Use in Agriculture of Sludge from Chemical Treatment of Sewage

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
G. Castillo ◽  
A. Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Aluminium Sulfate ◽  
Leguminous Crops ◽  
Dried Sludge ◽  
Chemical Sludge ◽  
Sludge Application

The reutilization in agriculture of the sludge produced in the chemical treatment of sewage is investigated. Aluminium sulfate (50 mg/l) and sodium hydroxide (50 and 200 mg/l) are added to domestic sewage allowing it to settle and eliminating floating materials. Three kinds of raw chemical sludge are digested and dried. Their sanitary quality is determined by two bacterial indicators (total and fecal coliforms) and one viral indicator (E. coli bacteriophage) and the fertilizing capability of digested and dry sludge by sowing leguminous crops (Phaseolus spp ) in soil with 11 tons/ha sludge application rate. Digested and dried sludge from conventional treatment in equal conditions to those of chemical sludge is used as reference. Sanitary quality results show that raw and digested chemical sludge are not recommended for use in agriculture due to their high microbiological contamination. Dry sludge could be considered for this purpose due to its low fecal organisms content. However the development of leguminous crops in soil with dry aluminium sludge application shows no seed germination. The results of leguminous growth in digested sludge of sodium hydroxide (200 mg/l) justify an additional treatment to adequate its sanitary quality for use in agriculture.

Effects of sodium hydroxide—selective chemical treatment on samples from some chilean soils

2000 ◽  
Vol 31 (19-20) ◽  
pp. 3113-3119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Pizarro ◽  
Mauricio Escudey ◽  
Jose Domingos Fabris ◽  
Alexandre Batista de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Selective Chemical

scholarly journals Selectivity of the herbicide linuron sprayed in pre-emergence and post-early in carrot

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 1201
Author(s):  
Núbia Maria Correia ◽  
Agnaldo Donizete Ferreira de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Carrot Plant

Herbicide application is a method for weed control in carrot crops. However, the choice of the chemical treatment (herbicide, association of products, dose, and time of application) should consider its selectivity to the crop. It is desired to analyze the selectivity of linuron for carrot plants, when sprayed on pre-emergence and post-early cultivated plants. Two experiments were carried out in the field in an area of the commercial production of carrots, one with the Verano cultivar and the other with BRS Planalto. Both experiments included an experimental design with randomized blocks in a factorial 2 x 4 + 1 with six and four replications for the experiments with Verano and BRS Planalto, respectively. The herbicide linuron (675 and 990 g a.i. ha-1) was sprayed at four times, counting from the carrot sowing day: in the pre-emergence of the crop at 0, 3, and 6 days after sowing (DAS) and in the post-early emergence at 9 DAS, when the plants had 1 or 2 cotyledons. An untreated control was maintained as an additional treatment. Linuron was selective for the carrot plant cultivars Verano and BRS Planalto, in both doses tested, when sprayed in the pre-emergence, up to six days after sowing, and in the post-early (plants with 1 or 2 cotyledon leaves) at nine days after sowing.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF HUMATES ON GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION OF SUNFLOWER YIELD

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-256
Author(s):  
A. D. Gyrka ◽  
I. D. Tkalich ◽  
Yu. Ya. Sydorenko ◽  
O. V. Bochevar ◽  
T. V. Gyrka
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Sunflower Seeds ◽  
Yield Structure ◽  
Leguminous Crops ◽  
Experimental Researches

