Governor-general and ruler of the viceroyalty in the system of the administrative and territorial structure of the Russian Empire in 1775–1796

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-157
Author(s):  
Ruslan N. Shutov
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Main Type ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
Division Of Powers ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
The Russian Empire

The research is devoted to the study of the emergence and evolution of the institution of governorship. We consider the place and role, the specifics of the division of powers of the gover-nor-general and the ruler of the viceroyalty in the system of government of the Russian state in 1775–1796. Catherine II, from the beginning of her reign, made many efforts to strengthen the authority and power of the sovereign’s representative at local level – the governor. The governor-general and the governor were representatives of the central government and carried out its in-structions. In the newly created viceroyalties, the governor served as the direct ruler of the vice-royalty, and the role of the governor–general was to oversee the local administration and the com-munication between it and the central government. The inconsistency of the administrative and territorial reform led to the fact that one governor-general was appointed to several governorates, and the governor remained in each. The vertical structure of executive power built by Catherine II led to the high authority and quite successful activity of the governors. After becoming emperor, Paul I brought the reform carried out by Catherine II to its logical conclusion. During the reform of the governorate administration, the institution of the governor-general was abolished, and the governor became the main type of governor of the governorate.

scholarly journals The role of the administration of the Kazan Educational District in the school policy of tsarism in towards of muslim tatars (second half of the 19h – beginning of the 20th centuries)

2021 ◽  
pp. 769-779
Author(s):  
Chulpan Khamitovna Samatova ◽  
Ruslan Rustamovich Ibragimov ◽  
Aivaz Minnegosmanovich Fazliev
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
School District ◽  
School Policy ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
District Administration

The paper is devoted to the study of the Kazan school district administration activities during one of the key periods in the Russian state history: the period of its socio-economic and political transformation. Liberal reforms of Alexander I, conservative course of Alexander III, revolutionary events of the early 20th century: all the peripetias of these epochs are reflected in the autocracy's policy on Tatar-Muslim schooling. The authors of the paper revealed the historical circumstances concerning establishment of the Kazan educational district, demonstrate its structure and place in the hierarchy of public education system structures available in the Russian Empire, trace the evolution of its functions, goals and objectives in a close relationship with the socio-economic and political processes in the country. The multi-confessional and multi-ethnic character of the population of the educational district considered in the paper is underlined. The authors focus on the activities of the tutors of the Kazan school district, who not only implemented the policy of the autocracy regarding the school education of Tatars-Muslims, but also submitted proposals to the higher authorities to improve the above mentioned policy. The place and role of Tatar, Bashkir and Kirghiz school inspectors, directors of public schools, and other officials in the implementation of the school policy regarding Muslim peoples are thoroughly analysed. The authors' conclusions are based on extensive archival sources.

scholarly journals Improvement of the educational process in the Land Gentry Cadet Corps in the second half of the 18th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Benda
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Moral Qualities ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Military

The purpose of the research is to analyse the experience of organising the educational process and daily life of the Land Gentry Cadet Corps of the Russian Empire. The article deals with the issues related to the definition of the role of Land Gentry Cadet Corps, which it played in the training of command personnel (officers and non-commissioned officers) for the Russian army and in the development of the military school of the Russian state during this period. Scientific novelty of the work lies in the approach to the study of the educational process in the cadet corps from the point of view of accounting and use of their experience to being in connection with the revival and development of specialised aircraft, artillery and other military schools in modern Russia. Based on the studied archival and other sources, the author focuses on the role of heads of military educational institutions in instilling high moral qualities and professional knowledge in cadets. Some previously unpublished archival sources are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

scholarly journals Autonomy or integration: Historical analysis of the debate on the purpose of Icelandic local self-government

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-100
Author(s):  
Eva Marín Hlynsdóttir
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Local Autonomy ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Right

An ongoing debate on the purpose of local self-government in Iceland has been simmering mainly between those who believe that local authorities should amalgamate in order to assume more responsibilities and those who believe that local autonomy, understood as the right of citizens to govern their own jurisdictions, should not be weakened. The purpose of this study is to discuss the role of local self-government in Iceland from these two very different perspectives by situating it within the context of the Nordic model of local self-government. This study’s findings reveal that the Icelandic central government has successfully introduced functional reforms at the local level over the past 25 years, but it has not been as successful in initiating territorial reforms. The findings also show that conflict between the ideologies of the traditional autonomous model and the more modern model of integration is growing.

scholarly journals ROLE OF THE REFORMS OF THE 1550-IES AS INSTITUTIONAL ANTI-CORRUPTION MEASURES

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
R. V. Fomenko
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Local Government Level ◽  
Government Level

