Empirical models of bio-sand filter to calculate the design parameters

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 723-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Ali Fulazzaky ◽  
Norshuhaila Mohamed Sunar ◽  
Ab Aziz Abd Latiff ◽  
Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Models ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Filtration Process ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Quality Of Water

The performance of bio-sand filters (BSF) should be monitored periodically to ensure the quality of water produced for the safety of consumers. An engineering design of BSF is proposed to achieve the desired efficacy of the treatment system. Accurate designs to achieve bio-sand filtration are not available in detail for most BSFs since present physical models were not originally able to calculate design's parameters. This paper develops the mathematical models to calculate the depth of sand filter and water velocity in operating the proposed BSF especially to remove organic and suspended matter simultaneously. Parameters in the equations are all physically meaningful, experimental data validation shows the equations remained accurate. The baseline design's parameters are analyzed to contribute to bio-sand filtration process technology. The filtration rates and depths of sand filter proposed in designing of the BSF system are justified.

Removal of cyanobacterial metabolites through wastewater treatment plant filters

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1244-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lionel Ho ◽  
Daniel Hoefel ◽  
Charlotte Grasset ◽  
Sebastien Palazot ◽  
Gayle Newcombe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Filter Medium ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
High Nutrient

Wastewaters have the potential to proliferate excessive numbers of cyanobacteria due to high nutrient levels. This could translate to the production of metabolites, such as the saxitoxins, geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), which can impair the quality of wastewater destined for re-use. Biological sand filtration was assessed for its ability to remove these metabolites from a wastewater. Results indicated that the sand filter was incapable of effectively removing the saxitoxins and in some instances, the effluent of the sand filter displayed greater toxicity than the influent. Conversely, the sand filter was able to effectively remove geosmin and MIB, with removal attributed to biodegradation. Granular activated carbon was employed as an alternative filter medium to remove the saxitoxins. Results showed similar removals to previous drinking water studies, where efficient removals were initially observed, followed by a decrease in the removal; a consequence of the presence of competing organics which reduced adsorption of the saxitoxins.

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS PENAMBAHAN KARBON AKTIF ARANG KAYU BAKAU DALAM PROSES FILTRASI AIR GAMBUT

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
Nila Puspita Sari ◽  
Mashuri Mashuri
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Wood Charcoal ◽  
Filtration Process ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Slow Sand Filter ◽  
Mangrove Wood

Peat water can cause diseases such as cholera, hepatitis, dysentery, skin and eye diseases, and digestive diseases. Peat water is source water that is used daily needed by society in Segomeng. Mangrove wood is a material that can be used in the process of water purification because it can be used as activated charcoal which is a carbon compound, which is produced from a material that contains carbon. The research purpose is to know whether activated carbon of mangrove wood charcoal can be a medium of peat water filtering into clean water. This research type is the experiment and the design of this research uses Complete Random Design with some treatment which is arranged randomly for all experimental units. The different treatments are given, among others, using slow sand filtration and clay soil as a coagulant, using a slow sand filter with activated charcoal added mangrove wood with a thickness of 10 cm, and with a thickness of 15 cm. The results showed filtration with the addition of activated charcoal from mangrove wood with a thickness of 15 cm in getting the best results, can increase the pH value and is expected to improve the water quality of the acidic, odor-free, reducing taste, and the rapid filtration process that is 10 minutes. The conclusion is that the addition of activated carbon from mangrove wood charcoal is quite effective in the process of peat water filtration and can improve physical quality of water. The Suggestion is,should be measured of physical, chemical and biological character of peat water before and after filtration process.and also measurement of absorption of activated carbon of charcoal of mangrove wood before used as absorbent in filtration process

Material and Posture Modeling for Sleeping on Soft Low-Density Porous Material

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Yamaguchi ◽  
Hajime Kimura ◽  
Atsushi Sakuma ◽  
Kazushige Takahashi ◽  
Shigetoshi Mimura
Keyword(s):  
Physical Model ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Physical Parameters

