow exponentially with the increasing number of complexities associated with the undertaken tasks. The ever-evolving organizational challenges demand project managers to adapt novel management practices to accomplish organizational goals rather than following traditional management practices. Considering which, the current study aims to explain the effect of agile management practices upon project performance directly as well as while being mediated through project complexity. Furthermore, the aforementioned mediatory relationship is evaluated in terms of the moderating effect of leadership competencies. The current study utilized the survey approach to collect the data from registered I.T firms deployed in the potential metropolitans of each province of Pakistan including, Peshawar, Islamabad, Lahore, Sialkot, Faisalabad, Hyderabad, Sukkur, and Karachi. A total of 176 responses were utilized for statistical evaluations. As result, it was observed that the negative influence anticipated by project complexity on project performance was compensated by the agile management practices. Further, the leadership competencies played a pivotal role in managing project complexity while implementing agile management practices and therefore enhancing project performance. The current study abridges the potential knowledge gap conceptually by evaluating the direct impact of agile management upon project performance while considering all of its aspects, exploring the mediatory role of project performance and evaluating the moderating role of leadership competencies in attaining optimum project performance. In contextual terms, the current study fills the knowledge gap by gauging the implications of agile management practices within the I.T sector of Pakistan. The results of the current study can be a potential guide for both the academicians and the industry professionals.

Leadership and the Politics of Development

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Leftwich ◽  
Heather Lyne De Ver
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Theoretical Context ◽  
Political Analysis

This chapter focuses on the role of leadership in economic development. It first defines leadership as a collective political process, not simply or solely as a function of the attributes, traits, and activities of individuals in the tradition of the “great man/woman” of history. Second, the chapter locates leadership within a theoretical context about how economic and political development happens. Third, the chapter undertakes a political analysis of how actors—as agents (individual and collective)—interpret their interests and ideas, make choices, frame and strategize their activities, and encounter and interact with each other and their interests in the context of different structures of power.

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