The article considers the prerequisites for the implementation, nature and significance of institutional measures to counter corruption at the local government level in Russia during the reforms of the 50-ies of the XVI century. The problems of evolutionary development or deliberated formation of new ways of combining public and private interests at the local level, interchangeability and complementarity of different forms of state administration, regional and local self-government are put. The article shows that in the search for ways to counteract abuse by vicegerent, the Central government gives wide powers to the bodies of local self-government. But the state will be able to completely abandon the vicegerent system only by the beginning of the XVII century. In turn, corruption costs were also evident in the activities of local authorities, which forces the state to create additional internal institutional mechanisms, and to impose anti-corruption expectations on new bureaucratic bodies voivodes, which were becoming a local continuation of the prikaz system.

scholarly journals ФОРМУВАННЯ УРБАНІСТИЧНОГО ПРОСТОРУ СЛОБОЖАНЩИНИ ХVIII ст. (НА ПРИКЛАДІ ТВОРЧОСТІ Г.С. СКОВОРОДИ)

2019 ◽  
pp. 170-185
Author(s):  
О. Ю. Марчак
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Moral Integrity ◽  
Philosophical Reflection ◽  
Educational Role ◽  
Just Society ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The City

The article considers the peculiarities of the formation of the urban culture of Slobozhanshchina during the eighteenth century in the conditions of the transformation of society, changes in the way of life guidance, and beliefs of various stratums of society. It is proved that the theme of the city occupies a special place in the creative heritage of anthropocentric philosophy of Skovoroda. The philosopher shares the notion of the city as"ghrad"(staroslav.) and "city," which distinguishes the idealized rustic that opposes the "city." The educational role of Skovoroda ideas in structuring the urban space of the Slobodsky Krai in the democratic field of European tradition is shown. The Ukrainian philosopher, along with Augustine and the Blessed Utopians of the Renaissance, described his vision of the foundations of a just society as his"ghrad"(staroslav.) . Determining the role of man in the world Frying pan carries out through the philosophical reflection of the ontological external through the internal monologue of the subject. Exit from the ontological situation of violence, war, confrontation of the philosopher through the collective image of the city sees in the moral integrity of man. The analysis of the topic is carried out in the retrospect of the temporal cut of the history of the region in a plurality of political, cultural, social and multinational factors. The policy of central government in Sloboda Ukraine during the XVIII century. from the decrees of Peter I to the transformations of Catherine II, is schematically traced in parallel with the philosophical thought of the Ukrainian thinker. The emphasis is on the peculiarities of the formation of the ethnic diversity of the region. The transformation of Ukrainian society by the example of Slobozhanshchyna under the influence of the centralization policy of the Russian Empire has no direct reflection in the philosophical work of Skovoroda. Being manifestations of society - politics, economics, state reforms - through the prism of anthropo-philosophical reflection appear in the Ukrainian philosopher the concept of a redefined "inner man" with a complete Christian morality. The preconditions of formation of the urban space of Slobozhanshchyna on the example of Kharkiv due to the features of settlement, the military-democratic Cossack system and external factors of influence are considered. A set of factors of the formation of the cultural center of the Sloboda region, which created the synergy of the creation of a pro-European city

scholarly journals Russia in Eastern Vatican Politics: Pope Leo XIII's Project

2008 ◽  
pp. 39-52
Author(s):  
Ella V. Bystrycka
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Schools ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Apostolic See ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Soviet Historiography

The relationship between the Vatican and Russia has been the subject of research by more than one generation of scientists representing various scientific schools. Of particular interest was the pontificate of Leo XIII. The new emphasis of the foreign policy of the Curia, initiated by him, provided for the establishment of friendly relations with the Russian Empire. In this regard, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences intensified the study of the history of the papacy. In the end, she published a number of interesting documents, edited by E.F. Shmurla (for the period from the creation of the centralized Russian state until the death of Peter I), A. Turgenev (2 volumes, 1841-1842), A. Popov (1845-1850). In Soviet historiography, the study of the history of Vatican-Russian relations in the nineteenth century. engaged M. Sheiman, E. Adamov. On the basis of documentary materials, a monograph of the German scientist E. Winter was constructed. The documents published by the authors have not lost their significance for the modern researcher. Their impartial analysis opens up the possibility of a new understanding of the Eastern policy of the Apostolic See, the place and role of Catholics of the Orthodox rite, in particular Ukrainian Greek Catholics in the context of these relations.

scholarly journals Gypsies of the Belarusian Provinces and Land Management Policy at the turn of the 1830s-1840s

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 94-112
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Shaidurov
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship

At the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, the tsarist government in Russia faced the Gypsy question in the context of implementation of the society homogenization policy. There were campaigns initiated to fight with Gypsy vagrancyduring the 1770s-1810s, the primary target of which was to modernize the Gypsies of the Russian Empire and turn them into a constant component of rural or urban societies. However, despite the repressive tools included, these measures did not effect the desired result. The purpose of the present paper is to study the relationship between the Belarusian Gypsies and the authorities when it came to acquisition of land and set up of arable farms in the late 1830s-early 1840s as part of implementation of the subsequent campaign to turn the Gypsies of Russia into a settled population. The basis of the research were archival materials from the fund of the Second Department of the Ministry of State Property of the Russian State Historical Archive (St. Petersburg). Studying of various historical sources revealed the features of implementation of the decree of Nicholas I (1839) in the Belarusian provinces. Despite the willingness of the local gypsy camps to adopt the sedentary life, they faced various forms of latent chauvinism at the local level: officials sabotaged orders from St. Petersburg; peasants did not want to accept Gypsies into their societies. The article is intended for specialists in the history of the Roma and the national politics in the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals Tanjung Lesung Special Economic Zone: Expectation and Reality