Sleeping is one of the most important factors that influence the quality of human life, and this state of existence should be thoroughly investigated to improve the quality of the life. The mechanical design of bedding has great influence on the comfort of a mattress. Thus, objective and conventional techniques to evaluate the mechanics of mattress comfort could help improve the quality of sleep. In this report, an analysis technique for the assessment of the sleeping posture of humans is presented to facilitate the development of mattress design technology. Herein, an analytical model which imitates the human body has been formulated to determine the design parameters of a mass-spring-joint system on a soft underlay. The physical model is composed of five components that represent the head, chest, hip, femur, and calf, with each body part being represented by a simple ball model. The spring joint connecting the five parts reflects the neck, lumbar, hip, and knee joints. The specifications of the body model are determined by actual measurements and previous studies. In order to determine the physical properties of the mattress, two types of mattress urethane foam material are tested using the ball indenter method. The parameters include Young’s modulus, plateau stress, and other physical parameters. Variation due to the type of mattress has been observed in the laying test using a pressure distribution sensor sheet. In the analysis performed using the physical model, the variation in the lying posture and the extent of body sinking are observed to be the same during experiments. Both variations are compared using the change in force distribution in each body part. In conclusion, it was found that the observed changes in distribution are the same in the experimental and physical models. Therefore, the proposed model reliably reflects the design characteristics of the mattress.

scholarly journals Anthracite as filter Media in Filtration Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Aashish Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Head Loss ◽  
Sieve Analysis ◽  
Filter Media ◽  
Filtration Process ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Run Time

This research was carried out to see the performance of anthracite as filter media in filtration process. The study also aimed to compare two filter media in terms of turbidity it removed, head loss development with time and filter run with increase in influent turbidity. Two rapid gravity filter(RGF) columns were prepared having internal dimensions of 11x11x290 cm3, one with anthracite and another with sand as filter media. The uniformity coefficient of sand and anthracite of 1.54 and 1.4 were maintained from sieve analysis. Constant Filtration rate of 3m/h was set and other ancillary activities were made same for both filter models. The experiments were repeated seven times with different influent turbidity ranges of 0-25, 25-50, 50-100, 100-150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-300 NTU. Both the Filters were back washed with back washing velocity of 24 m/h, when the terminal head loss of 165.4 cm was obtained. The effluent quality of anthracite obtained was better for all the filter run. The head loss development with time was more for sand filter in all filter runs. The filter run time for sand vary from 150 to 8 hours and for anthracite, it varies from 172 to13 hours from first to seventh filter run.

scholarly journals Utilização de filtro intermitente de areia como pós-tratamento de esgoto doméstico – estudo da taxa de aplicação superficial

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (47) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Robson Arruda Dos Santos ◽  
Gilson Barbosa Athayde Junior
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
The Impact

<p class="Normal1">This research is the study of surface application rate for intermittent sand filter sizing, with emphasis to its constructive aspect. It is a design parameter set by the NBR 13969/1997 like the relation between the flow of sewage and surface area of a treatment unit. We examined the main research projects that studied the use of sand filter as post-treatment sewage, highlighting the superficial application rates used in these studies, comparing them with the recommendations of the Brazilian standard that deal with it. The results show that the NBR 13969/97 recommends a lower value to those obtained by Brazilian and foreigner researchers, and regarding Brazilian research, the value of the standard (100 L / m².dia) is always below the rates evaluated. Thus, we highlight the need to update the NBR 13969/97, for that would meet the actual demand for building sand filters, reactor treating of low cost of construction and maintenance, and good removal efficiency of organic matter and nitrification . The environmental benefits are indisputabl and the improvement of the quality of the effluent decreases the impact on water bodies and soil.</p>

scholarly journals AOC removal and accumulation of bacteria in experimental sand filters

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 17-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A.M. Hijnen, ◽  
D. Van Der Kooij
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Microbiological Activity ◽  
Filtration Process ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Biological Filtration ◽  
Acetate Concentration ◽  
Assimilable Organic Carbon ◽  
Filter Bed ◽  
Reduction Capacity