Experimental researches were carried out in the experimental field of the laboratory of agrobiological resources of spring cereal and leguminous crops of the Erastivka experimental station of the SI The Institute of Grain Crops of the NAAS of Ukraine (SI IGC NAAN) of the Piatyhatky district of the Dnipropetrovsk region during 2016–2018 in grain-fallow-row-crop rotation after spring barley as a predecessor. Agricultural technology in experiments was common for the zone. The trial establishment, carrying out an experimental studies, records and observations, and sampling were carried out in accordance with the methodology of field experiment and the generally accepted methodical recommendations of the SI IGC NAAN. Weather conditions during the 2016–2018 for humidity and air temperature were moderately favorable for the germination of the seeds, growth and development of sunflower plants. It was established that, depending on the variant of preparation use, compared to the control, the height of sunflower plants increased by 5.0–12.9 cm, the diameter of the capitulum – by 2.8–4.1 cm, the weight of seeds from the capitulum – by 2.3–4 , 1 g, weight of 1000 seeds – 6.3–8.7 g. The best results of indicators of growth intensity, development and formation the elements of yield structure of sunflower hybrid Jason are received in a variant with foliar feeding of crops in a phase of 3–4 pairs of leaves by preparation Humivit Profi, 0.3 l/ha, which provided an increase in sunflower seed yield relative to the control of 0.39 t/ha. Twice foliar fertilization of sunflower crops: in the phase of 3–4 pairs of leaves – Humivit Extra and in the bud stage – Humivit Amino with application rate 0.2 l/ha of each increased the yield of sunflower seeds relative to the control by 0.23 t/ha. At pre-sowing treatment of sunflower seeds with Humivit Profi, 0.3 l/ha, sunflower yield was 2.23 t/ha, which exceeded the control by 0.16 t/ha. Key words: sunflower, humic preparations, plant growth and development, elements of crop yield structure, crop yield

Effect of Petrochemical Activated Sludge on Soil Properties

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tedesco ◽  
M. Ligo ◽  
C. Gianello ◽  
Z. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water System ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Sludge Application

Excess activated sludge produced at SITEL, the integrated wastewater treatment plant of Pólo Petroquímico do Sul (South Petrochemical Complex), situated in the municipality of Triunfo, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, is disposed of by subsurface injection on pangola grass fields at average application rates of 24 tons/years (dry basis). With the purpose of investigating the effect produced by the application of sludge at higher rates on the soil-plant-water system, as well as the response of more commercially valuable grass species, a growth-leaching pot experiment is being conducted at the Department of Soils of UFRGS (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul), with the supervision of SITEL. After one year, comprehensive soil analyses showed the following results:Sludge decomposition in soil, worked out from evolution of CO2, amounted to 2.7% of C lost as CO2 in relation to the C added, in 50 days, 27°C (daylight temperature) and sludge application rate of 24 t/ha.Sludge application brought about an enrichment of soil C, N and P restricted to the top layer.No significant modifications were observed in soil pH and contents of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and B in the top layer of soil, even at the higher sludge application rates.Slight increases were observed in contents of Na, Cu, S and electrical conductivity of the top layer, effects compatible with the characteristics of the sludge applied.Appreciable increases were observed in soil contents of Zn, Cr, Cd and Ni, in correlation with the increasing sludge application rates. The resulting values, however, fell well below the tolerable limits.Proper management of a sludge application system that reproduces the conditions chosen for this investigation can yield a useful site life of many years without appreciable environmental risks.

Different Treatment Application of Illite Clay for Low Temperature Ceramics

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
Gaida Sedmale ◽  
Ingunda Sperberga ◽  
Maris Rundans ◽  
Liga Grase
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Structural Water ◽  
Diffraction Peaks ◽  
Dta Curves ◽  
Treatment Application

Impact of chemical treatment by alkali of raw, dehydroxylated at 600 °C and intensively milled illite clay on structure, phase composition and some properties of sintered at lower temperatures ceramic materials were studied using DTA, X-ray diffraction (XRD), as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry. DTA and XRD results show that alkaline activation of illite clay by sodium hydroxide leads to the slight structural changes of illite characterized by structural water losses showed from DTA and negligible decrease of illite and kaolinite, as well dolomite diffraction peaks on XRD. Additional treatment, intensive milling and in particular dehydroxylation, contributes to the considerable changes in intensities of all effects on DTA-curves, especially for dehydroxylation endo-peak. It is shown that chemical treatment promotes the formation of rather amorphous and homogenous structure of sintered at 600°C respective ceramic samples and leads to the growth of the compressive strength.

