scholarly journals Toward a comprehensive explanatory model of reliance on alternatives to the tap: evidence from California's retail water stores

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Pierce ◽  
Larry Lai
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Premise Plumbing ◽  
Education Campaigns ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Secondary Contamination

Abstract Building on a recent increase in scholarly attention to the problem of tap water mistrust and resulting negative health impacts, we examine the relationship between neighborhood reliance on tap water alternatives and a range of explanatory factors. We model retail water store locations as a proxy for reliance on tap water alternatives in urbanized neighborhoods across California. Our study is unique in its inclusion of variables representing both compliance with primary and secondary water quality standards by publicly regulated drinking water systems serving particular neighborhoods, other water system attributes and the socioeconomic characteristics of neighborhoods. The location of retail water stores in urbanized neighborhoods does not appear strongly related to observed measures of water quality. Secondary contamination shows a weak relationship to tap alternative reliance, and primary contamination was not correlated with higher levels of tap alternative reliance. On the other hand, our research suggests that other socioeconomic factors, particularly country of birth, are associated with the prevalence of more water stores. Increasing reliance on tap water likely requires measuring and addressing secondary contamination found in distributional systems and premise plumbing, and more aggressive public education campaigns.

Perspectives on drinking water monitoring for small scale water systems

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoit Roig ◽  
Estelle Baures ◽  
Olivier Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Regulation Compliance ◽  
Alternative Solutions

Drinking water (DW) is increasingly subject to environmental and human threats that alter the quality of the resource and potentially of the distributed water. These threats can be both biological and chemical in nature, and are often cumulated. The increase of technical frame of water quality monitoring following the evolution of water quality standards guarantee the regulation compliance in general but is not sufficient for the survey of small scale water system efficiency. The existing monitoring is not well suited to insure a good quality of distributed water, especially in the event of a sudden modification of quality. This article aims to propose alternative solutions, from the examination of monitoring practices, in a bid to limit the risk of deterioration of DW quality.

Sewers and the Quality of Canals and Ditches in Amsterdam

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jacobs ◽  
J. W. van Sluis
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Water And Sediment Quality

The surface water system of Amsterdam is very complicated. Of two characteristic types of water systems the influences on water and sediment quality are investigated. The importance of the sewer output to the total loads is different for both water systems. In a polder the load from the sewers is much more important than in the canal basin. Measures to reduce the emission from the sewers are much more effective in a polder. The effect of these measures on sediment quality is more than the effect on water quality. Some differences between a combined sewer system and a separate sewer system can be found in sediment quality.

scholarly journals High-frequency monitoring reveals nutrient sources and transport processes in an agriculture-dominated lowland water system

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 8337-8380 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. van der Grift ◽  
H. P. Broers ◽  
W. L. Berendrecht ◽  
J. C. Rozemeijer ◽  
L. A. Osté ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Nutrient Sources ◽  
Pumping Station ◽  
Frequency Monitoring

Abstract. Many agriculture-dominated lowland water systems worldwide suffer from eutrophication caused by high nutrient loads. Insight in the hydrochemical functioning of embanked polder catchments is highly relevant for improving the water quality in such areas. This paper introduces new insights in nutrient sources and transport processes in a low elevated polder in the Netherlands using high-frequency monitoring technology at the outlet, where the water is pumped into a higher situated lake, combined with a low-frequency water quality monitoring program at six locations within the drainage area. Seasonal trends and short scale temporal dynamics in concentrations indicated that the NO3 concentration at the pumping station originated from N-loss from agricultural lands. The NO3 loads appear as losses with drain water discharge after intensive rainfall events during the winter months due to preferential flow through the cracked clay soil. Transfer function-noise modelling of hourly NO3 concentrations reveals that a large part of the dynamics in NO3 concentrations during the winter months can be related to rainfall. The total phosphorus (TP) concentration almost doubled during operation of the pumping station which points to resuspension of particulate P from channel bed sediments induced by changes in water flow due to pumping. Rainfall events that caused peaks in NO3 concentrations did not results in TP concentration peaks. The by rainfall induced and NO3 enriched quick interflow, may also be enriched in TP but this is then buffered in the water system due to sedimentation of particulate P. Increased TP concentrations associated with run-off events is only observed during a rainfall event at the end of a freeze–thaw cycle. All these observations suggest that the P retention potential of polder water systems is highly due to the artificial pumping regime that buffers high flows. As the TP concentration is affected by operation of the pumping station, timing of sampling relative to the operating hours of the pumping station should be accounted for when calculating P export loads, determining trends in water quality or when judging water quality status of polder water systems.