Using small sand filets under well defined laboratory conditions, filtration experiments were performed with tap water supplemented with acetate. The objective of these experiments was to determine the effect of different acetate concentrations on (i) the removal of easily assimilable organic carbon (AOC) in the filter (ii), the clogging of the tiller and (iii) the bacteriological quality of the filtrate. The results of the experiments revealed that the reduction capacity of biological filtration processes for acetate is relatively high. Acetate removal resulted in an increased microbiological activity in the top layer (< 1cm) of the filter bed and accumulation of bacterial matter was observed at an influent AOC concentration as low as 0.005 mg of ac-C eq/l. Clogging of the filter bed occurred at an influent acetate concentration of 0.01 mg C/l. Based on these observations it was concluded that the AOC concentration of water used for infiltration in recharge wells should be less thon 0.01 mg ac-C eq/l. This level is similar to the level advised for biologically-stable drinking water. A linear relationship was found between the acetate removal in the experimental filters and the colony count in the filtrate. It was recommended that the AOC load in the final filtration process in water treatment therefore should be limited to prevent high colony counts in the filtrate, thus leading to the use of post disinfection.

Advanced treatment of WWTP effluent; no use or reuse?

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Scherrenberg ◽  
H.W.H. Menkveld ◽  
D.J. Schuurman ◽  
J.J.M. den Elzen ◽  
J.H.J.M. van der Graaf
Keyword(s):  
Pure Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Advanced Treatment ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Wwtp Effluent

From 2006 until 2008 a research project is executed at wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) Leiden Zuid-West (The Rijnland District Water Control Board). The research focus is on the removal of nitrogen, phosphorous, heavy metals and priority hazardous substances from WWTP effluent with different treatment techniques to reach the effluent quality which is required by the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC. The semi-practical installation at WWTP Leiden Zuid-West consists of small full scale installations and has a maximum capacity of 150 m3/h. The installation is divided into two parallel streets. The first street consists of flocculation tanks and a continuous sand filter. The second street consists of a continuous sand filter, flocculation tanks and a dual media filter. The continuous sand filters are denitrifying filters. The results of this research up to now show that continuous sand filtration has the ability of removing total nitrogen and total phosphorous to MPR values (maximum permissible risk) at high filtration rates. This means that continuous sand filtration is suitable as pre-treatment for ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis to produce ultra pure water. The advanced treatment of WWTP effluent is not only good to reach a better water quality but makes also the possibility of reuse easier.

Effects of intermittent polyelectrolyte addition on water quality in direct filtration

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-63
Author(s):  
Murat Eyvaz ◽  
Tugrul S. Aktas ◽  
Ebubekir Yuksel ◽  
A. Mete Saatci
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Dimensionless Number ◽  
Effluent Water ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Direct Filtration ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Cationic Polyelectrolytes

The effects of intermittent polyelectrolyte addition on the quality of effluent water and on the development of filter headloss were studied. Anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes were applied to two similarly constructed pilot sand filters. The surface water used in the study was obtained from Ömerli, which is one of the main drinking water reservoirs of Istanbul. Six sets of experiments were carried out. The objective of the experiments in the first three sets was to determine the type and dose of suitable polyelectrolyte. The polyelectrolytes were then added intermittently and continuously in the last three sets. Intermittent addition of polyelectrolyte produced better effluent quality and reduced the polyelectrolyte consumption by half with much less headloss. Ives' Filterability Index, which incorporates the important filtration design parameters such as effluent quality, the headloss and the velocity of filtration into a dimensionless number, was used for the comparison of the experimental results.

Improvement of Oxidation Pond Effluent Quality by Sand Filtration

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 355-357
Author(s):  
Isao Somiya ◽  
Shigeo Fujii ◽  
Kaoru Takeda
Keyword(s):  
Order Reaction ◽  
Sand Filtration ◽  
Filtration Process ◽  
Oxidation Pond ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
First Order ◽  
Zero Order Reaction ◽  
Flow Filtration ◽  
The Relationship

In this research, the sand filtration process is focused on as one of the techniques for raising the quality of oxidation pond effluent. Based on the data of down-flow filtration experiments, a mathematical model for DO and deposit is developed, and the behavior of the deposit in the sand filter is analyzed. The decomposition of the deposit follows a first-order reaction at a filtration rate higher than 5 m/day, while it follows a zero-order reaction at a rate lower than 1 m/day. From the relationship between deposit and head loss, the maximim quantity of the deposit is determined to be around 0.3 kg/m2 at the rate of 0.5-1 m/day and 0.2 kg/m2 at the rate of 5-10 m/day.

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