Effect of Chemical Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Pultruded Kenaf Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites

2013 ◽  
Vol 594-595 ◽  
pp. 691-695
Author(s):  
Muhammad Razak Osman ◽  
Adlan Akram Mohamad Mazuki ◽  
Hazizan Md Akil ◽  
Zainal Arifin Mohd Ishak ◽  
Azhar Abu Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Flexural Properties ◽  
Reinforced Composites ◽  
Fibre Properties ◽  
Kenaf Fibre ◽  
Polyester Composites ◽  
Composite Properties

In this study, Pultruded Kenaf Reinforced Composites (PKRC) has been successfully produced using pultrusion technique. The chemical treatment using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at different concentration (3%, 6% and 9% M) were carried out to modify the fibre properties. After successfully characterized, it was found that kenaf fibre treated with 6% NaOH recorded the best improvement in term of mechanical properties. In particular, treated pultruded kenaf reinforced composites (TPKRC) shows better tensile and flexural properties compared to those of untreated pultruded kenaf reinforced composites (UTPKRC). It was found that NaOH at 6% concentration give the best composite properties in term of mechanical properties over the range of NaOH concentration studied.

scholarly journals Sodium Hydroxide Treatment for Cellulose Fiber Accessibility from Corncobs under Microwave Assistive

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-83
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hanif ◽  
Aknasasia Virginia Krisanti ◽  
Selvy Salfitri ◽  
Yuli Darni ◽  
Herti Utami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
Alkaline Treatment ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Cellulose Accessibility ◽  
Time Scanning ◽  
Biomass Resources

Corncob is abundantly available lignocellulosic biomass resources obtained from crops harvesting and found to be solid waste accumulation on a field. Less corncob is used as a solid fuel for cooking, and a more significant portion is vanished on the field by burning. Promisingly, corncob contains considerable cellulose as one value-added component potentially utilized as biomaterial or biofuel feedstock. However, the presence of lignin in natural lignocellulosic biomass results in recalcitrant structure and hinders cellulose accessibility. This study aimed to investigate microwave-assisted alkaline treatment to retain cellulose in the solid product while removing other impurities in corncob, especially hemicellulose and lignin. Sodium hydroxide was selected as a chemical with some variations in concentration. The chemical treatment was carried out under 400 W microwave power with various residence times and a 1:10 solid to liquor ratio. The cellulose content upgraded from 26.97% to 71.26% while reducing hemicellulose and lignin from 38.49% to 18.15% and 19.28% to 6.4%, respectively, on chemical treatment using 8% sodium hydroxide concentration for 20 minutes residence time. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis also confirmed the results. The treated corncob also increased its crystallinity from 30.11% to 52.91%.

scholarly journals Mercerization Effect on Mechanical Properties of Empty Fruit Bunch Fibre in Reinforcing Low Densities Lightweight Foamed Concrete

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S2) ◽  
pp. 243-253
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Strength Test ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Compressive Strength Test ◽  
Foamed Concrete ◽  
Axial Compressive Strength ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Treatment

Due to the minimum cost, availability and renewable character, natural fibre had managed to grab the attention of researchers to utilize this industrial waste as industrial and structural material to restore the structures. This is due to the renewable nature of the fibre, minimal cost, low density and the amenability towards the chemical modification. The purpose of this paper is to oversee the reaction of empty fruit bunches fibre in the low densities of lightweight foamed concrete after been modified with the different percentages of alkali treatment using sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The effect of this fibre chemical treatment (2%-10% sodium hydroxide chemical treatment) on the mechanical properties of lightweight foamed concrete was investigated expansively. There were three different densities of lightweight foamed concrete (500kg/m3 , 700kg/m3 and 900kg/m3 ) used in this study. There were three different experimental test conducted to determine the lightweight foamed concrete strengths which were axial compressive strength test, flexural test and splitting tensile strength. The test result shows that 6% of sodium hydroxide chemical treatment of empty fruit bunches fibre offered the best results. The result showed that the highest strength result is obtained from 900kg/m3 density of lightweight foamed concrete with 6% sodium hydroxide treatment on the empty fruit bunches fibre while the lowest strength was obtained by 500kg/m3 lightweight foamed concrete with 0% of sodium hydroxide treatment on the fibre. Out of 257% of intensification in axial compressive strength test, 88% were showed in flexural strength test and 61% increase in splitting tensile strength test.

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