scholarly journals SCN5A p.R965C in Brugada Syndrome: Effect of Nanomolecular Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 3498-3501
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Statistical Work

This study is based on an analysis of drinking water at Koya city, Kurdistan-Iraq. Since the source of tap water comes either from Dokan Lake or from groundwater resources. Therefore, ten samples from houses tab water of Koya city and ten samples from well-known brands of bottled water were collected. Concentrations of the metals in such water samples were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence and compared with WHO water quality standards for minerals. The experimental results show that most elements detected in this study were within the guidelines given by WHO for drinking water, while four elements of Ca, Al, Mg, and Cr were identified as risky elements in developing diseases since their level exceed the WHO standard levels. Positive relationships between risky elements and some serious diseases were discussed. Statistical work shows that elements; Ca, Al, and Cr have a high risk while Mg has a low risk.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Yangon city tap water quality and the efficacy of household treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Htet Ko ◽  
Hiroshi Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Carbon Reduction ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Short Period

Abstract Yangon was one of the first cities in Asia to establish a tap water system. However, the city's water supply infrastructure now lags far behind those of other regions as a consequence of political instability over the last six decades. The installation of disinfection facilities in the tap water system and the enactment of the Myanmar National Drinking Water Quality Standard (MNDWQS) were accomplished only recently during the short period of democratic government. Due to the lack of reliable published information, the suitability of the tap water for drinking remains unclear to city residents. The quality of tap water and bottled water in the central business district was examined to assess compliance with the MNDWQS. The results showed that 95% of tap water delivered to homes was contaminated with Escherichia coli or coliform bacteria. Only 14% of bottled water was free of E. coli and coliform contamination. The efficacy of household treatment devices was tested, and ceramic purifiers (CPs) and reverse osmosis (RO) devices were found to be highly (>99%) effective for E. coli elimination. RO devices performed better in terms of dissolved organic carbon reduction at 60% compared with 43% reduction with CPs.

scholarly journals Can Material and Energy Be Saved by Differentiating Water Quality Targets in the Water Purification Process?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8730
Author(s):  
Sébastien M. R. Dente ◽  
Toshiyuki Shimizu ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Seiji Hashimoto
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Municipal Water Supply ◽  
Product Service ◽  
The Cost

The current organization of water supply systems demands drinking standards for all the households’ usage of water. Few dual water systems, i.e., systems in which the quality of the water supplied is differentiated by types of use, exist but are mainly circumscribed to developing countries. Besides, bath and showers are so far considered as a potable use of water despite only drinking and cooking activities requiring the high-quality standards of potable water. The present work demonstrates how the principles of dual water systems can be incorporated into the sustainable concept of product-service system (PSS) using a dual water system of a municipal water supply treatment plant in France as a case study. The PSS is based on the water quality, and the bathing activity of households is considered with a dedicated standard for the first time. Two systems are considered, S1 and S2, supplied with the same raw water quality and treated with drinking (S1) bathing standards (S2). The quality parameters considered are total organic carbon (TOC) and turbidity (T) and the potential savings related to costs, material, and energy consumptions are assessed using EVALEAU as a process modeling tool. The treatment lines consisted of powdered activated carbon (PAC) addition, coagulation, flocculation, settling, and rapid sand filtration. Results show that material consumption can be reduced by 41% mainly through the decrease in chemical consumption associated with the change of requirement for the TOC parameter. On the opposite, energy consumption was found dependent on the water of volume treated rather than its quality leading to only marginal savings. The cost was decreased by 37% as a result of the reduction of the chemicals consumed.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Multidrug-Resistant P. aeruginosa in Healthcare Facility Water Systems

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1500
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Cristina ◽  
Marina Sartini ◽  
Elisa Schinca ◽  
Gianluca Ottria ◽  
Beatrice Casini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Healthcare Facility ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Healthcare Facilities