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Moh. Ilham A Hamudy ◽  
M. Saidi Rifki
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Resources And Capabilities ◽  
Government Involvement ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Many ◽  
Economic Zones

Many countries have developed Special Economic Zones (SEZ) to spur economic growth. In Indonesia, SEZs have been around for more than a decade. However, the existing SEZs have not yielded the expected results. Likewise with the Tanjung Lesung Tourism SEZ, which is still facing major obstacles in its development. Studies related to the dimensions of the SEZ policy have not been fully carried out, specifically those related to local government involvement. This study aimed to analyze government policy in supporting the development of SEZ, particularly in Tanjung Lesung. This study used a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. This study showed the many obstacles faced for the development of the Tanjung Kelayang SEZ, both of which stem from the weak commitment of the parties involved. Their attitude of blaming each other needs to be changed with the teamwork spirit of working together and creating synergy. Each party seems to wait for each other to make the first move. The limited resources and capabilities caused the policy implementation to come to a halt. The role of the Area Council (Dewan Kawasan) needs to be further optimized to solve problems at the local level. With better information, the central government, through the Directorate General of Territorial Administration Development, Ministry of Home Affairs, can play a more pivotal role in providing strategic considerations in driving the progress of SEZ.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMATION OF STATE GOVERNMENT IN UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-29
Author(s):  
Diana Kirika ◽  
Alla Bodnar
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
State Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
The State ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
Decentralization Reform ◽  
Democratic Transformation

The article discusses the principles of organization, functioning and interaction of the system of central executive bodies and local authorities, models of the distribution of powers and responsibilities between them. Attention is drawn to the essence of such interaction and the connection of these bodies with other facts and processes of public and state life is manifested. The search for ways to improve the legislation of Ukraine, in accordance with the standards of the Council of Europe, in the context of decentralization and local government reform, has been carried out. In particular, attention is drawn to problematic issues related to the fact that the citizens of Ukraine getting their own administrative centers with clearly defined territories can simultaneously destroy the decentralization reform, concentrating all the powers in the hands of the central government. In this regard, the issue of establishing territories of territorial communities cannot be the authority of a centralized executive power, that is, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. It should be determined by the legislative body – the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine jointly with the local self-government bodies. Further re-organization of local state administrations into prefectural bodies, which will oversee the legality of certain community decisions, also needs in-depth analysis. The spheres of activity of the state are directly transformed into the spheres of public administration. Recognizing the leading idea of the self-government`s study, the authors do not negate the concept of “public administration”. The article proves that it is the democratic transformation of public administration that will enable modern local self-government institutions to be formed. In this context, the powers of local governments and executive authorities in their interaction are analyzed in detail. The powers are delegated by the state to local self-government bodies only at the level of the administrative-territorial structure at which it is possible and appropriate to exercise them. And legal acts of local governments, adopted in violation of the Constitution and legislation of Ukraine, must be stopped until the question of their legality is resolved.

scholarly journals The role of M. M. Vinaver in political communities of the first-wave emigrants

2021 ◽  
pp. 148-157
Author(s):  
Ksenia Aleksandrovna Nesterova
Keyword(s):  
Research Result ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Political Communities ◽  
The Russian Empire

This article analyzes the activity of the politician, former deputy of the First State Duma of the Russian Empire from the Cadet Party – M. M. Vinaver (1862 – 1926) during the period of emigration. Leaning on the materials from the personal archive of Maxim Vinaver stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, memoir of his contemporaries, as well as the achievements of modern historiography on the topic, the author explores the role of M. M. Vinaver in the work of such political anti-Bolshevist liberal organizations of the first-wave emigrants as the Crimean Regional Government, Russian Society of the League of Peoples, Russian Democratic Association, as well as private-held sessions of the former members of the Constituent Assembly. The scientific novelty of this research consists in gaining historical experience of the formation and evolution of anti-Bolshevist liberal political projects and acquiring historical knowledge on the emigrated political elite of the Russian Empire during the transition historical period. The research result lies in tracing the evolution of views of the politician on the methods, strategies and form of struggle against the Bolsheviks; as well as in the analysis of his projects on reconstruction of the Russian State based on the legal principles of civil society, as well as some of his psychological characteristics. The author indicates the active participation and crucial role of Maxim Vinaver in life of the white émigré overall and its political liberal organizations in particular.

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