According to the WHO, P. aeruginosa is one of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria that represent the biggest threat to public health. The aim of the study was to establish the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa in the water systems of various healthcare facilities over the course of nine years. A total of 4500 tap water system samples were taken from seventeen healthcare facilities. The culture method was used to detect P. aeruginosa, and the isolates were then tested for antibiotic resistance using the standardised disc diffusion method. Eleven antibiotics from five different classes were tested. P. aeruginosa was found to have contaminated 2.07% (no. 93) of the water samples. The majority of positive samples came from the dental units (30.11%) and the ward kitchens (23.66%). Considering the total isolates, 56.99% (no. 3) were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics tested. A total of 71.43% of P. aeruginosa isolated from water emerging from dental unit handpieces was antibiotic-resistant, with 45% of it resistant to ≥3 classes of antibiotics. Out of the total isolates, 19.35% showed resistance to carbapenems. It would be advisable to systematically screen tap water for opportunistic micro-organisms such as P. aeruginosa, as many countries already do, including this in the Water Safety Plan.

Antimony in the aquatic environment in north Kyushu district of Japan

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 133-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Nakamura ◽  
Takashi Tokunaga
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Sample Solution ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Kyushu District

In Japan, the water quality standards for items requiring surveillance for drinking water in 1992 and environmental water in 1993 stipulate that the concentration of antimony is 2 μg/l or less. Recently cases of water contamination by antimony have been reported throughout Japan. We have measured antimony concentrations in the aquatic environment in north Kyushu district of Japan by atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation and found them to be in the range 0.0 to 0.8 μg/l all of which were less than the water quality standards at the present time. However, wastewater containing high concentration of antimony may contaminate aquatic environment in future. Studies have since been carried out to remove antimony from polluted wastewater. We tried to use ferric chloride as coagulant and dechlorination tap water containing approximately 10 μg/l antimony as the sample solution. Of the sample solution, pH of which was 7 - 8 and included the ferric chloride, pH was controlled by adding either hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The efficiency of removal of antimony reached a maximum at pH 4.0 - 5.5. When ferric chloride concentration was more than 30 mg/l at pH 4.5, 80 - 90% antimony was removed. However, when the original antimony concentration was 250 μg/l, up to 200 mg/l ferric chloride had to be added. Therefore, from water originally polluted by antimony at concentrations of 2 - 250 μg/l, almost complete removal of antimony is expected by adding ferric chloride to become 200 mg/l and adjusting the pH to 4.5.

Applications of Microfluidic Technology

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Nagaoka ◽  
Noriyo Nishijima ◽  
Akira Koide ◽  
Hisao Inami ◽  
Ryo Miyake
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Microfluidic Technology ◽  
Bonding Technology ◽  
Efficient Processing

We have developed products that apply microfluidic technology to various fields: micro-mixing servers used in the chemical development field and in the personal products industry such as perfume and cosmetics; water quality monitoring systems for monitoring water quality items in tap water systems; bio-detection systems for monitoring bacillus content in air. This technology has the advantages of quick, easy use, and efficient processing due to quicker reactions, but it is not yet widely used. For such technology to be adopted, bonding technology that can quickly bond general resin materials and surface reforming technology for obtaining long-term stability is extremely important.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of disinfection and flushing procedures to prevent coliform persistence in aircraft water systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1339-1346
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Szabo ◽  
Mark Rodgers ◽  
Jatin Mistry ◽  
Joshua Steenbock ◽  
John Hall
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Glycolic Acid ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Drinking Water System ◽  
The One

Abstract A full-scale reproduction of an aircraft drinking water system was conditioned using municipal tap water with a mixture of free chlorine and chloramines, and subsequently contaminated with coliforms. Disinfection was undertaken using chlorine dioxide, ozone and a mixed oxidant solution followed by flushing until no disinfectant residual remained. Results showed that coliforms were not persistent on the aircraft plumbing surfaces, and coliforms were not detected after disinfection and flushing with any disinfectant. The one exception was the aerator installed in the lavatory faucet, which was coliform positive after disinfection with ozone and mixed oxidants. These data suggest that the faucet aerators could be a source of coliform contamination that may result in coliform positive samples. Further experiments conducted on disinfection of aerators with glycolic acid and quaternary ammonia (both commonly used by the airlines) showed no detectable coliforms on coliform contaminated aerators after 30 minutes of soaking in the disinfectants.

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